appications of titanium

8/6/2019 Appications of Titanium

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Aerospace Materials

Assignment 1

Submitted to

Mr Sajid Ullah

Submitted by

Malik Bilal Ahmed

Department

BE 07 (Aero)

Date of Submission:

May 5th

, 2011

Titanium Metal

And it's Application in

Aerospace industry


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Metals

Metals account for about two thirds of all the elements and about 24% of the mass of the

planet. Metals have useful properties including strength, ductility, high melting points, thermal

and electrical conductivity, and toughness. From the periodic table, it can be seen that a large

number of the elements are classified as being a metal. A few of the common metals and their

typical uses are presented below.

Common Metallic Materials

y Iron/Steel - Steel alloys are used for strength critical applications

y Aluminum - Aluminum and its alloys are used because they are easy to form, readily

available, inexpensive, and recyclable.

y Copper - Copper and copper alloys have a number of properties that make them useful,

including high electrical and thermal conductivity, high ductility, and good corrosion

resistance.y Titanium - Titanium alloys are used for strength in higher temperature (~1000 F)

application, when component weight is a concern, or when good corrosion resistance is

required

y Nickel - Nickel alloys are used for still higher temperatures (~1500-2000 F) applications

or when good corrosion resistance is required.

y Refractory materials are used for the highest temperature (> 2000 F) applications.

The key feature that distinguishes metals from non-metals is their bonding. Metallic materials

have free electrons that are free to move easily from one atom to the next. The existence of

these free electrons has a number of profound consequences for the properties of metallic


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materials. For example, metallic materials tend to be good electrical conductors because the

free electrons can move around within the metal so freely. More on the structure of metals will

be discussed later.

Titanium

Introduction

( /tatenim/ ty-TAY-nee-m) is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number

22. It has a low density and is a strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant (including sea water, aqua

regia and chlorine) transition metal with a silver color

Discovery ofTitanium

Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, United Kingdom of Great Britain, by William Gregor in

1791 and named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth for the Titans of Greek mythology

Description

The element occurs within a number of mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which

are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere, and it is found in almost all living

things, rocks, water bodies, and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores via

the Kroll process or the Hunter process. Its most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a

popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds

include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and

titanium trichloride (TiCl3), which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene.


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Properties

Physical Propertie

Titanium is known for its high strength-to-weight ratio. It is a strong metal with low density that

is quite ductile (especially in an oxygen-free environment), lustrous, and metallic-white in color.

The relatively high melting point (more than 1,650 C or 3,000 F) makes it useful as a refractory

metal. It is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical and thermal conductivity. it is fairly hard

(although not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel), non-magnetic and a poor

conductor of heat and electricity. Machining requires precautions, as the material will soften

and gall if sharp tools and proper cooling methods are not used. Like those made from steel,

titanium structures have a fatigue limit which guarantees longevity in some applications.

Titanium alloys specific stiffnesses are also usually not as good as other materials such as

aluminum alloys and carbon fiber, so it is used less for structures which require high rigidity.

Chemical properties

The most common chemical property of titanium is its excellent resistance to corrosion; it is

almost as resistant as platinum, capable of withstanding attack by dilute sulfuric acid and

hydrochloric acid as well as chlorine gas, chloride solutions, and most organic acids. However, it

is soluble in concentrated acids.

However, it is slow to react with water and air, because it forms a passive and protective oxide

coating that protects it from further reaction. It also reacts with the other halogens and absorbshydrogen. Experiments have shown that natural titanium becomes radioactive after it is

bombarded with deuterons, emitting mainly positrons and hard gamma rays.

Applications ofTitanium

y Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element (Ferro) to reduce grain size and as a

deoxidizer, and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content.

y Titanium is often alloyed with aluminum (to refine grain size), vanadium, copper (to

harden), iron, manganese, molybdenum, and with other metals.

y Applications for titanium mill products (sheet, plate, bar, wire, forgings, castings) can be

found in industrial, aerospace, recreational, and emerging markets.

y Powdered titanium is used in pyrotechnics as a source of bright-burning particles.


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Pigments, additives and coatings

y About 95% of titanium ore extracted from the Earth is destined for refinement into

titanium dioxide (TiO2), an intensely white permanent pigment used in paints, paper,

toothpaste, and plastics.

y It is also used in cement, in gemstones, in paper,] and a strengthening agent in graphitecomposite fishing rods and golf clubs.

y TiO2 powder is chemically inert, resists fading in sunlight, and is very opaque; this

allows it to impart a pure and brilliant white color to the brown or gray chemicals that

form the majority of household plastics.

y Paint made with titanium dioxide does well in severe temperatures, is somewhat self-

cleaning, and stands up to marine environments.

y Pure titanium dioxide has a very high index of refraction and an optical dispersion

higher than diamond.

y In addition to being a very important pigment, titanium dioxide is also used insunscreens due to its ability to protect skin by itself.

