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Application of Geographical Location Differences of the Sun-Path Diagram in Climatic Architecture

Hossein Inanloua,*, Sara Ataeeb

aAssistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning,Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran

bM.arch., Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning,Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University,Qazvin, Iran

Received: 5 May 2017 - Accepted: 22 November 2017

Abstract

In this study, by recognizing geographical location changes of the sun-path diagram, we present a selection of sustainable architectural guidelines that influence the climatic element of sunshine. For this purpose, after the introduction of triple zones of the earth in terms of how the sun is exposed (include: Tropical, temperate and polar), the function of the earth's curvature to create geographical location differences in the angles of sunshine in both its altitude and azimuth, is explained. In the following, using the "Rayman" software, the sun-path diagram on the days of the summer and winter solstice (revolutionary) is drawn up for cities selected in the triple zones, and the geographical location differences of these diagrams are described. Also, due to the climatic requirement in some of the studied cities, the "PET" index has been calculated, and in the other cities, the "Analemma" graph has been used to determine the frontiers of the sunshine and the number of days per each front. The research findings, suggest a deep geographical location difference in the patterns of the sun-path diagram for the Earth's sunshine zones. At the end, a selection of architectural guidelines for the use of passive solar energy is proposed for residential buildings in the above cities. These guidelines are presented in the following topics: Optimal orientation and determine of an appropriate front for lighting the building and estimating the size of the horizontal overhangs for the sun-facing windows.

Keywords: Sun-path Diagram, Climatic Architecture, Rayman, Analemma, Summer and Winter Solstice.

1. Introduction

With the onset of human ability to build housing, the climate was gradually and at an elementary level. "Even in the so-called primitive architecture, a climate design has been well-documented" (Watson & Lobes, 2011: 3). Over time, human innovations have made the environment more coherent in the components, design and building materials of the houses, and the integration of architecture with the climate, institutionalized. It should be borne in mind that, in today's world, modern technologies only transformed the shape and manner of the arrangements of this integration and could not dampen the principle. Nevertheless, due to the neglect of the principle of environmental coordination, energy challenge and environmental crises have now become apparent as the main consequence of the consolidation and expansion of settlements. "According to the Global Monitoring Institute, buildings account for about 40 percent of global energy production, accounting for about 40 percent of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides" (Arifkamal.M, 2012: 85). "In our country, the largest share of energy consumption belongs to the homemade sector" (Qiyabakloo, 2014: 9). Today, the adjustment of the energy challenge and environmental crises has made it necessary to

apply the approach of nature-alignment to the social and economic life of mankind. In line with the operation of the above approach in housing, the strategy of "sustainability in urbanism and architecture" has been considered. In this strategy, the basic element of the environment is the climatic conditions for homogeneous housing. Obviously, in the study of climate, there are various elements of the atmospheric phenomena that in the present study, the sun's element was studied in the form of a "sun-path diagram". Systematic and scientific study of the function of the climatic element of the sunshine in architecture, the following discussion of comfort temperature that was introduced by people such as: Olgyay (1963), Evans (1980), and Givoni(1984). This study led to the evolution of the topic of "passive solar energy" by people like Kachadourian (2006), who came up with a book with the same title. In this book, the author has attempted to introduce a specific type of passive solar energy based building, and express the function of influential components, such as sunshiny spaces in such a house. Kachadurian has been pursuing heating solutions in cold areas by determining the intensity of radiation and the amount of solar heat in the latitudes of 16 to 64degrees northern and calculating the amount of heat * Corresponding author Email address: husseininanlo@yahoo.com

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Hossein Inanlou, Sara Ataee

81

Tropic of Capricorn in the fall quarter. In this way, all the points on the Earth from the equator to the 23 degrees and 27 minutes southern orbit will experience the sun's perpendicularity so that on the first day of the winter the above mentioned state be experienced in the Tropic of Capricorn. It is obvious that for the first day in spring, the sun needs to regain its permeable radiation after six months in the orbit of the equator, so in its apparent motion, the path went in the autumn, will be passed in return in three months of winter, and as to all points in the fall It was once perpendicular, will be vertical for the second time. In this way, during a solar year, all the points between the equator and the orbit of 23 degrees and 27 minutes north and south, see the sun at noon and in two days of the year, in perpendicular. The interval between these two symmetric days from the first day of the first day of the winter and summer seasons is equal.

