application of biotechnology
TRANSCRIPT
APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TO HUMAN WELFARE
Presented By:
P.Deepthi Priyanka
The term biotechnology is defined as the development & utilization of biological processes, forms & systems for obtaining maximum benefits to man & other forms of life.The term biotechnology was coined by Karl Ereky in 1917.
BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLIED IN VARIOUS FIELDS
Application of
biotechnology
Prevention , diagnosis &
cure of disease
To save plants &
animals from extinction
Transgenic animals
production Plant tissue culture
DNA profiling /
finger printing
Pollution control
Production of
commercial products
PRODUCTION OF CLONED GENES , HORMONES , VACCINES AND OTHER CHEMICALS :
General procedure of production using RDNA technology :
MRNA/ DNA
CDNA/DNA fragments
Cloning vector (plasmid, cosmid)
Restriction Enzymes
Recombinant DNA
Desired Products
E.g.: vaccines, interferon , antibiotics , vitamines, super bugs , mono clonal anti bodies.
ligation
PRODUCTION USING RDNA TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTION
Hormones Interferon's
Enzymes
vaccinesVitamins
Organic acid
Alcohol
Antibiotics
Pharmaceutical extraction of there products cannot meet annual demands so cloning methods are followed.1000 to 1,00,000 molecules of the product can be produced from 1 cell of ecoli by RDNA technology.
Hormones: Hormone is a chemical messenger that transports signals from one cell to another. Hormones are required in deficiency disease or inherited disease E.g: Insulin - metabolises glucose in blood.
RDNA product insulin- Is a boon for diabetic patients.
Somatotropin - Growth hormone
Its deficiency causes turner’s syndrome in girls , which is Characterized by short stature and nonfunctioning ovaries .
Stunted growth
Interferons :
Interferons are secreted by human cells to resist the immediate invasion by virus and multiplication of abnormal cells.
They are used in cancer treatment .
Interferon’s produced by this RDNA method are well tolerated and stable for 2years.
VACCINES
vaccines are chemical substances prepared from the antigens of other animals which evokes immunity in human or animal for a particular disease .
vaccines for -Hepatitis B
-Rabies
-Polio virus
-Small pox
-Malarial vaccines are also developed.
•VITAMINS• VITAMIN SOURCE Riboflavin -Ashbya gossypii B 12 -Bacillus coagulans -Bacillus megaterium -streptomycess olivacious precursor of vitA -Blakeslea trispora
ORGANIC ACIDSEg: Citric acid -Aspergillus niger Lactic acid -Lactobacillus bacteriaUSES:Food industry- jams, jellies ,fruit juices, candies, confectionaries, winesPharmacy- blood transfusions, effervescent productsCosmetics- astringent lotions, shampoos, hair setting fluidsIndustries-lather tanning, cleaning of pipes
ALCOHOLSProduced by yeast or bacterial fermentationUSES-Solvent, extractant , anti freeze Industry- N-butanol is used in manufacture of plasticizer, break fluidsLiquid fuel -gasohol Pharmacy–glycerol Ethanol- alcoholic beverage
FUEL
Extraction-soxhlet apparatus
ANTIBIOTICS:These are the complex chemical substances which are produced by micro-organisms and act against other micro-organisms
ORGANISM ANTIBIOTIC APPLICATIONSPenicillium notatum Penicillin(G) -fever, pneumonia, genital infections
Cephalosporium acremonium Cephalosporins -UTI, pneumonia, meningitis
Streptomyces griseus Streptomycin -TB
Streptomyces aureofaciens Tertracyclins -cholera, tetanus, UTI
Bacillus subtilis Bacitracin -dermatitis, infections, dysentry
ENZYMES•Enzymes produced by micro-organisms: Extraction Fermentation Immobilisation RDNA technology
•APPLICATIONS:•Used in the treatment of genetic disorders •Used in synthesis of proteins & peptides, aminoacids.•Used in manufacture of drugs.•Clinical analysis •Medical diagnosis – in ELISA, Enzyme thermistors
ELISA technique
Plant tissue culture
Cryopreservation of germ plasm
Clonal propagation
(fast & large scale
multiplication
Primary & secondary metabolites
Breaking dormancy
genetic variability (nifgene
transfer)Disease
free plants
Somatic hybrids
Synthetic seeds
Edible vaccine ,
antibodies
Early flowering
Overcoming self sterility
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS: Some of the transgenic animals produced are cow, pig, rabbit, goat, sheep , fish Purpose : To increase Nutrition value : more milk production from cows , more proteins in milk and meat .To produce disease resistant animals Greater yields of by-products like leather, wool To produce good quality fishes with more fat and protein content. More nutrient food is made available for the people suffering from malnutrition.
