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TRANSCRIPT
Application of Battery Energy Storage for Frequency Regulation
Alexandre Oudalov
IEEE PES Swiss Chapter Workshop, Daettwil, 9.11.2006
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Agenda
� Energy storage technologies and applications
� Primary frequency control and ancillary service markets
� Dimensioning of the BESS for primary frequency control
� Conclusions
� Q&A
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Energy storage technologies
Excessive electricity is stored at times of low demand, then the energy is retrieved when demand peaks
Energy Storage
Electrochemical
Electrical
Mechanical
Thermal
Power Systemelectric energyproduction and consumption
Low demand
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Energy storage technologies
Excessive electricity is stored at times of low demand, then the energy is retrieved when demand peaks
Energy Storage
Electrochemical
Electrical
Mechanical
Thermal
Power Systemelectric energyproduction and consumption
Peak demand
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Energy storage technologies
Excessive electricity is stored at times of low demand, then the energy is retrieved when demand peaks
Energy Storage
Electrochemical
Electrical
Mechanical
Thermal
Power Systemelectric energyproduction and consumption
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� Pumped-Hydro Storage (PHS)
� Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS):
■ Lead Acid
■ Nickel-Cadmium
■ Nickel-Metalhydride: too expensive
■ Sodium-Sulfur
■ Lithium-Ion: too expensive
■ Vanadium Redox flow
■ Polysulfide-bromine flow (project stopped)
� Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage: too
expensive
� Electrochemical Capacitors: too expensive
� Flywheels: too expensive
� Hydrogen technology: not yet mature
� Thermo electric energy storage: not yet mature
� Compressed Air Energy Storage: needs fuel, site
dependent
Energy storage technologies
Excessive electricity is stored at times of low demand, then the energy is retrieved when demand peaks
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∆T
BESSIntegration of
renewables1-100 MW, 1-10 h
BESS
Peak
shaving 0.1-10 MW, 1-2 h
20 kV 110 kV
220 kV
110 kV20 kVNetwork ring
20 kV
Industry
Centralgeneration
Distributedgeneration
220 kV Overhead line
Weak connection
BESSLoad leveling
for postponement of
grid upgrade
10-100 MW, 1-4 h
Load levelingfor generation
utilization
10-100 MW, 1-4h
BESS
to Load
BESS
Frequency control1-20 MW, 0.5-2 h
Applications of BESS in power systems
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not profitable
in a few, very special cases
only
might be profitable
probably profitable
out of question
Load leveling for generation utilization (large scale arbitrage)
End-user Peak shaving
Load leveling for postponement of T&D upgrade
Primary Frequency Regulation in the today’s market
Integration of renewables (in island grid)
Applic
ations
Will a BESS for that specific application alone be a profitable solution?
Applications of BESS in power systems
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BESS for frequency control - Roadmap
2006
AEP NaS, USA
2003
GVEA Ni-Cd, USA
1988
CHINO Lead-Acid, USA TEPCO NaS, Japan
1998 20011986
BEWAG Lead-Acid, Germany
1994
PREPA Lead-Acid,Puerto Rico
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BESS in Golden Valley Electric Association
In operation since 2003
System Supplier:
� ABB in cooperation with SAFT (Ni-Cd battery cells) � Cost: 35 million US$
Specification:
� 40 MW for 7 min (4.7 MWh)� 27 MW for 15 min (6.75 MWh)� AC to AC efficiency ≈ 75%
Applications:
� Backup power in case of line loss� Reactive power support
ConverterNi-Cd Batteries
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Existing 100 MW Transmission line
NorthernIntertie140 MW
Healy
Fairbanks
BESS
BESS in Golden Valley Electric Association
In operation since 2003
System Supplier:
� ABB in cooperation with SAFT (Ni-Cd battery cells) � Cost: 35 million US$
Specification:
� 40 MW for 7 min (4.7 MWh)� 27 MW for 15 min (6.75 MWh)� AC to AC efficiency ≈ 75%
Applications:
� Backup power in case of line loss� Reactive power support
ConverterNi-Cd Batteries
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Frequency control reserves
operating dead-band
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out
in
Power System
f f
Pt
INJECT POWER
ABSORB POWER
BESS operating principle for frequency control
BESS
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Fre
quency
pri
mary
reserv
e r
equir
ed (
MW
)
Bidding process per kW €20
€30
€40
€50
€60
€20
€30
€40
€50
€60
€70
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3