3- Data and research method

Considering the nature of this research, which is based on Geographical location differences in sun-path diagram, from the triple sunshine zones in the two hemispheres of the earth (Fig. 3), 6 orbits, two by two having the same latitude and symmetry, along with the city and the symbolic place for each of them is selected as follows:

1-Tropical zone (lower latitudes):

* Northern Hemisphere: Nouakchott city, Mauritania country, latitude 18° Northern.

* Southern Hemisphere: Harare city, Zimbabwe country, latitude 18° Southern.

2. Temperate zone (middle latitudes):

* Northern Hemisphere: Ahar city, Iran country, latitude 38° Northern.

* Southern Hemisphere: Melbourne, Australia country, latitude 38° Southern.

3. Polar Zone (Arctic and Antarctic)

* Northern Hemisphere (Arctic): Koolan Town, Finland country, Latitude67° Northern.

* Southern Hemisphere (Antarctic): Non-residential place in the Palermo Peninsula, latitude 67° Southern.

Numerical data on how the sunshine and sun path in each of the above cities can be considered as materials and data of the study for day’s summer solstice and winter solstice. Tables 2 and 3 show these research findings as well. The Rayman software has been used to conduct the present research and draw the sun- path diagram in selected cities. The original version of this software was designed in year 2000 by Matzarakis and his colleagues at the Meteorological Institute of the University of Freiburg. The software has various capabilities in urban, architectural and tourism studies; in this article, the software is featured in the plot of the sun- path diagram, which uses as a more applicable architecture. "Rayman software, in addition to determining the elements of climatic comfort, has the ability to plot sun- path diagram. This software plots the sun-path diagram, according to the latitude of the city studied and the date of the desired date "(Inanlou, 2013: 120). Based on Fig. 5, to do a sun- path diagram of the desired location, should enter the geographic coordinates of the desired location, then enter the path of "output "and after selecting the "Diagram" option, the output is taken as a graph. As shown in Figure 5, the output of the "Diagram" option is available in two Polar modes, with the graph showing the top and the Cylinder (cylindrical), with the graph display facing, in which the Polar option is used. . As an example of the diagram above, Figure 6 shows the sun- path diagram in the city of Qazvin. Of course, in manual drawing, the directional diagrams of the sun can also be displayed from the sides too (Fig. 4). Determining a number of architectural guides in the earth's temperate radiant zone, requires using bio-climatic index "PET" or "physiological equivalent temperatures" in addition to the sun-path diagram. Among these guidelines, the calculation of the depth of the horizontal overhangs in the windows facing the building sunshine. For this purpose, it is necessary to determine the beginning of the day from the warm period of the year using the PET index. The calculation of the PET index is also done in Rayman's software environment. In the present study, based on the Version1.2 version of this software, the PET index has been calculated for the cities of Ahar and Melbourne. "The main advantage of this Indicator is based on Celsius and is capable of evaluating on a daily and even hourly basis"(Ismaili et al., 2010: 104). Matzarakis et al.in order to level the different temperature states and determine the extent of their physiological stress, proposed numerical values obtained from the calculation of the PET index in Table 1.

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Table 2 Geographical location differences in the sun-path diagram for the cities studied on the summer solstice

City Name

Sun- path diagram

Statistical data obtained from the sun- path diagram

Sunrise

side Daytime Sunset side

(hour) Front of the sun's

motion in the sky

The sun's

altitude at

noon

moment

Nouakchott

(18 degrees)

Northern

East of the

northeastern

West of the

northwestern 13 . 15 North 84 Degrees

Harare

(18 degrees)

Southern

East of the

northeastern West of the

northwestern

10 . 55 North 49 Degrees

Ahar

(38 degrees)

Northern

East of the

northeastern

West of the

northwestern

14 . 41 South 75 Degrees

Melbourne

(38 degrees)

Southern

East of the

northeastern West of the

northwestern 9 . 25 North 30 Degrees

koolan

(67degrees)

Northern

The sun does not have a sunset and it's all 24 hours in the sky. Its

path is circular in the sky and begins from the north and ends in the

north after 24 hours. So the sun spins 360 degrees on a 24-hour

day. The movement of the sun toward the horizon is wavy and at

peak times at noon and finds the smallest altitude at 24 o'clock.

47 Degrees

Palmer

(67 degrees)

Southern

Without the sun's diagram, it's all 24 hours a night. Therefore, the sun does not appear in the sky, and the

direction of the sun's movement in the sky and its elevation angle can not be determined.

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Table 3 Geographical location differences in the sun-path diagram for the cities studied on the winter solstice.