Industrial Applications

y Welded titanium pipe and process equipment (heat exchangers, tanks, process vessels,

valves) are used in the chemical and petrochemical industries primarily for corrosion

resistance.

y Specific alloys are used in down hole and nickel hydrometallurgy applications due to

their high strength (e. g.: titanium Beta C alloy), corrosion resistance, or combination of

both.y The pulp and paper industry uses titanium in process equipment exposed to corrosive

media such as sodium hypochlorite or wet chlorine gas (in the bleacher).

y Other applications include: ultrasonic welding, wave soldering, and sputtering targets.

y Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a colorless liquid, is important as an intermediate in the

process of making TiO2 and is also used to produce the Ziegler-Natta catalyst, and is

used to iridize glass and because it fumes strongly in moist air it is also used to make

smoke screens.

Consumer and architectural:

y Titanium metal is used in automotive applications, particularly in automobile or

motorcycle racing, where weight reduction is critical while maintaining high strength

and rigidity.

y The metal is generally too expensive to make it marketable to the general consumer

market, other than high-end products, particularly for the racing/performance market.


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y Titanium is used in many sporting goods: tennis rackets, golf clubs, lacrosse stick shafts;

cricket, hockey, lacrosse, and football helmet grills; and bicycle frames and components.

y Although not a mainstream material for bicycle production, titanium bikes have been

used by race teams and adventure cyclists.

y Titanium alloys are also used in spectacle frames.

y This results in a rather expensive, but highly durable and long lasting frame which is

light in weight and causes no skin allergies.

y Many backpackers use titanium equipment, including cookware, eating utensils,

lanterns, and tent stakes.

y Though slightly more expensive than traditional steel or aluminum alternatives, these

titanium products can be significantly lighter without compromising strength.

y Titanium is also favored for use by farriers, since it is lighter and more durable than steel

when formed into horseshoes.

Medical

y Because it is biocompatible (non-toxic and is not rejected by the body), titanium is used

in a numerous medical applications including surgical implements and implants, such as

legs and sockets (joint replacement) that can stay in place for up to 20 years.

y The titanium is often alloyed with about 4% aluminum or 6% Al and 4% vanadium.

y T

itanium has the inherent property to osseointegrate, enabling use in dental implantsthat can remain in place for over 30 years.

y This property is also useful for orthopedic implant applications.

y These benefit from titanium's lower modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) to more

closely match that of the bone that such devices are intended to repair.

y Since titanium is non-ferromagnetic, patients with titanium implants can be safely

examined with magnetic resonance imaging (convenient for long-term implants).

y Preparing titanium for implantation in the body involves subjecting it to a high-

temperature plasma arc which removes the surface atoms, exposing fresh titanium that

is instantly oxidized.

Applications ofTitanium Aerospace and marine:

y Due to their high tensile strength to density ratio, high corrosion resistance, fatigue

resistance, high crack resistance, and ability to withstand moderately high temperatures


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without creeping, titanium alloys are used in aircraft, armor plating, naval ships,

spacecraft, and missiles.

y For these applications titanium alloyed with aluminum, vanadium, and other elements

is used for a variety of components including critical structural parts, fire walls, landing

gear, exhaust ducts (helicopters), and hydraulic systems.y In fact, about two thirds of all titanium metal produced is used in aircraft engines and

frames.

y The SR-71 "Blackbird" was one of the first aircraft to make extensive use of titanium

within its structure, paving the way for its use in modern military and commercial

aircraft.

y An estimated 59 metric tons (130,000 pounds) are used in the Boeing 777, 45 in the

Boeing 747, 18 in the Boeing 737, 32 in the Airbus A340, 18 in the Airbus A330, and 12 in

the Airbus A320. The Airbus A380 may use 146 metric tons, including about 26 tons in

the engines.y In engine applications, titanium is used for rotors, compressor blades, hydraulic system

components, and nacelles. The titanium 6AL-4V alloy accounts for almost 50% of all

alloys used in aircraft applications.

y Due to its high corrosion resistance to sea water, titanium is used to make propeller

shafts and rigging and in the heat exchangers of desalination plants; in heater-chillers

for salt water aquariums, fishing line and leader, and for divers' knives.

y Titanium is used to manufacture the housings and other components of ocean-deployed

surveillance and monitoring devices for scientific and military use.

y The former Soviet Union developed techniques for making submarines largely out of

titanium.

References

www.wikiepedia.com

www.google.com

www.titanium.cs.berkeley.edu

www.ndt-ed.org

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