€20
€30
€40
€50
€60
€70
BESS
€60 €70 €60
Primary frequency control market mechanism
Tendering period:
Germany 6 months
Czech Rep. 1 week
New Zealand 1 day
Forecasted need
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Cost of primary control reserve in Germany
Source: http://www.eon-netz.com/http://www.vattenfall.de/http://www.rwe-transportnetzstrom.com/http://www.enbw.com
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UCTE measured frequency April 2005
© 2005 ETRANS
5 10 15 20 25 3049.8
49.85
49.9
49.95
50
50.05
50.1
50.15
50.2
Measure
dfr
equency
[Hz]
Time [Day]
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Frequency statistics April 2005
<-0.2 -.2 - -.14 -.14 - -.1 -.1 - -.06 -.06 - -.02 -.02 - 0 0 - .02 .02 - .06 .06 - .1 .1 - .14 .14 - .2 >.20
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50R
ela
tive t
ime p
eri
od [
%]
Frequency deviations (intervals) [Hz]
35.6% 31.8%
16.1% 15.2%
0.5% 0.8%
Frequency deviation intervals [ Hz ]
Re
lati
ve
tim
e p
eri
od
[%
]
67.4%}
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20
Battery charge
Battery discharge
Regulation characteristic
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
Frequency deviation from 50Hz [mHz]
Pri
ma
ry r
ese
rve
activa
tion
[p
.u.]
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BESS primary control power April 2005
5 10 15 20 25 30-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
BE
SS
Pow
er
[Pn]
Time [Day]
Battery charge
Battery discharge
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0
5 10 15 20 25 30-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
Sta
te o
f D
ischarg
e [
Pn*h
]
Time [d]
Minimum Battery Capacity = 1.62 Pn*h
Time [ day ]
“A
bs
olu
te d
ep
ths
of
dis
ch
arg
e”
[ P
nx
h ]
BESS efficiency 0.7 with no recharge April 2005
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Assumption for modeling
� Frequency deviation can not be predicted !
� BESS =! 100% availability
� Battery should never be empty ! (try to keep battery charged using a small recharge power when ∆f < | 20mHz |)
� For any case keep an additional reserve capacity of 15min x Pn
� In case battery is full, absorb power with resistors
� BESS = Battery (Pn, Pn*h) + Resistors (PR= Pn)
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Minimum Battery Capacity = 0.71 Pn*h
5 10 15 20 25 30-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1S
tate
of
Dis
charg
e [
Pn*h
]
Time [d]Time [ day ]
“A
bs
olu
te d
ep
ths
of
dis
ch
arg
e”
[ P
nx
h ]
April 2005
BESS efficiency 0.7 recharge with 1% of Pn
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BESS efficiency 0.7 recharge with 1% of Pn
5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Pow
er:
pure
Batt
ery
pow
er
(red)
and r
esis
tor
(blu
e)[
Pn]
Time [d]
Energy loss in resistors = 2.74 Pn*h
Time [ day ]
0.6
0
-0.6
BE
SS
po
wer
[ P
n]
April 2005
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5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1S
tate
of
Dis
ch
arg
e [
Pn*h
]
Time [d]
BESS efficiency 0.7 recharge with 3% of Pn
Minimum Battery Capacity = 0.26 Pn*h
Time [ day ]
“A
bs
olu
te d
ep
ths
of
dis
ch
arg
e”
[ P
nx
h ]
April 2005
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5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Pow
er:
pure
Batt
ery
pow
er
(red)
and r
esis
tor
(blu
e)[
Pn]
Time [d]
Energy loss in resistors = 6.69 Pn*h
Time [ day ]
0.6
0
-0.6
BE
SS
po
wer
[ P
n]
BESS efficiency 0.7 recharge with 3% of Pn
April 2005
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5 10 15 20 25 30-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
Time [d]
Sta
te o
f D
ischarg
e [
Pn*h
]
Time [ day ]
“A
bs
olu
te d
ep
ths
of
dis
ch
arg
e”
[ P
nx
h ]
No recharge
1%
3%
5%
BESS efficiency 0.7 recharge with 0-5% of Pn
April 2005
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� Absorb positive peaks by charging battery, as long as battery is not full
� Provide negative peaks by discharging battery
� Define range of preferred state of charge with an upper and lower level
� In case battery state of charge exceeds pre-defined upper level
� Sell small portion of the stored energy (ex. 0.02*Pn for 1h) in order to bring back state of charge to preferred operating range
� In case battery state of charge falls below pre-defined lower level
� Recharge battery to the pre-defined state of charge lower level when ∆f < | 20mHz |
� Use minimal recharge power (ex. 3% of Pn)
Assumptions for modeling
5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
Sta
te o
f D
isch
arg
e [
Pn*h
]
Time [d]Time [ day ]
De
pth
s o
f d
isc
ha
rge
[
Pn
x h
]
Upper level
Lower level
What is the optimal capacity and what are the optimal upper and lower state
of charge levels
? ?
