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Appendix: Quantitative and Qualitative Data Sources and Analysis
As part of their work in the dairy value chain, CARE oversaw the collection of information on 350 different variables covering 35,000 farmers, 1,182 producer groups, 308 milk collectors, and 201 live-stock health workers as well as formal sector and informal sector milk buyers, feed and medicine sellers, and animal breed information.
This information was collected through regular surveys through-out the project. The data collection details for each group are sum-marized in the table below. The left column indicates the value chain stakeholder group, the center columns describes the quantitative sur-vey data gathered, and the right column indicates the interviews con-ducted to gather information on each stakeholder group. In a number of instances, information on the same variable was collected from more than one stakeholder group to help check the accuracy of the information.
Quantitative Data Analysis
Different types of quantitative data were gathered on a monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, and annual basis. As the project progressed and the amount of information collected increased, CARE hired a professional statistical analyst, Heather Krause, to analyze the data. Results of this analysis appear throughout the book. Heather built statistical models that took into account the complexity of the data, which was collected at the group level, the individual level, and over time. As Heather indicates: “Most of the trends and effects presented in the findings have controlled for many confounding and mediating variables in addition to the primary variables of interest, including geographic variables, group effect (group number, group contextual variables) and household differences (family size, number of cows, breed of cows).”
Val
ue C
hain
St
akeh
olde
r G
roup
Qua
ntit
ativ
e Su
rvey
Dat
a C
olle
cted
Inte
rvie
ws
Surv
ey N
ame
Dat
e/
Freq
uenc
yC
ondu
cted
By
Sam
ple
Size
(m
ost
rece
nt s
ampl
e)N
umbe
r of
Q
uest
ions
Dai
ry P
rodu
cers
an
d P
rodu
cer
Gro
ups
Hou
seho
ld B
asel
ine
Beg
inni
ng (
Sept
20
08)
and
end
(Dec
201
2) o
f pr
ojec
t
Inte
rnat
iona
l Fo
od P
olic
y R
esea
rch
Inst
itut
e (I
FPR
I)
1,50
9 H
ouse
hold
s (6
58 C
AR
E
Ben
efic
iari
es a
nd 8
51
Con
trol
Hou
seho
lds)
59 Q
uest
ions
240
Farm
er
Inte
rvie
ws
(7 F
arm
er G
roup
s x
30 M
embe
rs
per
Gro
up f
rom
V
ario
us G
roup
C
ateg
orie
s +
30 N
on-C
AR
E
Con
trol
Gro
up
Farm
ers)
Farm
er S
urve
ys /
Gro
up M
embe
r P
rogr
ess
Sem
i-an
nual
lySu
rvey
ors
hire
d by
CA
RE
848
Indi
vidu
als
in
271
Gro
ups
158
Que
stio
ns
Part
icip
ator
y Pe
rfor
man
ceT
rack
ing
Sem
i-an
nual
lyFa
rmer
s w
ith
CA
RE
Fie
ld
Faci
litat
ors
519
CA
RE
Far
mer
s32
Que
stio
ns
Milk
Col
lect
ors
Col
lect
or P
rogr
ess
Qua
rter
lyC
AR
E30
8 M
ilk C
olle
ctor
s15
4 Q
uest
ions
29 I
nter
view
s
Liv
esto
ck H
ealt
h W
orke
rsL
ives
tock
Hea
lth
Wor
ker
Pro
gres
sM
onth
lyC
AR
E
Vet
erin
aria
n20
1 L
ives
tock
Hea
lth
Wor
kers
79 Q
uest
ions
2 In
terv
iew
s of
L
ives
tock
Hea
lth
Wor
kers
Dai
ry P
roce
ssor
sFo
rmal
Sec
tor
Pro
cess
ors
Hea
d O
ffic
e M
anag
emen
tD
ec. 2
009
CA
RE
Sen
ior
Man
ager
s5
Man
ager
s of
Lar
ge
Pro
cess
ors
55 Q
uest
ions
5 In
terv
iew
s of
D
airy
Pro
cess
or
Man
ager
s
Chi
lling
Pla
nts
Dec
. 200
9IF
PRI
50 P
lant
Man
ager
s62
Que
stio
ns2
Inte
rvie
ws
of
Chi
lling
Pla
nt
Man
ager
s
Info
rmal
Sec
tor
Pro
cess
ors
Dec
embe
r 20
09IF
PRI
50 I
nfor
mal
P
roce
ssor
s37
Que
stio
ns4
Inte
rvie
ws
of
Info
rmal
Sec
tor
Pro
cess
ors
Feed
and
Med
icin
e Se
llers
Feed
and
Med
icin
e Se
llers
and
Agr
icul
tura
l In
put
Shop
s
June
200
9C
AR
E17
8 Fe
ed S
hop
Ow
ners
89 Q
uest
ions
5 In
terv
iew
s of
Fee
d an
d M
edic
ine
Selle
rs
Cat
tle
Bre
edB
reed
and
Art
ific
ial
Inse
min
atio
n A
sses
smen
t
Mar
ch 2
010
Mym
ensi
ngh
Uni
vers
ity
15,1
48 C
attl
e10
6 Q
uest
ions
2 In
terv
iew
s of
V
eter
inar
ians
CA
RE
Sta
ffTe
am P
rogr
ess
Form
atM
onth
lyC
AR
E F
ield
Sta
ff55
CA
RE
Fie
ld
Staf
f35
Que
stio
ns32
Int
ervi
ews
of
CA
RE
Sta
ff
Ove
rall
Init
iati
ve
Perf
orm
ance
Gat
es F
ound
atio
n
Sem
i-A
nnua
l Rep
orts
Sem
i-A
nnua
lly
Dat
a D
raw
n fr
om
Abo
ve S
urve
ys
120
Indi
cato
rs
Dra
wn
from
A
bove
Sur
veys
120
Que
stio
ns
18 A
ddit
iona
l In
terv
iew
s of
D
airy
Val
ue C
hain
E
xper
ts a
nd
Stak
ehol
ders
APPENDIX214
Heather used the statistical software program R to build mixed-effects regression models with both fixed and random effects. These were essential for accuracy, as these data have both nested effects (such as households within groups within regions) and crossed effects (such as groups within phases within participatory performance tracking rounds). Due to the complex nature of the data, all of the models in Heather’s analysis were done using linear and generalized linear mixed-effects models. Each of the models presented in the book con-trolled for the size of the household cattle herd, the phase of the learning group of the household, the effects of time on the outcomes, and the contextual difference between the household’s results and the group’s results (i.e., the within-household trend and the between-household trend). The acceptable significance level for all of the mod-els is α = 0.05.
