appendix vi vernier lab technology - cwu

(Last Accessed 9-5-2019)

APPENDIX VI

Vernier Lab Technology

Part I – LabQuest Mini Software for basic data collection

Plug in a sensor and start collecting data

Adjusting X-axis parameters (Time Based and Keyboard Entry experiments)

Part II – Available Sensors and Operating Features

Sensor I – Vernier Stainless Steel Temperature Probe®

Sensor II – Vernier Gas Pressure Sensor®

Sensor III – Vernier SpectroVis Plus®

Sensor IV – Vernier pH Sensor®

Sensor V – Vernier Voltage Probe®


Part I – LabQuest Mini Software for basic data collection

Plug in sensor and start collecting data

*Choose any sensor (temperature, gas pressure, pH, and/or voltage), plug into any of three interface channels (CH1, CH2, and/or CH3), and press collect data. For SpectroVis Plus, see Sensor III, below.* 1. For example, connect Vernier’s

Stainless Steel Temperature

Sensor® (temperature sensor) to

the interface (CH 1, CH2, or CH3).

2. Open the data-collection

software.

3. The software will recognize the

temperature sensor and load a

default data collection setup with

time on the x-axis.

4. To begin collecting data press

the button and every

second for 180 data points, as

default setting.

5. When done collecting data,

press the button and a

graph should appear.

Adjusting X-axis Parameters

Should you need to acquire sensor input on y-axis

and adjusting X-axis (time based and keyboard entry):

Time-based Experiments: 1. Select Experiment and then Data Collection.

2. The default for all experiments is set at 2

samples/second for 180 seconds, shown in Figure

3. Adjust the time variable with Duration: and/or

Sampling Rate: and/or Continuous Data Collection to

meet your experimental parameters. When you have

made your choice, click .

4. You will now see the main Logger Pro window, Figure

1, and your x-axis adjustments. Click to begin

your experiment, click once your experiment

is complete, and then save your data immediately.

Figure 1: Temperature sensor data collection interface versus time (180 data points).

Figure 2: Data Collection window with x-axis time variable options for your experiment


Keyboard Entry Experiments (Events with Entry): 1. Select Experiment and then Data Collection.

2. The default, as before, is a time based experiment

with 2 samples/second for 180 seconds, shown in

Figure 2.

3. To change your experiment from a Time Based

experiment to a numerical keyboard entry, choose

from the drop down menu under Mode and select

Events With Entry, as shown in Figure 3.

4. Label your Column Name with the correct descriptors

and numerical Units that you plan to observe and

keyboard enter into the experiment for data

collection. (ex. If you are performing a titration

experiment with milliliter aliquots of 0.1OM NaOH, it

is important to place the following descriptors and

units in the fields shown in Figure 4.) Once you have

the correct descriptors, then click .

5. You will now see the main Logger Pro window and can

start collecting data by clicking .

6. Once the sensor you have chosen stabilizes in the

lower left hand window, click and an Events

With Entry window, Figure 5, will open and prompt

you to enter a numerical keyboard value. Enter your

numerical value and click .

7. As soon as your experiment is complete, click

and then save your data immediately.

Figure 3: Keyboard enter numbers for your experiment.

Figure 4: Describe data on the x-axis with correct units

Figure 5: Logger Pro window showing Events With Entry for you to enter numerical keyboard values.


Part II – Available Sensors and Operating Features

Sensor I: Vernier Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor® Data Collection with temperature sensor–

*NOTE, IN MOST CASES THE TEMPERATURE SENSOR DOES NOT NEED TO BE CALIBRATED DUE TO EXTREME CALIBRATIONS PREFORMED BY MANUFACTURERS.*

1. Connect Vernier’s Stainless

Steel Temperature Sensor®

(temperature sensor) to the

interface.


software.

3. The software will recognize

the temperature sensor and

load a default data collection

setup with time on the x-axis.

4. To begin collecting data

press the button.

5. When done collecting data,

press the button and a

graph should appear. Save

your data immediately.

Accuracy, precision, and extreme environments –

• May be used when trying to obtain an accurate ΔT.

