GIS AND REMOTE SENSING & ITS APPLICATIN IN GEOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO:

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MESRARANCHI – 835215

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: Dr. C. JEGANATHAN

Assistant Professor Department of Remote Sensing

PRESENTATIONBY

PREETI KUMARI M.SC(II SEM)

Overview

• Introduction

• Background Information

• Application of Geological Remote Sensing.

• Analysis & Visual Image Intepretation.

• Methodology

• Use of Remte Sensing in Geology

• Works scenario in India

• Software required

• Recent Publications

• References

INTRODUCTION• Geology is the science comprising the study of the solid

Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the

processes by which they change.

• Geologists use remote sensing and a number of field,

laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to the Earth

and understand the processes that occur on and inside it.

• Remote sensing technology can be used for geological

investigations, explorations of minerals and geothermal

energy, and evaluation for environmental geology and

geotechnical engineering.

• Remote sensing is also an important tool for

understanding the important natural hazards pertinent to

geology such as avalanches, earthquakes, floods,

landslides and debris flows, river channel migration and

sinkholes, subsidence, tsunamis, and volcanoes.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION• Remote Sensing Techniques have opened a new era in mapping lithology. The Landsat Enhanced

Thematic Mapper data are extremely useful.

• In the past, the geological maps are prepared from conventional ground surveys based on field

observations. They are made along traverse lines at regular intervals. While plotting such point

information collected along the traverse lines on the topographic base and ultimately preparing final

maps by extrapolating the details, certain errors are unavoidable and lead to inaccuracies in maps.

• Mapping of lithology and alteration zones in inaccessible mountain and forest terrain has always posed

a challenge. There always existed disputes on the accuracy of lithological boundaries and structural

details in these maps. Vast area to be surveyed and its inaccessibility, forbids physical investigation of

every outcrop. At this juncture, the potential of Remote Sensing is appreciable.

• The greatest advantage of Remote Sensing is the synoptic view that it provides. It gives a regional and

integrated perspective of inter-relations between various land features.

Geological applications of remote sensing includes:

Geological applications of remote sensing

Geological structuralmapping

Geomorphological mapping

LIthological Mapping

Mineral & Hydrocarbon exploration

Groundwater Targeting & Flow Modeling

Construction material exploittion

Engineering GeologicalInvestigation

Environmental Imact Assesment

Many more

Geo-hazard Mapping & monitoring

Remote Sensing in GeologyAnalysis &Intepretation

Types:-

• visual image analysis/ visualimage intepretation

• digital image enhancement and feature extraction.

An image of the earth surface represents a s STACK of many thematic layers:

• layers of themtic information

• layer ofvegetation information

• layer of land use/ infrastructural information

• layer of soil information

• layer of geomorphological information

• layer of lithological information

• layer of structural information

from all these information we need to seperate geological information(ex-

Geomorphology, lithology,& geological structure) using direct and indirect signsture.)

Visual Image Analysis...Intepretation ElementsThe objectof our nterest are expressed in the image in terms of Direct & Interpretation keys-

Photo/Image Elements (Direct Intepretation Elements)• Tone or Hue• Shape or Form• Texture• Size• Pattern• Association

Terrain Elements(Indirect Interpretation Elements)• landforms• Drainage• Vegetation• Landuse

Convergence of information from photo/ image Elements & Terrain/technical Elements is the key to a Successful Visul Interpretation...

TONE OR HUE....

• Tone is defined as the relative

brightness in a black / White image.

• Hue refers to the colour on the image

as defined in the RGb or IS system.

• Settlements have a very bright tone;

• agriculture,over clayey rocks, has

medium grey tones;

• ultrabasic rockshave a dark grey

tone,in partdarktone is also as also

due toreforestation with pine trees.

Texture....• Texture may be defined as frequency

of tonal change.

• It is the result of the composite

appearence presenteted by an

aggregate of unit features.

• Diffrent Rock types (igneous,

metamorphic,& sedimentary rocks)

yield different textures due to

interferences in surface roughness &

variation in Vegetation Coverage.

SHAPE & PATTERN....