Notes
1 Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain in Bangladesh
1. IFAD, Rural Poverty Report 2011 (Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2010); Kevin McKague and Christine Oliver, “Enhanced Market Practices as Redistribution of Social Control.” California Management Review 55, no. 1 (2012): 98–129; Kevin Cleaver, The Importance of Scaling Up for Agricultural and Rural Development (Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2013).
2. William Easterly, The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
3. IFAD, The State of Food Insecurity in the World (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2013), 2.
4. Xinshen Diao, James Thurlow, Samuel Benin, and Shenggen Fan, Strategies and Priorities for African Agriculture (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2012), 401–402.
5. Gordon Conway, One Billion Hungry: Can We Feed The World? (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012).
6. CARE, Making Markets Work for the Poor (Ottawa: CARE Canada, 2004).
7. Linda M. Jones, ed., Value Chains in Development: Emerging Theory and Practice (Warwickshire, UK: Practical Action Publishing, 2011).
8. Michael E. Porter, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985). For a history and overview of the related field of global commodity chains, see Jennifer Blair, ed., Frontiers of Commodity Chain Research. (Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008).
9. Jonathan Mitchell, Jodie Keane, and Christopher Coles, Trading Up: How a Value Chain Approach Can Benefit the Rural Poor (London: Overseas Development Institute, 2009).
10. Mary McVay and Alexandra Snelgrove, Program Design for Value Chain Initiatives (Waterloo, ON: MEDA, 2007).
NOT ES216
11. Frank Lusby and Henry Panlibuton, “Value Chain Program Design: Promoting Market-Based Solutions for MSME and Industry Competitiveness” (Report, Action for Enterprise, Arlington, VA, 2007).
12. Ted London and Ravi Anupindi, Revisiting Value Chain Initiatives: Insights from the Base-of-the-Pyramid Perspective (Washington, DC: USAID, 2010); Olaf Kula, Jeanne Downing, and Michael Field, Globalization and the Small Firm: A Value Chain Approach to Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction (MicroReport 42, Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development, 2006).
13. DFID, Making Value Chains Work Better for the Poor: A Toolbook for Practitioners of Value Chain Analysis (London: Department for International Development, 2008); M4P, Making Value Chains Work Better for the Poor: A Toolbook for Practitioners of Value Chain Analysis (London: UK Department for International Development, 2008); DFID and SDC, A Synthesis of the Making Markets Work for the Poor Approach (Bern: UK Department for International Development and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, 2008). DFID and SDC, The Operational Guide for the Making Markets Work for the Poor (MW4P) Approach (Bern: UK Department for International Development and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, 2008).
14. Raphael Kaplinsky and Mike Morris, A Handbook for Value Chain Research (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2000).
15. Andreas Springer-Heinze, ed., ValueLinks Manual: The Methodology of Value Chain Promotion (Bonn: Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, 2007).
16. Alexandra O. Miehlbradt and Mary McVay, Implementing Sustainable Private Sector Development: Striving for Tangible Results for the Poor (Turin: International Labour Organization, 2006); Matthias L. Herr and Tapera J. Muzira, Value Chain Development for Decent Work: A Guide for Development Practitioners, Government and Private Sector Initiatives (Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2009).
17. Raphael Kaplinsky and Jeff Readman, Integrating SMEs in Global Value Chains: Towards Partnership for Development (Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2001); UNIDO, Diagnostics for Industrial Value Chains: An Integrated Tool (Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2011); UNIDO, Pro-Poor Value Chain Development: 25 Guiding Questions for Designing and Implementing Agroindustry Projects (Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2011).
18. C. Martin Webber and Patrick Labaste, Building Competitiveness in Africa’s Agriculture. A Guide to Value Chain Concepts and Applications (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2010).
NOT ES 217
19. Tilman Altenburg, Donor Approaches to Supporting Pro-Poor Value Chains (Bonn: German Development Institute, 2007).
20. Jason Clay, “Exploring the Links between International Business and Poverty Reduction: A Case Study of Unilever in Indonesia” (Joint research project, Oxfam and Unilever, 2005).