• Acid concentration and maximum exposure time for Vernier’s stainless steel temperature sensor: 1 M HCl 20 min

2 M HCl 10 min

3 M HCl 5 min

1 M H2SO4 48 hours

2 M H2SO4 20 min

3 M H2SO4 10 min

1 M HNO3 48 hours

2 M HNO3 48 hours

3 M HNO3 48 hours

1 M CH3COOH 48 hours



1 M H3PO4 48 hours

2 M H3PO4 48 hours

3 M H3PO4 48 hours

Figure 6: Temperature probe data collection interface.


Calibration of temperature sensor–

Obtain the Vernier Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor® (temperature sensor), three containers for water

baths at different temperatures (cool, warm and hot) and a glass thermometer. Before you retrieving your

water baths, check to see the temperature range of your experiment so that the cool water bath is slightly

lower and the hot water bath is slightly higher than the experimental range. You want to make sure that

the calibration “contains” your experimental data between the extrema of the calibration points.

Select Experiment and then Calibrate and a window like Figure 2 should appear. Select the Stainless Steel

Temperature Probe. In the sensor setting

window and under the Calibrate tab, shown

above, press Calibrate Now. For each of the

three water samples, place the temperature

sensor alongside the thermometer in the sample

and allow both readings to stabilize. Enter the

temperature reading measured by the

thermometer and press Keep. Repeat this

process for each of the three water samples.

Click after the third water bath reading.

To save the calibration for later:

• Go to the calibration dialog box and select Calibration Storage. Set the Calibration Retrieval

Preference to Experiment file and save it.

After saving, when you open that experiment file, the stored calibration will be used, instead of the normal

calibration stored on the computer for this probe rather than the normal calibration that is stored on the

computer.

For more information about Vernier’s Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor®, please refer to their website:

http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/temperature-sensors/tmp-bta/

(Section Last Accessed 11-29-2016)

Figure 2: Temperature probe calibration interface.

http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/temperature-sensors/tmp-bta/


Sensor II: Vernier Gas Pressure Sensor®

Data Collection with gas pressure sensor –

*NOTE GAS PRESSURE PROBE DOES NOT NEED TO BE CALIBRATED DUE TO EXTREME CALIBRATIONS PREFORMED BY MANUFACTURERS, JUST SELECT ONE OF THE PREPROGRAMMED CALIBRATIONS.*

Connect the Vernier Gas Pressure

Sensor® (gas sensor) to the interface.

1. Open the data-collection software.

2. The software will identify the gas

sensor and load a default data-

collection setup with time on the x-

axis.

3. Begin collection of data by

selecting the button and a

graph should be generated.

4. When done collecting data, press

the button. Save your data

immediately.

Choosing units of pressure –

Pressure can be measured in many different units. Atmospheres is most commonly used. Below is a list of simple conversions of 1 atmosphere to other pressure units of measurement. To switch between units, select the Data tab and select Column Options and a screen should pop up that allows for you to switch between different pressure units.

1 atmosphere is = 101.325 kPa = 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in. of Hg (at 0°C) = 14.70 psi = 1013 millibar

For more information about Vernier’s Gas Pressure Sensor®, please refer to their website:

http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/pressure-sensors/gps-bta/


Figure 2: Pressure sensor unit choice interface.

Figure 1: Pressure sensor data collection interface.

http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/pressure-sensors/gps-bta/


Sensor III: Vernier SpectroVis® Plus

Data Collection with SpectroVis Plus– *NOTE Vernier’s SpectroVis Plus® MUST BE CALIBRATED PRIOR TO USE, REQUIRING A MINIMUM OF 90 SECOND WARM UP TIME.* Step to prepare Vernier’s SpectroVis Plus® for use are as follow:

1. Connect the Vernier SpectroVis Plus® (spectrometer) directly to the USB port of the computer. 2. Start the data-collection software (Logger Pro) and choose New from File menu. The software will

identify the sensor and load a default data-collection setup, Figure 1.

3. The default data type is absorbance. If you want to measure the absorbance of a solution, proceed directly to the Calibration section below. If you want to change the units of measurement to %Transmittance or Fluorescence, or Intensity, then choose Experiment, Change Units, Spectrometer 1: and then select the data type you wish to measure, Figure 2.

4. Do not collect any spectral data until calibration is complete. Go to the next section to learn more about calibration.

Figure 1: Start-up window for Vernier's SpectroVis Plus®.

Figure 2: Changing units of measurement for spectrometer.


