application and importance of l2c tom stansell stansell consulting [email protected] cgsic, 10 march...
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Application and Importance of L2C
Tom StansellStansell Consulting
CGSIC, 10 March 2004
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The L2C Initiative 1996 – Presidential Decision Directive
"encourage acceptance and integration of GPS into peaceful civil, commercial and scientific applications worldwide; and to encourage private sector investment in and use of U.S. GPS technologies and services."
“committed the U.S. to discontinuing the use of SA by 2006 with an annual assessment”
With S/A off, ionospheric error becomes significant 1998 – V.P. Gore announced L2 as 2nd civil signal 1999 – V.P. Gore “for launch beginning in 2003” 2001 – L2C was defined & presented to the public
Two public meetings, ION paper, GPS World article,ICD-GPS-200 update, NAVCEN WEB posting
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S/A Off Encourage Civil GPSTHE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release May 1, 2000
STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT REGARDING THE UNITED STATES' DECISION TO STOP DEGRADING GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM ACCURACY
Today, I am pleased to announce that the United States will stop the intentional degradation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) signals available to the public beginning at midnight tonight. We call this degradation feature Selective Availability (SA). This will mean that civilian users of GPS will be able to pinpoint locations up to ten times more accurately than they do now. GPS is a dual-use, satellite-based system that provides accurate location and timing data to users worldwide. My March 1996 Presidential Decision Directive included in the goals for GPS to: "encourage acceptance and integration of GPS into peaceful civil, commercial and scientific applications worldwide; and to encourage private sector investment in and use of U.S. GPS technologies and services." To meet these goals, I committed the U.S. to discontinuing the use of SA by 2006 with an annual assessment of its continued use beginning this year.
The decision to discontinue SA is the latest measure in an on-going effort to make GPS more responsive to civil and commercial users worldwide. Last year, Vice President Gore announced our plans to modernize GPS by adding two new civilian signals to enhance the civil and commercial service. This initiative is on-track and the budget further advances modernization by incorporating some of the new features on up to 18 additional satellites that are already awaiting launch or are in production. We will continue to provide all of these capabilities to worldwide users free of charge.
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Promise of a Second Civil Signal
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Vice President_____________________________________________________________________________________________For Immediate Release March 30, 1998
VICE PRESIDENT GORE ANNOUNCESENHANCEMENTS TO THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
THAT WILL BENEFIT CIVILIAN USERS WORLDWIDE
Washington DC -- Vice President Gore today announced that a second civilian signal will be provided by the U.S. Global Positioning System.
"This new civilian signal will mean significant improvements in navigation, positioning and timing services to millions of users worldwide -- from backpackers and fishermen to farmers, airline pilots, and scientists," the Vice President said.
The addition of a second civil signal represents a strong commitment by the United States to civil GPS users worldwide and is a major step in the evolution of GPS as a global information utility. Much like the Internet, GPS is becoming increasingly indispensable for navigation, positioning, and timing by users around the world. Also like the Internet, GPS has become an engine of economic growth and efficiency as businesses and consumers continue to develop new and creative applications of this technology.
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L2C Expected in 2003THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Vice President
For Immediate ReleaseJanuary 25, 1999
VICE PRESIDENT GORE ANNOUNCES NEW GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM MODERNIZATION INITIATIVE
Initiative Would Make Global Positioning SystemMore Accessible to Civilian Users
Washington, DC -- Vice President Gore announced today a $400 million new initiative in the President's balanced budget that will modernize the Global Positioning System (GPS) and will add two new civil signals to future GPS satellites, significantly enhancing the service provided to civil, commercial, and scientific users worldwide.
"The United States is proud to be a leader in the development of the Global Positioning System -- a wonderful example of how technology is benefiting our citizens and people around the world," Vice President Gore said. "This initiative represents a major milestone in the evolution of GPS as a global information utility, and will help us realize the full benefits of this technology in the next millennium."
This initiative is only the most recent step in an ongoing public-private effort to make GPS more responsive to the needs of civilian users worldwide. National and regional GPS-based networks are now being created by governments and industry around the world to help guide everything from planes, trains, ships, and cars to tractors, snowplows, earthmovers, and mining equipment.