21. Mondelez is a US-based food, beverage, and confectionary com-pany that purchased the snack brands of Kraft Foods in 2012, including Cadbury’s chocolate. Mondelez sources cocoa from smallholder farmers in West Africa for some of its chocolate products.
22. Walmart sources some products from smallholder farmers through its Global Women’s Economic Empowerment Initiative.
23. John Humphrey and Lizbeth Navas-Aleman, Value Chains, Donor Interventions and Poverty Reduction: A Review of Donor Practice, Research Report 63 (Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, 2010).
24. Henry Chesbrough et al., “Business Models for Technology in the Developing World: The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations.” California Management Review 48, no. 3 (2006): 47–62.
25. Jonathan Mitchell and Christopher Coles, Markets and Rural Poverty (Washington, DC: Earthscan, 2011).
26. Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
27. Although urbanization continues, 70 percent of people living on under $1.25 per day live in rural areas (Mitchell and Coles, Markets).
28. Torsten Hemme and Joachim Otte, eds., Status and Prospects for Smallholder Milk Production: A Global Perspective (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2010).
29. Michael Kubzansky, Ansulie Cooper, and Victoria Barbary, Promise and Progress: Market-Based Solutions to Poverty in Africa (Cambridge, MA: Monitor Group, 2011).
30. Webber and Labaste, Building Competitiveness in Africa’s Agriculture.31. Kevin McKague, David Wheeler, Corrine Cash, Jane Comeault,
and Elise Ray. “Introduction to the Special Issue on Growing Inclusive Markets.” Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 5, no. 1 (2011); Springer-Heinze, ValueLinks, page 2; UNDP, Inclusive Markets Development Handbook (New York: United Nations Development Program, 2010).
32. We take up this conversation on the ways companies can work with NGOs in Chapter 10.
33. Springer-Heinze, ValueLinks.34. Webber and Labaste, Building Competitiveness in Africa’s Agriculture.
NOT ES218
35. Gary Gereffi, John Humphrey, and Timothy Sturgeon, “The Governance of Global Value Chains.” Review of International Political Economy 12, no. 1 (2005): 78–104.
36. John Humphrey and Hubert Schmitz, “How Does Insertion in Global Value Chains Affect Upgrading in Industrial Clusters?” Regional Studies 36, no, 9 (2002): 1017–1027.
37. Ambar Narayan, Nobuo Yoshida, and Hassan Zaman, “Trends and Patterns of Poverty in Bangladesh in Recent Years.” In Breaking Down Poverty in Bangladesh, edited by Ambar Narayan and Hassan Zaman (Dhaka: University Press Limited, 2009), 1–40. See also S. A. M. A. Haque, Improved Market Access and Smallholder Dairy Farmer Participation for Sustainable Dairy Development: Lessons Learned Study Bangladesh (Bangkok: Food and Agriculture Organization Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 2007). Living in poverty in this context means consuming less than 1,900 calories per day (the minimum desired level is 2,300).
38. Haque, Improved Market Access. The average landholding of CARE farmers is 76.2 decimals (100 decimals = 1 acre).
39. The average dairy herd size in Bangladesh is three cows. Torsten Hemme and Uddin M. Mohi, Dairy Policy Impacts on Bangladesh and EU 15 Dairy Farmers’ Livelihoods (Kiel: International Farm Comparison Network, 2009).
40. In Bangladesh, 43 percent of people live under $1.25 per day (PPP) according to the World Bank. The gross national income per capita was $840 in 2012. As of December 2013, the minimum wage for entry-level garment workers is $65 per month.
41. Jahangir Alam, Livestock Resources in Bangladesh (Dhaka: The University Press Limited, 1995).
42. Mohammad A. Jabbar, Policy Barriers for Dairy Value Chain Development in North West Bangladesh (Dhaka: Unnayan Shamunnay, 2010).
43. Torsen Hemme, Otto Garcia, and A. R. Khan, “A Review of Milk Production in Bangladesh with Particular Emphasis on Small-Scale Producers” (Working Paper No. 7. Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2004).
44. Haque, Improved Market Access; Shantana Halder and Proloy Baruda, Dairy Production, Consumption and Marketing in Bangladesh (Dhaka: BRAC Research and Evaluation Division, 2003).
45. Syeda N. Parnini, “Public Sector Reform and Good Governance: The Impact of Foreign Aid on Bangladesh.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 44, no. 5 (2009): 553–575.
46. Akhter Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain Project in Bangladesh: Baseline Report (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2009), 18.
NOT ES 219
47. Jabbar, Policy Barriers; M. A. R. Mia, National Livestock Extension Policy (Dhaka: Government of Bangladesh Department of Livestock Services, 2013).
48. Fara Azmat and Ken Coghill, “Good Governance and Market-Based Reforms: A Study of Bangladesh.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 71 (2005): 625–638; Jabbar, Policy Barriers; Habib Zafarullah and Mohammad H. Rahman, “Human Rights, Civil Society and Nongovernmental Organizations: The Nexus in Bangladesh.” Human Rights Quarterly 24 (2002): 1011–1034.