PREVENTION , DIAGNOSIS , AND CURE OF DISEASES:
Prevention -
1. vaccines
2. immunogenic proteins Diagnoses -
1. By DNA probe
2. Monoclonal Antibodies
3. Antenatal Diagnosis Cure - Gene therapy
DNA Probes:This is used for diagnosis of pathogens containing most specific DNA sequence of genetic material of the parasite (like virus, bacteria or protozoa). DNA sequence is recognised(which should not relate to other strains) ↓ recognised DNA is cut (using restriction endonucleases enzyme) ↓ it is inserted into cloning vector (plasmid) ↓ bacterial vector transformed , mutiplied ↓ DNA sequence of parasite isolated is labelled with radio-isotope & ↓ used as PROBEThus disease is diagonised +ve if dark bands appear on X-ray film
Eg. Tuberculosis
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES USES:oDRUGS- for AIDS, cancer, infectionsoDIAGNOSIS- Cancer-colorectal cancer -lung cancer -breast cancer -Pregnancy -Allergies -Hormonal disease -viral diseaseoDiagnostic Agents- used in ELISA & RIA.
ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS2500 genetic defects known to occur in human. eg- haemophiliaIf a pregnant woman bears a child with a genetic defect, she is often advised to abort it, thus the technique of diagnosis & giving suggestions for abortion of a genetically defected child is known as antenatal diagnosisThe genetically determined defects of function or synthesis of haemoglobin is known as haemoglobinopathy.
Foetal pedal edema
Mother edema
haemoglobinopathies
GENE THERAPYDelivering genes into humans to correct diseases has been accepted as scientifically viable is called gene therapy Eg: Insulin, Inteferon, Somatotropin, Somatostatin, Human blood clotting factors, Immunogenic proteins, Antibodies, Vaccines etc.
DNA FINGER PRINTING OR DNA PROFILINGDNA master molecule of all life forms.Neucleotides forms codes, so this genetic coded information can be profiled to produce authentic Identity cards for any organism. So, this complicated technique of identifying individuals at genetic level is known as DNA Finger printing.Basics requirements –availability of blood stains, hair with root, drops of semen, skin cells, mouth swab, bone marrow, cell of any body tissue.
DNA profilling
Solving disputed problems of parentage Immigration
dispute
Forensic science
Reuniting lost children
Identification of criminals, and rapists, totally burnt
body
Setting of genetic data
banks
TO SAVE PLANTS & ANIMALS FROM EXTINCTION By Cryopreservation: Animal and plant species can be saved from extinction by preserving their cell lines.Preservation of germ plasms is done at -79°c over solid carbondioxide or in liquid nitrogen at -196°C . liquid nitrogen is more prefered for longer storage.
TO SUBSIDE POLLUTION: BY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE AND EFFLUENTS
Is possible through genetically engineered micro organism. For detoxification and degradation of chemicals , enzymes are encoded
by specific genes present on their plasmid Plasmids introduced organisms utilize no. of organic acids and toxic
chemicals like toulene , chloro benzenes, halogenated pesticides and ethylenes etc and render them harmless.
A new product SUPER BUG( oil eating bug) was produced by genetic enginnering by introducing plasmids from different strains into a single cell of Pseudomonas putida. This can degrate many substrates like tolenes, xylenes, octane, camphor, napthalene etc.