As announced by Vice President Gore last March, the second civil signal will be located at 1227.60 MHZ along with the current military signal, and will be available for general use in non-safety-critical applications. The President's Budget supports implementing this new signal on the satellites scheduled for launch beginning in 2003.
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L2C Availability and Impact ~18 L2C signals should be available before 2011
In time for the next solar maximum L2C availability will precede L5 by almost 3 years
By 2011 to 2013 there will be enough L2C signals for new commercial and consumer applications 2013 to 2015 for L5
But, current survey and scientific users can benefit immediately, one satellite launch at a time L2 access today is costly, can’t track high ionospheric
rates, and is 10 to 30 dB weaker than with L2C Some manufacturers already are making receivers with
L2C capability
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Why L2C Gives Immediate Benefits
Whereas a new signal frequency must be available from 18 to 24 satellites before it is of much value
All dual-frequency receivers today track L2 The first IIR-M satellite will provide a stronger and
better L2 signal, which can be used immediately Thus, the transition to L2C can begin now, one
launch at a time Pilot signal code and carrier measurements are the
main benefits for these applications Message data is of secondary importance at most Message uncertainty will not delay applications
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Tracking Advantage of L2C
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
30 35 40 45 50
Input Signal C/No (dB)
Ava
ilab
le C
/No
(d
B)
Coherent
Code Aided
Full Bandwidth
L2C
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Survey and Scientific Applications
Estimated 100,000 high precision receivers Prices range from $6K for decimeter to $15K for cm
Rapid growth of centimeter & decimeter applications: Survey and agriculture Real time machine control Infrastructure monitoring (bridges, dams, skyscrapers)
Many thousands of scientific receivers Geodesy (coordinate system, continental drift, etc.) Earthquake and volcano research and monitoring Weather research and prediction
All require L1 and L2 signals
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L2C Marketing Strategy (1 of 2)
Based on expected L2C availability in 2004, each company has developed an L2C strategy, e.g., Trimble NovAtel Thales
What is the winning strategy?
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NovAtel L2C Recommendation
Establishing the new signals in space ASAP, even as “test signals”, is the best thing for our industry. This encourages innovation and new product development. Pat_____________________________Patrick Fenton P.Eng.CTO NovAtel Inc.
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Cautious Thales L2C Position
We have therefore chosen to introduce L2C capability when we believe that our customers could experience a clear operational advantage out of this enhancement, which is not the case to date. Our focus is on providing customers the solutions they need - not selling them more technology than what really benefits them. Best Regards,
Robert
Dr. Robert SnowDirector of Sales and Marketing, NCSA Land SurveyThales Navigation
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L2C Marketing Strategy (2 of 2)
Prediction: actual and perceived benefits and competition will drive all manufacturers of precision GPS receivers to use L2C sooner rather than later
Researchers also look forward to having three frequencies, L1, L2, and L5
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Aviation Use of L2C ?
Aviation authorities currently don’t support L2C It is not in an ARNS band Waiting for L5 which is an ARNS frequency
However, some practical interest is developing Earlier availability of dual-frequency advantages Redundant navigation signal
Unlikely to be accepted
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100%
100% 100% 10.58%
97.58% 58.45% 49.25%
L1+L2+L5
L1+L2 L1+L5 L2+L5
L1 L2 L5
Potential WAAS Availability of 99.9% APV 1.5 Coverage
Shau-Shiun Jan, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University
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L1 Only vs. Dual Frequency WAAS
97.58% in CONUS 100% in CONUS
The key differences are accuracy, availability,continuity, and coverage beyond CONUS!
Shau-Shiun Jan, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University
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Other Dual & Single Frequency Uses
Examples Car navigation Marine Handheld E-911
L2C long-term future depends on Galileo schedule and signal choices Will Galileo signals precede full L2C availability? Build receivers for signals from only half the satellites? Galileo schedule and signal choices may cause most
long-term future dual frequency receivers to be L1/L5 L2C use may be limited to multi-frequency receivers
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Summary
L2C is useful immediately for dual frequency high precision survey and scientific applications Much more robust signal, better ionosphere tracking Preserves the legacy of L1/L2 antenna designs and
millions of archived measurements Value increases over the next 7 to 10 years Meets Presidential Decision Directive
Long term future depends on Galileo Manufacturers will favor receivers for common signals
Because of ionosphere and Galileo commonality, L1 will remain the preferred single frequency signal