49. Jabbar, Policy Bariers, 8.50. Mia, National Livestock Extension Policy.51. Jabbar, Policy Barriers; Linda Jones, Value Chain Analysis Report:
Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain in Bangladesh Project (Dhaka: CARE Bangladesh, 2008); Jahangir Alam, Studies on Agricultural and Rural Development (Dhaka: Palok Publishers, 2008).
52. Sections of this paragraph adapted from McKague and Oliver, Enhanced Market Practices, 104.
53. Jabbar, Policy Barriers.
2 Value Chain Development
1. All quotations from CARE representatives are from personal inter-views unless otherwise noted.
2. Costas Azariadis and John Stachurski, “Poverty Traps.” In Handbook of Economic Growth, edited by Philippe Aghion and Steven N. Durlauf (San Diego, CA: Elseiver, 2005), 295–384; Samuel Bowles, Steven N. Durlauf, and Karla Hoff, eds, Poverty Traps (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006); Jonathan Kydd and Andrew Dorward, “Implications of Market and Coordination Failures for Rural Development in Least Developed Countries.” Journal of International Development 16, no. 7 (2004): 951–970; Colin Poulton, Jonathan Kydd, and Andrew Dorward. “Overcoming Market Constraints on Pro-Poor Agricultural Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Development Policy Review 24, no. 3 (2006): 243–277.
3. Johanna Mair, Ignasi Martí, and Marc J. Ventresca, “Building Inclusive Markets in Rural Bangladesh: How Intermediaries Work Institutional Voids.” Academy of Management Journal 55, no. 4 (2012): 819–850.
4. See, for example, the case of CARE Kenya’s involvement in the live-stock value chain in northern Kenya in Kevin McKague, “Value Chain Development: CARE Kenya’s Challenge to Make Markets Work for the Poor” (Case study, Richard Ivey School of Business, London, ON, 2012). Several years ago, CARE’s initial involvement in supporting the livestock value chain was to purchase cattle from marginalized
NOT ES220
pastoralists, feed and treat them with any necessary animal health services, and then sell to the commercial markets. However, without sufficient business capabilities, the venture quickly lost money and folded.
5. Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo, Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty (New York: Public Affairs, 2011); Daryl Collins et al., Portfolios of the Poor: How the World’s Poor Live On $2 A Day (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009); Mariapia Mendola, “Farm Household Production Theories: A Review of ‘Institutional’ and ‘Behavioral’ Responses.” Asian Development Review 24 (2007): 49–68.
6. Mrinal Datta-Chaudhuri, “Market Failure and Government Failure.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, no. 3 (1990): 25–39.
7. World Resources Institute, The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Resources to Fight Poverty (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2005); Anantha K. Duraiappah, Exploring the Links: Human Well-Being, Poverty and Ecosystem Services (Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme, 2004); World Bank, Linking Poverty Reduction and Environmental Management: Policy Challenges and Opportunities (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2002).
8. DCED, “The DCED Standard for Measuring Results in Private Sector Development” (Report, Donor Committee for Enterprise Development, London, 2013).
9. For more guidance and resources on developing a theory of change diagram for value chain projects, see McVay and Snelgrove, Program Design.
10. Mike Field et al., Training Curriculum: Facilitating Value Chain Development (Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development, 2012).
3 Value Chain Selection and Mapping
1. Jeanne Downing and Ruth Campbell, “Selection of Industries in the Value Chain Framework” (Briefing paper, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, 2009).
2. To delve into value chain selection in more detail, see McVay and Snelgrove, Program Design and DFID, Making Value Chains Work Better for the Poor: A Toolbook for Practitioners of Value Chain Analysis (London: UK Department for International Development, 2008).
3. Adapted from CARE/MEDA, “E-Course on Market Analysis and Value Chain Project Design” (Online course notes, Microlinks), accessed November 24, 2013. http://microlinks.kdid.org/training -group/caremeda-e-course-market-analysis-and-value-chain-project -design
4. Springer-Heinze, ValueLinks, 19.
NOT ES 221
4 Value Chain Intervention Strategies
1. Vincent Palmade, Industry Level Analysis: The Way to Identify the Binding Constraints to Economic Growth (Policy Research Working Paper No. 3551, World Bank, Washington, DC, 2005).
5 Productivity and Producer Groups
1. World Bank, World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2008).
2. Chris Penrose-Buckley, Producer Organisations: A Guide to Developing Collective Rural Enterprises (Oxford, UK: Oxfam, 2007).
3. Jonathan Coulter, “Farmer Groups Enterprises and the Marketing of Staple Food Commodities in Africa” (CAPRi Working Paper No. 72, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, 2007).
4. Jon Hellin, Mark Lundy, and Madelon Meijer, “Farmer Organization, Collective Action and Market Access in Meso-America” (CAPRi Working Paper No. 67, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, 2007).
5. World Bank, World Development Report 2008.6. Ephraim Chirwa et al., “Farmer Organisations for Market Access:
Principles for Policy and Practice” (Policy briefing paper,Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College, London, 2005).
7. Ellen Magnus and Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters, Dealing with Small Scale Producers (Amsterdam: KIT Publishers, 2010).
8. Magnus and Pieters, Dealing with Small Scale Producers.9. Penrose-Buckley, Producer Organisations; Rachel Stringfellow et al.,
Improving the Access of Smallholders to Agriculture Services in Sub Saharan Africa: Farmer Cooperation and the Role of the Donor Community (Natural Resource Perspective 20. London: ODI, 1997).