City Name The sun path

Statistical data obtained from the sun- path diagram

Sunrise

side

Daytime Sunset Side

(hour)

Front of the sun's

motion in the sky

The sun's

altitude at

noon moment

Nouakchott

(18 degrees)

Northern

East of the

southeast West of the

southwest

11 South 49 Degrees

Harare

(18 degrees)

Southern

East of the

southeast West of the

southwest 13 .10

South 84 Degrees

Ahar

(38 degrees)

Northern East of the

southeast

West of the

southwest 9 . 20 South 30 Degrees

Melbourne

(38 degrees)

Southern

East of thr southeast

West of the southwest

14 .35 North 75 Degrees

koolan

(67 degrees)

Northern

Without the sun's diagram, it's all 24 hours a night. Therefore, the sun does not appear in the sky, and the

direction of the sun's movement in the sky and its elevation angle cannot be determined.

Palmer

(67 degrees)

Southern

The sun does not have a sunset and it's all 24 hours in the sky. Its path is

circular in the sky and starts from the south and ends in the south after

24 hours. So the sun spins 360 degrees on a 24-hour day. The movement

of the sun toward the horizon is wavy and at peak times at noon and

finds the smallest altitude at 24 o'clock.

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4. Research Findings

As research findings, it should be noted that the execution of the sun- path diagrams for the studied cities and the extraction of numerical data related to these diagrams in the summer and winter solstice days are presented in Tables 2 and 3. Although it is possible to generalize the findings on the angles of the sun for each city to all the locations on the orbit of that city, but these tables indicate the sharp differences between the radiant areas that have been implemented with the symbolic study of the above cities. The completion of the study objectives required this study in addition to the sun-path diagrams in the tables above, the results of using the "PET" index and the diagram of the "analemma" should be considered. These findings are presented in the continuation of the article and after tables 2 and 3. Although the findings of Tables 2 and 3 are sufficient to reach the suggestions for polar cities, this is inevitable for the temperate zone, the implementation of the PET index, and the "Analemma" graph for the tropical zone. The findings from the implementation of the above indicator (index) and graph are as follows:

* PET Index: The implementation of this indicator for the two cities of Ahar and Melbourne showed that the first day of the warm period of the year, which caused a lack of Thermal comfort, for the city of Ahar on May 6th at a shine angle of 68 degrees and for the city of Melbourne on the seventeenth day October with a shine angle of 61 degrees. Obviously, the radiating angles of these days are the basis for calculating the depth of the horizontal overhangs for sun-facing windows of the buildings (Fig. 9). * Analemma Graph: Based on Fig. 4, the main characteristic of the sun- path diagram in the cities of the tropical zone is that the sun, despite its perpendicularity in two days of the year, in some days of the year from the south front and in other days of the year from the northern front to them shines. In order to determine each of the above days, along with the corresponding radiation angle in the cities studied by the Nouakchott and Harare, the "Analemma" graph shows the results of Table.4.

Table 4 Direction and altitude of sunshine in the cities of Harare and Nouakchott based on the " Analemma" graph

City Name Days of

perpendicular

sunshine

The period of

shine from the

southern front

The period of

shine from the

northern front

The smallest angle of

shine on the southern

front

The smallest angle of

shine on the northern

front

Nouakchott May 14 and

July 29

From July 30 to

May 13

From May 15 to

July 28

48.5 degrees on the

December 21

84.5 degrees on the

June 21

Harare November 15

and January 27

November 16 to

January 26

From January 28 to

November 14

84.5 degrees on the

December 21

48.5 degrees on the

June 21

It should be noted that the cities of Nouakchott and Harare have no cold season, and heat is prevailed throughout the year. Therefore, in the climatic architecture of these cities, it is imperative to avoid sunshine exposure to the building for the whole year. Hence, the smallest amount of angles radiations of the sun in the days of the northern and southern front was the basis for calculating the size of the horizontal overhangs for sun- facing windows in the buildings of these cities (Fig. 10)

5.Conclusion and suggestions

As shown in Tables 2 and 3, the sun-path diagram in each geographic location, its various climatic elements, such as: the time and direction of sunrise and sunset, the length of the day, the angle of altitude and the sun's azimuth at different times of the day is showing. Each of the above, along with the findings of the "PET" index and «Analemma" graph can guide the design and

implementation of climatic architecture guidelines and guide the building designer in this direction. In this regard, as research suggestions, architectural guidelines can be consider from the sun-path diagrams in the topics of: optimal orientation of the building, the determination of an appropriate front for illumination, locate and calculation of the size of the window overhangs of the buildings in the studied cities of the triple zones of the earth, presented.