Calibration of SpectroVis Plus– 1. To calibrate the SpectroVis Plus, choose

Calibrate and then Spectrophotometer 1

from the Experiment menu, Figure

3. (Note: For best results, don’t skip the

warm-up period.)

2. Fill 1cm by 1cm cuvette about 3/4 full with

distilled water (or the solvent being used in

the experiment) to serve as the “blank”. After

the Spectrophotometer has warmed up, wipe

clean and place the “blank” cuvette in the

Spectrophotometer. Align the cuvette so the

clear sides of the cuvette are facing the light

source and the detector and press, Finish

Calibration and then OK, Figure 4.

3. Your spectrometer is now calibrated and ready to collect a measurement vs. wavelength data.

Measurement versus. Wavelength: (Absorbance vs. nanometers)

1. Fill a cuvette about 3/4 full of a sample of the solution to be tested (ex. Allura Red). Place the sample

in the Spectrophotometer and press and then to end data collection, Figure 5.

Figure 5: Spectral data of Absorbance versus Wavelength (nm) for Allura Red solution.

2. To store the spectrum data, choose Store Latest Run from the Experiment menu. Save your data

immediately.

Figure 3: Warm up period is necessary for good results.

Figure 4: Finish calibration with deionized water.


Measurement vs. Concentration data: (Absorbance vs. Concentration - Beer’s Law Plots)

1. Generate a spectrum as described above in Measurement versus wavelength (380-950nm).

2. Click the Configure Spectrophotometer Data Collection button, , and an interactive window

appears, Figure 5.

Collection Mode - The three options for data collection are offered. If the measurement (Absorbance

in this example) vs. Time or vs. Concentration is selected, a wavelength or wavelengths will need to be

chosen.

Graph - The graph displays a full-spectrum analysis of the sample in the cuvette holder. By default, the

wavelength with the maximum measured value will be selected. You may wish to select a different

wavelength. See Step 3 for details.

List of wavelength options - This column lists all the available wavelengths. It becomes active when

either the Concentration or Time mode is selected.

Collection Mode - The three options for data collection are offered. If the measurement (Absorbance

in this example) vs. Time or vs. Concentration is selected, a wavelength or wavelengths will need to be

chosen.

Graph - The graph displays a full-spectrum analysis of the sample in the cuvette holder. By default, the

wavelength with the maximum measured value will be selected. You may wish to select a different

wavelength. See Step 3 for details.

List of wavelength options - This column lists all the available wavelengths. It becomes active when

either the Concentration or Time mode is selected.

Configuring the Spectrometer data-collection dialog box for Absorbance versus Concentration, Figure 6:

3. Select Absorbance (or %T) vs. Concentration as the data-collection mode. The wavelength with the

maximum value from the spectrum (λ max) will be automatically selected (ex. 501.5nm for Allura

Figure 6: Interactive “Configure Spectrometer” window for Vernier Spectrovis Plus®


Red). There are three options when choosing a wavelength (or wavelengths) for subsequent

measurements.

Option 1 - The default option is to use a single 10 nm band. This measures the average absorbance from ~5 nm on either side of the chosen wavelength. You can change the center wavelength value by clicking on the graph or by choosing a wavelength from the list.

Option 2 - If you wish to use the λ max chosen by Logger Pro, but you want the absorbance to be measured only at that one wavelength, change Single 10 nm Band to Individual Wavelengths. You may then select up to ten wavelengths to measure at the same time.

Option 3 - If you wish to measure an average over a range of contiguous wavelengths of your choice,

change Single 10 nm Band to Individual Wavelengths. Click . Select boxes in the list or drag your cursor on the graph to select up to ten contiguous wavelengths. Check Combine Contiguous Wavelengths.

4. Once you have selected the best option for choosing λ max, click to continue.

5. Click and place your first sample in the cuvette slot of the Spectrophotometer. After the

readings stabilize, click . Enter the concentration of the sample and click .

6. Place your second sample in the cuvette slot. After the readings stabilize, click . Enter the

concentration of the second sample and click .

7. Repeat Step 6 for the remaining samples. When finished, click to end data collection.

8. Click Linear Fit, , to see the best fit line equation for the standard solutions.

9. If performing a Beer’s Law experiment in determination of an unknown concentration, then place the

unknown sample in the cuvette holder. Choose Interpolation Calculator from the Analyze menu. A

helper box will appear, displaying the absorbance and concentration of the unknown. Click .