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0.55
0.76
0.5560.564
0.571
0.579
0.586
0.594
0.601
0.609
0.616
0.624
0.631
0.639
0.646
0.654
0.661
0.6690.676
0.6840.691
0.699
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.120
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
SoC upper level [ Pn*h ]
Sell P
ow
er
[%
Pn]
� Input
� Max. Power (contracted primary reserve)
� Frequency profile
� Regulation characteristic
� BESS efficiency, life cycle and cost function
� Recharge tariff and
� Sell power tariff (intraday market)
� Reserve price
� Variables
� Upper and lower state of charge level
� Recharge power % of Pn
� Sell power % of Pn
� Output
� Required capacity
� Volume of sold and recharged energy
� Volume of lost energy through resistors
� Max(NPVprofit = NPVrevenue – NPVcost)
Objective: maximized NPV of profit
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Battery state of charge April 2005
Sell power 0.03 Pn
Recharge power 0.03 Pn
5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1S
tate
of
Dis
ch
arg
e [
Pn*h
]
Time [d]Time [ day ]
De
pth
s o
f d
isc
ha
rge
[
Pn
x h
]
100%
0%
92%
73%
52%
35%
19%
Sta
te o
f c
ha
rge
SoCmax
SoCmin
���� Required Capacity: 0.62 Pn x h
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5 10 15 20 25 30-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1P
ow
er:
pu
re B
att
ery
pow
er
(re
d)
and r
esis
tor
(blu
e)[
Pn]
Time [d]Time [ day ]
BE
SS
po
wer
[ P
n]
Primary reserve power curve April 2005
BESS power (contracted reserve) 2 MWRecharged energy 8.2 MWhSold energy 3 MWhEnergy absorbed by resistors 1.6 MWh
5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Pow
er:
pure
Batt
ery
pow
er
(red)
and r
esis
tor
(blu
e)[
Pn]
Time [d]
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18.8 19 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Pow
er: p
ure
Battery
pow
er (r
ed)
and r
esis
tor
(blu
e)[P
n]
Time [d]
De
pth
s o
f d
isc
ha
rge
[ P
nx
h ]
Time [ day ]
18.8 19 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
BE
SS
po
we
r [
Pn
]
Absorbed by resistor
Sold energy
Bought energy
Supplied by battery
100%
92%
73%
Sta
te o
f c
ha
rge
Absorbed by battery
Example: April 18-19, 2005
49.9
49.95
50
50.05
50.1
Mea
sure
d f
requ
en
cy [
Hz]
Fre
qu
en
cy [
Hz ]
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Multi-string BESS operation
Energy
Market
AS
Market
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Batteries building
PCS + control
container
MV transformerMV OHL
Space requirement for the 2 MW Lead-acid BESS
BESS surface: 14.2 x 12.9 m (184m2)
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Summary
� BESS satisfy technical requirements for frequency regulation
� BESS can be a profitable solution for providing a primary reserve
� ABB is a supplier of large battery energy storage systems
� Modeling of a BESS
� Prototype construction and extended field tests
� Construction and commissioning of the system (ex. NiCd BESS Alaska)