10. Data and analysis are described in the Appendix.11. Magnus and Pieters, Dealing with Small Scale Producers.12. Akhter et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain, p. 61.13. Magnus and Pieters, Dealing with Small Scale Producers.14. CARE, “Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain Project Progress and
Results” (Report to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, CARE Bangladesh, 2012).
15. Data and analysis described in the Appendix.
6 Increasing Access to Inputs
1. McKague, Private Sector Engagement and Inclusive Value Chain Development (London: CARE International UK, 2011).
2. See Kevin McKague and Sarah Tinsley, “Bangladesh’s Rural Sales Program: Towards a Scalable Rural Sales Agent Model for Distributing
NOT ES222
Socially Beneficial Goods to the Poor.” Social Enterprise Journal 8, no. 1 (2012): 16–30.
3. Adapted from CARE, “Economic and Social Transformation of Kallani” (Report, CARE Bangladesh, no date).
4. Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, National Livestock Development Policy (Dhaka: Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, 2007), accessed November 24, 2013.http://www.dls.gov.bd/files /Livestock_Policy_Final.pdf
5. Jabbar, Policy Barriers.6. Jabbar, Policy Barriers.7. CARE, “Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain Project Progress and
Results” (Report to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2012).8. Jones, Value Chain Analysis.9. Adapted from CARE, “The Social and Economic Transformation of
Bithi Rani” (Report, CARE Bangladesh, no date).10. M. M. Kamal, “A Review on Cattle Reproduction in Bangladesh.”
International Journal of Dairy Sciences 5, no. 4 (2010): 245–252.11. Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain: Baseline, 78.12. Jabbar, Policy Barriers, 38. Less than 10 percent of the farmers CARE
worked with had crossbred cows.13. Jabbar, Policy Barriers.14. Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, National Livestock Development
Policy, 14.15. Jabbar, Policy Barriers, 46.16. Mohammad Shamsuddoha, Nazneen Jahan Chy, and S. M. Sohrab
Uddin, “Livestock Development through NGOs in Bangladesh: A Study on BRAC.” Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences 3, no. 5 (2005): 776–781.
17. CARE, “Getting to the Tipping Point: Building an Integrated, Scalable and Replicable ‘Hub’ Model for Pro-Poor Inclusive Dairy Development in Bangladesh” (Proposal to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2012).
18. Agnes Quisumbing, Shalini D. Roy, Jemimah Njuki, Kakuly Tanvin, and Elizabeth Waithanji, “Can Dairy Value Chain Projects Change Gender Norms in Rural Bangladesh? Impacts on Assets, Gender Norms and Time Use.” In Gender, Agriculture and Assets: Learning from Eight Agricultural Development Interventions in Africa and South Asia, edited by Agnes Quisumbing, Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Jemimah Njuki, and Nancy Johnson (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2013), 23.
19. Asif Saleh et al., Study on Investment Scenarios, Demand and Further Scope for Investment in the Dairy Sector in Bangladesh with a Focus to Small Scale Dairy Producers and Service Providers (Dhaka, Bangladesh: DriVen Partnership, 2010).
20. Quisumbing et al., “Can Dairy Value Chain Projects Change Gender Norms.”
NOT ES 223
21. In the absence of formal financial services, cattle were used by many households as a source of savings. See Santosh Anagol, Alvin Etang, and Dean Karlan, “Continued Existence of Cows Disproves Central Tenets of Capitalism?” (Discussion Paper No. 1031, Economic Growth Center, Yale University, 2013).
22. Adapted from CARE, “Group Savings Management in Improving Access to Inputs and Investing in Dairy Sector” (Report, CARE Bangladesh, no date).
7 Increasing Access to Markets
1. Adapted from Kevin McKague, RSP-SDVC Collaboration: Leveraging the Distribution Network of CARE’s Rural Sales Program to Provide Access to Dairy Inputs (Atlanta: CARE USA, 2010).
2. Adapted from Kevin McKague, Private Sector Engagement and Inclusive Value Chain Development (London: CARE International UK, 2011).
3. Haque, Improved Market Access.4. CARE, “Digital Fat Testing: Promoting Fairness and Transparency
within the Dairy Market” (Innovation brief, CARE USA, Atlanta, GA, 2012).
5. CARE, “Digital Fat Testing.”6. CARE, “Digital Fat Testing.”7. CARE, “Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain Project Progress and
Results.”8. CARE, “Getting to the Tipping Point.”9. CARE, “Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain Project Progress and
Results.”10. CARE, “Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain Project Progress and
Results.”11. CARE, “Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain Project Progress and
Results.”12. CARE, “Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain Project Progress and
Results.”13. McKague, Private Sector Engagement, 77.14. McKague, Private Sector Engagement.15. Jabbar, Policy Barriers, 23.16. Jabbar, Policy Barriers.17. Examples of the informal sector buyers and processors that CARE
engaged included Dhanshiri, Aristrocrat, Asia Sweets, and Moharrom Doi Ghar in Bogra region and Noni Gopal Mistanno Vhander, Muktijoddha Hotel, Sarker Confectionary, Mitul Confectionary, Bogra Dai Ghar, and Asia Hotel in Rangpur region.
18. Akhter et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain, 46.19. Adapted from CARE, “Sarothi Crossed Impassible Way of Poverty”
(Report, CARE Bangladesh, no date).