10. Select Absorbance (or %T) vs. Concentration as the data-collection mode. The wavelength with the

maximum value from the spectrum (λ max) will be automatically selected. There are three options

when choosing a wavelength (or wavelengths) for subsequent measurements.

Option 1 - The default option is to use a single 10 nm band. This measures the average absorbance from ~5 nm on either side of the chosen wavelength. You can change the center wavelength value by clicking on the graph or by choosing a wavelength from the list.

Option 2 - If you wish to use the λ max chosen by Logger Pro, but you want the absorbance to be measured only at that one wavelength, change Single 10 nm Band to Individual Wavelengths. You may then select up to ten wavelengths to measure at the same time.

Option 3 - If you wish to measure an average over a range of contiguous wavelengths of your choice,

change Single 10 nm Band to Individual Wavelengths. Click . Select boxes in the list or drag your cursor on the graph to select up to ten contiguous wavelengths. Check Combine Contiguous Wavelengths.

11. Click to continue.


12. Click . Place your first sample in the cuvette slot of the Spectrophotometer. After the readings

stabilize, click . Enter the concentration of the sample and click .

13. Place your second sample in the cuvette slot. After the readings stabilize, click . Enter the

concentration of the second sample and click .

14. Repeat Step 6 for the remaining samples. When finished, click to end data collection. Save

your data immediately.

15. Click Linear Fit, , to see the best fit line equation for the standard solutions.

16. If doing Beer’s law to determine the concentration of an unknown, place the unknown sample in the

cuvette holder. Choose Interpolation Calculator from the Analyze menu. A helper box will appear,

displaying the absorbance and concentration of the unknown. Click .

Measurement vs. Time: (Absorbance vs. Seconds – Chemical Kinetics)

1. Generate a spectrum as described above in Measurement versus Wavelength (380-950nm).

2. Click the Configure Spectrophotometer Data Collection button, .

3. Select Absorbance vs. Time as the data-collection mode. The wavelength of maximum absorbance

will be selected. Click to continue or click and select a wavelength on the graph or

in the list of wavelengths. See the previous section for more details on wavelength selection.

4. The default settings are 1 sample per second for 200 seconds. To change the data-collection

parameters for your experiment, choose Data Collection from the Experiment menu and make the

necessary time parameter changes. Click .

5. Mix the reactants. Transfer ~2 mL of the reaction mixture to a cuvette and place the cuvette in the

Spectrophotometer. Click . Click if you wish to end data collection early. Save your data

immediately.

6. Click Curve Fit, , to calculate a function for your data.

Specifications for Vernier SpectroVis Plus®:

For more information about Vernier’s SpectroVis Plus®, please refer to their website: http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/spectrometers/visible-range/svis-pl/


Support for fluorescence Excitation centered at 405 and 500 nm

Light source Incandescent with LED support

Detector Linear CCD

Wavelength range 380 nm–950 nm

Wavelength reporting interval ~1 nm

Optical resolution 4.0 nm (at 656 nm) to 25 nm (at 486 nm)

Wavelength accuracy ± 3.0 nm (at 650 nm) to ± 7.0 nm (at 450 nm)

Photometric accuracy ± 13.0%

Typical scan time ~2 s

Operating temperature 15–35ºC

http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/spectrometers/visible-range/svis-pl/


Sensor IV: Vernier pH Sensor®

Data Collection with pH Electrode–

*NOTE Vernier’s pH SENSOR® DOES NOT NEED TO BE CALIBRATED, BUT A TWO-POINT CALIBRATION IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED.*

Step to prepare Vernier’s pH SENSOR® for use are as follow:

For time-based experiments:

1. Carefully remove the

storage bottle from

Vernier pH sensor®,

including the plastic cap,

and thoroughly rinse the

lower section of the probe

using distilled or

deionized water.

2. Connect the pH sensor to

the interface.


software.

4. The software will identify

the pH Sensor and load a

default data-collection

setup with time on the x-

axis, Figure 1.

5. Begin collection of data by selecting the button.

6. When done collecting data, press the button and a graph should appear.

Important: Do not fully submerge the sensor to the top. The handle is not waterproof.