A) Polar region (Palmer and koolan) :In the orbit of the 67degrees north and south, the sun, with the exception of a few days from the year that does not rise; in the rest of the days, runs the arc to the full circle in the sky. Hence, all the fronts of the building (with the maximum in the south front for koolan and the north front for Palmer) are capable of receiving light and sunshine. Therefore, located the building skylights on all fronts with Emphasis south of koolan and

norbuiObof thebuiPalandgovBeclackbuidesof

B- conhighumincimpzonhasmato cMe* Aof recis nthebuicitycauwin

rth for Palmerilds an "arch

bviously, in termsuch a buildin

e desired locatilding in koolalmer. In the cad skylights, it sverning polar zcause always ak of (thermal ildings need tosign of the abokoolan and the

Moderate (nditions of theghest complexmankind, it alcluding architecplementation ones of the Ears the highest dany complexitieconclude this elbourne. Ahar city: Cothe buildings

ctangular shapenecessary to die east with thilding on the y, the existencuse the designdows to the so

F

is proposed. hed shape" dems of the direcng should be ation, and the an is in the souase of the horizshould be notedzones do not rand for all daycomfort due to receive solar rve cases with ae Palmer penin

(Ahar and Me Earth in thexity and wilso diversifiescture and housof sustainable arth, especially density of urbaes and delicacistudy separate

onsidering that in Ahar is th

e of the buildinirect the rectane overlap of meridian of thce of a warm

gn of the hoouth. The size

Fig. 8. A simple

In such a wayesign in the ction of the buialigned with thbody of the T

uth and in the zontal overhand that the climrequire the useys of the year, o the) heat disradiation. Figua simple graphnsula.

Melbourne): e temperate zoith thefunctio all aspects osing constructiarchitecture inin its norther

an settlements,ies. Therefore, ly for the citie

the proper froe southern fro

ng is desired anngular shape frothe north-southe constructioyear period w

rizontal overhof this overha

design of climat

y, the architectpolar region

ilding, the axishe meridian ofTrigger of the"north side" ings of windows

matic conditionse of overhangsbecause of the

ssipation, polarure 8 shows thehic for the town

The climaticone are of theonthat affectsof human life,on. Hence, the

n the temperatern hemisphere,, is faced withit is necessary

es of Ahar and

ont for lightingont, hence, thend suggested. Itom the west toth axis of the

on site. In thiswill inevitablyhangs for theangs is given in

tic architecture c

87

t. sfenss. eren

ces,ee,hyd

getoesyen

Fig. the y* CitsouthbuildHowhemia reccity. rectaalignmeridof a desig(nortyear horizshowMelb

C-Trreseaand differtermsshowguideof wisouthweathdesigskylitheseNouadesig

corresponding to

9, with respecyear in Ahar, asty of Melbourhern hemisphedings to the city

wever, the facisphere is not actangular shape

It is also necangular shape nment of the ndian of the cowarm period

gn a horizontth).Depending in Melbourne

zontal shadow ws the design obourne with a s

ropical zone arch findings sNouakchott inrent from thes of how the

wing and reqelines. Therefoindows and skhern sides of thher conditions

gning of horizights of both fre shadows wilakchott and Hgn of the overh

o the sun path dia

ct to the beginns discussed aborne: Due to theere, the fronty of Ahar (whict that Melboa change in thee of the buildincessary to confrom the wesnorth-south ax

onstruction siteof the year al

tal overhangs on the beginn

e, as previouslycan be taken

of the case for simplified draw

(Harare anshow, the locatn the tropical

e cities of temsun-path diagrquires specif

ore, it is necesskylights' positiohe building. Ofs governing thzontal overhan

fronts, a vital cll be symmet

Harare. Figurehangs in the abo

agram in koolan

ning of the waove. e location of tht is suitable ich is) on the nourne is in te shape of the bng is also propnsider the diret to the east axis of the buie. In the city, tlso makes it i

for sun-facinning of the wy defined, the n as Figure 9.the two cities

wing.

nd Nouakchotion of the citil region revea

mperate and pram for these fic climatic sary to consideon on both the f course, the hoe tropical regings for the wcase. Obviouslytrical in the te 10 shows tove cities.

n and palmer

arm period of

his city in the for lighting

northern side. the southern building, and posed for the ection of the and with the lding on the the existence imperative to ng windows armth of the depth of the

. This figure of Amar and

ott): As the ies of Harare als a pattern olar zone in two cities is architectural

er the locatednorthern and ot and humid ion make the windows and y, the size of two cities of the size and

Hossein Inanlou, Sara Ataee

E

Fi

Fig.

Endnotes

1Temperate zon23.5 and 66.5(Mohammadi, 2

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