NOT ES224
20. For additional analysis on integrating very poor producers into mar-ket-based activities, see Dan Norell and Margie Brand, Integrating Very Poor Producers into Value Chains. Field Guide (Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development, 2013).
21. WHO, Health Action in Crisis: Bangladesh (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009).
22. WHO, Regional Health Situation: Bangladesh (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005).
23. Monika Blössner and Mercedes de Onis, Malnutrition: Quantifying the Health Impact at National and Local Levels (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005).
24. Alam, Livestock Resources in Bangladesh, 1995.25. CARE, “Case Study on Milk for a Healthy Future” (case study,
CARE Bangladesh, no date).
8 Strengthening Value Chain Relationships
1. Webber and Labaste, Building Competitiveness in Africa’s Agriculture.2. Denise M. Rousseau et al., “Not So Different After All: A Cross-
Discipline View of Trust.” Academy of Management Review 23, no. 3 (1998): 393–404.
3. Richard Swedberg, “Markets as Social Structures.” In The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 233–253.
4. Rousseau et al., “Not So Different After All.”5. Rousseau et al., “Not So Different After All.”6. Banerjee and Duflo, Poor Economics.7. CARE, “Case Study on Agro-Tec Fair” (Case study, Care Bangladesh,
no date).8. Gary Gereffi and Stacy Frederick, “Value Chain Governance”
(Briefing paper, USAID, February 2009). Accessed November 24, 2013. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnadq030.pdf
9. Gereffi and Frederick, “Value Chain Governance”; John Humphrey and Hubert Schmitz, “Chain Governance and Upgrading: Taking Stock.” In Local Enterprises in the Global Economy: Issues of Governance and Upgrading, edited by Hubert Schmitz (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2004), 349–381.
10. The seminal work in value chain governance has been under-taken by Gerry Gereffi and colleagues (Gereffi, Humphrey, and Sturgeon, “The Governance of Global Value Chains”) often deal-ing with export-oriented global manufacturing supply chains. The four types of value chain governance described here are taken from Elizabeth Dunn, “AMAP BDS Knowledge and Practice Task Order Lexicon” (microNOTE No. 6, USAID, Washington, DC, 2005).
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11. Timothy J. Sturgeon, “From Commodity Chains to Value Chains: Interdisciplinary Theory Building in an Age of Globalization.” In Frontiers of Commodity Chain Research, edited by Jennifer Bair (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009), 110–135.
12. Jabbar, Policy Barriers.13. Ruth Campbell, Transforming Inter-Firm Relationships to Increase
Competitiveness (Washington, DC: USAID, 2008).
9 Improving the Enabling Environment
1. These four categories are adapted and expanded from a combination of the following: the four categories identified in CIBER, Enhancing Competitiveness Impacts of Business Environment Reforms: A Value Chain Approach for Analysis and Action (Washington, DC: USAID, 2008); the two categories identified in Springer-Heinze, ValueLinks, 2; and the ten categories identified in World Bank, Doing Business 2014: Understanding Regulations for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (Washington, DC: World Bank and the International Finance Corporation, 2013).
2. USAID, “Assessing the Business Environment,” Microlinks.org, accessed November 25, 2013. http://www.microlinks.org /good-practice-center/value-chain-wiki/5213-assessing-business -environment
3. Jabbar, Policy Barriers.4. Mark Curtis, Milking the Poor: How EU Subsidies Hurt Diary
Producers in Bangladesh (Denmark: ActionAid, 2011).
10 Gender
1. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, “Gender Impact Strategy for Agricultural Development” (Report, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, 2008), accessed November 24, 2013. https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/Documents/gender-impact-strat-egy.pdf; UNDP, Taking Gender Equality Seriously: Making Progress, Meeting New Challenges (New York: United Nations Development Program, 2006). However, FAO in The State of Food and Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011) takes a slightly more conservative estimate of women’s agricultural labor, estimating that women make up 43 percent of the agricultural labor force globally, with wide variation among regions and type of agricultural product. However, in gathering data there remains a challenge where women’s contributions tend to be less recognized.
2. World Bank, Mainstreaming Gender in Agriculture and Rural Development (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008).
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3. CARE/MEDA, “E-Course on Market Analysis and Value Chain Project Design” (Online course notes, Microlinks), accessed November 24, 2013. http://microlinks.kdid.org/training-group/caremeda-e-course-market-analysis-and-value-chain-project-design
4. FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011).
5. Rekha Mehra and Mary Hill-Rojas, “Women, Food Security and Agriculture in a Global Marketplace” (Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women, 2008).
6. For an overview of data and analysis, see the Appendix.7. Quisumbing et al., Gender, Agriculture and Assets.8. FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture.9. Simon Bolwig, Stefano Ponte, Andries du Toit, Lone Riisgaard, and
Niels Halberg, “Integrating Poverty, Gender and Environmental Concerns into Value Chain Analysis: A Conceptual Framework and Lessons for Action Research” (Working paper 2008/16, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2008); Christopher Coles and Jonathan Mitchell, “Gender and Agricultural Value Chains: A Review of Current Knowledge and Practice and Their Policy Implications” (Background Paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2010–2011, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2010).
10. Janet G. Stotsky, “Gender and Its Relevance to Macroeconomic Policy: A Survey” (International Monetary Fund Working Paper, IMF, Washington, DC, 2006).