Accuracy and precision –

• It is necessary to remove the pH sensor in between experiments and wash the lower section with

deionized water before using this device in another experiment

• For newer pH sensors, it will take approximated 20-25 seconds for the pH reading to stabilize.

• For older pH sensors, it may take over 30 seconds for the pH reading to stabilize.

• Temperature range of pH electrode should remain constant during a pH experiment. The pH

electrode may be used between 5°C to 80°C but recalibration is necessary if temperature changes

appreciable (+/- 10°C) during experiment.

• When not being used, store probe in storage bottle. Never store probe in deionized water.

Figure 1: pH probe data collection interface versus time.


For Titration Experiments with pH Sensor:

5. Configure the experiment, as described above.

6. Select Experiment and then Data Collection.

7. You should now see a window that is shown in Figure 2.

8. Under the Mode drop down menu, choose Events with

Entry and then press .

9. You should now see a window that is shown in Figure 3.

10. Type a description of the units and concentration of your

titrating analysis solution in the Column Name: field

(ex.mL of 0.1M NaOH) and Short Name: that describes a

basic description (ex.mL of NaOH) and press .

11. Place the pH electrode into the solution that is being

titrated and press to start the experiment. Once

your pH reading has stabilized, press , type in the

total volumetric amount delivered into your titration

experiment, and then press OK, as shown in Figure 4.

12. Your data will be recorded on the spreadsheet, plotted

on the pH versus volume graph, and then you can

proceed to collect the next data point.

Figure 2: Changing x-axis to Events With Entry.

Figure 3: Changing to units of mL.

Figure 4: Hand-entered pH Titration mode


Two-Point Calibration with pH Sensor–

Obtain the Vernier’s pH Sensor®, two low

volume cuvette containers (~15mL) for two

different buffer calibration solutions (ex. 4.0

and 10.4). Select Experiment and then

Calibrate and a window like Figure 5 should

appear. Select the pH Sensor. In the sensor

setting window and under the Calibrate tab,

shown above, press Calibrate Now. For each

one of the buffer solutions, place the cleaned

pH sensor into the solution, submerge the bulb

and allow the voltage (V) reading to stabilize.

This may take 20-30 seconds. Enter the value of

the pH buffer solution into the Reading 1: Enter

Value in Data Units field and press .

Repeat this process for the second buffer

solution, entering the second value into the Reading 2: Enter Value in Data Units field and click Done. If

you are provided a third buffer, procure a clean ~15mL cuvette and test the accuracy of your calibrated

pH sensor by submersing the tip of the pH sensor into this buffer and observing the number stabilizing in

the lower left hand corner.

To save the calibration for later:

• Go to the calibration dialog box and select Calibration Storage. Set the Calibration Retrieval

Preference to Experiment file and save it.

After saving, when you open that experiment file, the stored calibration will be used, instead of the normal

calibration stored on the computer for this probe rather than the normal calibration that is stored on the

computer.

For more information about Vernier’s pH Sensor®, please refer to their website:

http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/ph-sensors/ph-bta/


Figure 5: Calibration window for pH sensor.

http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/ph-sensors/ph-bta/


Sensor II: Vernier Voltage Probe®

Data Collection with voltage probe –

*NOTE VOLTAGE PROBE DOES NOT NEED TO BE CALIBRATED DUE TO EXTREME CALIBRATIONS PREFORMED BY MANUFACTURERS, JUST SELECT ONE OF THE PREPROGRAMMED CALIBRATIONS.*

Connect the Vernier Voltage Probe® (voltage sensor) to the interface.

1. Open the data-collection software.

2. The software will identify the voltage sensor

and load a default data-collection setup with

time on the x-axis.

3. Begin collection of data by selecting the

button and a graph should be generated.

4. When done collecting data, press the

button. Save your data immediately.

Choosing precision of voltage –

Precision of voltage can be measured to many more decimal places past the zero OR in total significant figures. To adjust your decimal places or significant figures, select the Data tab and select Column Options and a screen should pop up. Click on Options and see the options in Figure 2, to the right.

For more information about Vernier’s Voltage Probe®, please refer to their website:

http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/voltage-probes/vp-bta/


Figure 1: Voltage probe data collection interface.

Figure 2: Pressure sensor unit choice interface.

http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/voltage-probes/vp-bta/

appendix vi vernier lab technology - cwu

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