11. For the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, see www.un.org /en/documents/udhr/index.shtml
12. For the UN Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, see http://www.un.org/women-watch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm
13. Millennium Development Goals. www.un.org/millenniumgoals14. Mair, Martí, and Ventresca, “Building Inclusive Markets”; Angelica
Senders, Anna Lentik, Mieke Vanderschaeghe, and Jacqueline Terrillon, Gender in Value Chains (Arnhem, Netherlands: AgriPro Focus, 2013).
15. Quisumbing et al. “Can Dairy Value Chain Projects Change Gender Norms in Rural Bangladesh? Impacts on Assets, Gender Norms and Time Use.” In Gender, Agriculture and Assets: Learning from Eight Agricultural Development Interventions in Africa and South Asia, edited by Agnes Quisumbing, Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Jemimah Njuki, and Nancy Johnson (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2013), 21–24.
16. For data from CARE’s monitoring and evaluation system, see Appendix for details.
17. See Appendix for data and analysis.18. See Appendix for data and analysis.
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19. See Appendix for data and analysis.20. Linda Mayoux and Grania Mackie, Making the Strongest Links: A
Practical Guide to Mainstreaming Gender Analysis in Value Chain Development (Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2007).
21. Mayoux and Mackie, 2007.22. Information on Bulbuly Begum is from Kohinoor Akhter and Kakuly
Tanvin of CARE. Her story is also told in KIT, Agri-ProFocus and IIRR, Challenging Chains to Change.
23. Richard W. Scott, Institutions and Organizations, 3rd edn (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2008); Christopher Coles and Jonathan Mitchell, “Gender and Agricultural Value Chains: A Review of Current Knowledge and Practice and Their Policy Implications” (Background Paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2010–2011, Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Rome, 2010).
24. Stephen R. Barley and Pamela S. Tolbert, “Institutionalization and Structuration: Studying the Links between Action and Institution.” Organization Studies 18, no. 1 (1997): 93–117; Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984).
25. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Anchor, 1999).26. Naila Kabeer, “Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the
Measurement of Women’s Empowerment.” Development and Change 30, no. 3 (1999): 438.
27. Sen, Development as Freedom, 10.28. Mark Granovetter, “The Impact of Social Structure on Economic
Outcomes.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19, no. 1 (2005): 33–50.
29. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, “Gender Impact Strategy for Agricultural Development.”
30. For further details on the Gender Checklist, see http://genderedin-novations.stanford.edu/images/Gender_Checklist.pdf
31. See Appendix for data and analysis.32. KIT, Agri-ProFocus, and IIRR, Challenging Chains to Change.33. IFPRI, Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (Washington,
DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2012).34. IFPRI, Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index.35. Quisumbing et al., “Can Dairy Value Chain Projects Change Gender
Norms,” 22.36. Quisumbing et al., “Can Dairy Value Chain Projects Change Gender
Norms.”
11 Lead Firms
1. Webber and Labaste, Building Competitiveness in Africa’s Agriculture.2. Andrea Findlay, “Inclusive Agricultural Supply Chains: Why and How
Companies Engage with Small Producers, Components of Effective Partnerships and the Role of Support Organizations” (MPA thesis, Cornell University, 2009).
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3. For a discussion of large companies sourcing from smallholder coffee farmers, see Paola Perez-Aleman and Marion Sandilands, “Building Value at the Top and the Bottom of the Supply Chain: MNC–NGO Partnerships.” California Management Review, 51 no. 1, (2008) 24–49.
4. McKague, Private Sector Engagement and Inclusive Value Chain Development.
5. Frank Lusby, “Working with Lead Firms within the Value Chain Approach” (Microreport 144, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, 2008).
6. BRAC Dairy is planning to increase processing capacity to 340,000 liters per day.
7. McKague, Private Sector Engagement and Inclusive Value Chain Development.
8. BRAC, Annual Report 2009.9. Amul Dairy cooperative in India began in 1946 and has now
become the largest food brand in India, with annual revenues of over $2 billion and sourcing milk from over 3 million smallholder farmers.
10. Ian Smillie, Freedom from Want: The Remarkable Success Story of BRAC, the Global Grassroots Organization That’s Winning the Fight against Poverty (Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press, 2009).
11. McKague, Private Sector Engagement and Inclusive Value Chain Development.
12. BRAC, Annual Report 2009; BRAC, Annual Report, 2012.13. Formerly Cadbury/Kraft.14. CARE, “Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain.”
12 Microfranchising
1. McKague and Tinsley, “Bangladesh’s Rural Sales Program.”2. CARE, “Getting to the Tipping Point.”3. McKague and Tinsley, “Bangladesh’s Rural Sales Program.”4. This section is adapted from McKague, Private Sector Engagement
and Inclusive Market Development.
13 Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning
1. Jabbar, Policy Barriers.2. World Bank, Building Competitiveness in Africa’s Agriculture.3. William D. Savedoff, Ruth Levine, and Nancy Birdsall, co-chairs,
When Will We Ever Learn? Improving Lives through Impact Evaluation (Report of the Evaluation Gap Working Group, Center for Global Development, Washington, DC, 2006).
4. Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain: Baseline Report.
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5. Akhter U. Ahmed, Agnes R. Quisumbing, and Shalini Roy, Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain Project in Bangladesh: Impact Report (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2013).
6. The 2008 Melamine Crisis originated in China with milk that had been contaminated with melamine—a toxic substance that gives the impression that milk has higher-fat content than it actually has. In China, 300,000 people were affected and six young children died. Melamine was detected in milk and milk products from dozens of Chinese companies, and in response, 25 countries banned the import of Chinese dairy products in 2008.
7. Torsten Hemme and Uddin M. Mohi, Dairy Policy Impacts on Bangladesh and EU 15 Dairy Farmers’ Livelihoods (Kiel: International Farm Comparison Network, 2009).
8. Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain Project: Impact Report.
9. Undertaken by a third party, the baseline and end-line evaluation reported that all 635 households interviewed in the baseline in 2008 were successfully reinterviewed in the end-line round in late 2012, implying that there was zero attrition.
10. As noted in the impact evaluation, “both baseline and endline sur-veys focused on the first year groups, and thus would not be rep-resentative of participants who joined in subsequent phases of the program.” Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain Project: Impact Report, 136.
11. Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain: Impact Report, 28.12. Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain: Impact Report, 55.13. Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain: Impact Report, 28.14. Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain: Impact Report, 142.15. Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain: Impact Report, 139.16. Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain: Impact Report, 142.17. Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain: Impact Report, 141.18. Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain: Impact Report, 141.19. Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain: Impact Report, 141.20. Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain: Impact Report, 138.21. Ahmed et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain: Impact Report, 136.22. Quisumbing et al., “Can Dairy Value Chain Projects Change Gender
Norms,” 23.
14 Scale
1. Kubzansky et al., Promise and Progress.2. Akhter et al., Evaluating the Dairy Value Chain: Impact Report, 143.3. CARE, “Developing a Gateway Agency between Smallholder Farmers
and the Formal Market” (Innovation brief, CARE USA, Atlanta, GA, 2010).
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15 Moving Forward
1. The three-way credit system is modeled on the successful East Africa Dairy Development project implemented by Heifer, TechnoServe, ILRI, and ICRAF in Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda, and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In Kenya, the milk chilling plant acts as a guarantor to small loans taken out by farmers, and they are repaid through a check-off system to village banks.
2. Bill Gates (Keynote speech, The World Food Prize Symposium, Des Moines, Iowa, October 15, 2009).
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bottom billion, 7BRAC Dairy, 92, 106–8, 159–62
CAREcase study (Bangladesh)
challenges, 13–14, 180–1key objectives, 18–19, 204;
access to inputs, 20, 79–98, 154; access to markets, 20, 99–118, 154, 198; enabling environment, 21–2, 125–32, 154; productivity, 19–20, 59–77, 153; relationships, 21, 119–24, 154
development approach, 17, 18–19, 204–6
development goalsbenefits for poor, 27, 35–6economic stability, 26, 34–5environment, 27–8, 36–7gender equity, 27, 36, 136–7,
142–4, 147–9history of, 5
cross-subsidization, 63–4, 170–2
dairy inputsanimal health services, 85–7animal health workers,
87–91, 142breeding, 91–4, 129digital fat testing, 102–8feed and medicine, 79–84
milk collectors, 110–12See also producer groups;
womendata collection, 40–1, 44. See also
M&Edonors. See Gates Foundation
farmersengagement of, 64–5See also producer groups
Gates Foundation, 7, 12–13, 53, 185–7
governmentfailure, 18, 65influence, 125–32
impact groups, 63–4, 170–2informal markets, 110, 117–18
lead firms, 97, 151–64, 205definition, 153motivating, 156–8NGO involvement, 158–9selection of, 154–6See also microfranchising
M&E (monitoring and evaluation), 147–9, 177–92
design, 185–90end-line assessment, 180, 182–4,
212–13
Index
bold entries are book chapters
INDEX242
M&E—Continuedmonitoring vs. impact, 180PPT (participatory performance
tracking), 71–5, 178spillover effects, 195
melamine crisis, 109–10, 180–1microfranchising, 83–4, 151–3,
165–75, 205financing of, 169–70
NGO facilitation, 8–9, 18, 22, 121, 122, 124, 126, 129, 138, 158–9, 169–70, 170–2, 179, 204, 209–10
producer groups, 59–77benefits of, 61, 75case study, 62–6challenges of, 62, 143–5leadership in, 66–8, 76savings, 94–6training of, 68–71, 145–6
relationshipshorizontal, 21, 120–2vertical, 21, 122–4
spillover effects, 195sustainability, 54–5, 75–6, 206–9
target groups, 63–4theory of change, 28–9
valuecreation, 22–4, 61,
120–1, 205distribution, 9–10, 24–6, 61,
121–2, 205value addition strategies, 112–16value chain development
definition, 3, 8–9value chains
frameworks, 11–12history of, 5–6interventions, 49–55limitations of, 29–30mapping, 41–4market involvement, 10–11obstacles, 47–9planning vs. experimentation, 6,
44, 53–4, 96, 97, 142–3, 197
scale, 193–9selection of, 33–41theory of change, 28–9
women, 135–49constraints, 137–8, 142, 143–5,
183–4, 205farmers, 135–6, 137–8gender checklist, 143–4leaders, 68, 144, 146model of empowerment, 139–41traditional vs. non-traditional
roles, 141–2, 143