SHAPE OR FORM

• Shape or form refers to the geometric

aspects of the im objet in the image.

PATTERN

• Pattern refers to the spatial

arrangements of features

ASSOCIATION....

• Association refer to the occurence of

the object of study in combination with

other objects that makes it possible to

inform about the object.

• grey toned material is associated with

the volcanic cones representsvolcanic

rocks & pyroclatic material.

• Medium grey toned material with curvi-

linear threads

Terrain Geotechnical Elements.

Landforms;Landforms arnd Landform association resulted from the geologyof the terrain rock types- attitude of rock formation, - geological structures)

DrainageChannel form,Drainage Pattern , Drainage Texture, Drainage anomaly &Drainage Basiindices reflect material type, attitude of rockformation, Geologicall structures& Tectonic control over the terrain.

Vegetation and land use: Vegetation density , pattern &alignments reflects rock types- Geomorphology & geological Structures(especially lineaments).• landuse represents the topogrphy (esp slope). • Soil thickness & nature & underlying rock types(stability of the terrain)

Drainage pattern Significance

Dendritic horizontal sediments or uniformly resistant crystalline rocks; Gentle Regional slope at present or at thetime of drainage inception

Parallel Moderate to steep slopes or areas of parrel elongate landforms.

Trellis dipping or folded sedimentary, volcanic, or low grade metasedimentary rocks.Develops mostly in interbedded dipping sequence.

Rectangular streams lackregional continuity, controlled by orthogonal fracture system.

Radial volcanic domes or residual dome like landforms.

Annular Structural domes & basins Erosion exposes rocks of varying resistance.

Drainage Density & Significance....

• Drainage density can be estimated as the ratio of total drainage lengthdivided

by the area.

• It describes the hardness & infilteration capacity of surface materials,It can be

used to differentiate rock types based on the hardness & on the infilteration

capacity

Drainage Density depends on the following Factors:

• Resistance of rock formation Harder rocks-low,Softer Rock-High

• Permeability of rocks Permeable rocks-low impervious rocks-High

• Topographic slope Gentle slope- Low,impervious rocks-High

• climate(rainfall& Temperature)

METHODOLOGY...• Remote sensing now, could help geologist much better especially for geological mapping. All geological

maps contain an image that describes the spatial distribution of the lithologies, symbols that describe the

structural relationships (folds and faults), and a stratigraphic column that describes the temporal

relationships of lithologies.

• Methods for that study are; First, the identification of lithologic contacts, and their differentiation by spectral

signatures is complicated by mechanical break down of the lithologies into boulder fields, which do not

provide a homogeneous target for remote sensing. Different approaches to image segmentation include

spectral signature based MNF and edge detection algorithms.

• Second, hyperspectral imagery records the spectral signature of weathered surfaces of the various

lithologies. Identification of a specific lithotype is rarely defined by reference to library spectra but more

commonly field acquired characteristic spectra.

• Third, establishing the stratigraphic and structural relationships of rock units requires some knowledge of

their three-dimensional distribution. Where available topographic data provides the three-dimensional

constraint and often assists in the definition of lithological contacts.

USE OF REMOTE SENSING IN GEOLOGY...

• Provides enormous knowledge about Earth's geology and hence provides

data for comparison with other planets.

• Geologists identify the areas suitable for urban development and agriculture

practices.

• To locate natural resource deposits like coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.

• To locate areas prone to geological hazards like landslide, flood, volcanoes,

earthquakes, tsunamis etc.

• To locate mineral deposits and ground water resources.

• Helps building infrastructure like roadways, pipelines, dams, railway track,

highways, buildings etc.

• Tracks the hazardous waste disposals for smooth administration.

SOME OF THE CURRENT WORK..• Remote sensing and GIS in landslide hazard zonation and mitigation measures in Idukki

district, Kerala, India.

• Sustainable water resource development studies in Uppar Odai river basin, Tamilnadu,

India, through remote sensing and GIS.

• Remote sensing and GIS for fractured aquifer system, Dharmapuri district, Tamilnadu,

India.

• Flood impact assessment study through Remote Sensing and GIS of Darbhanga and

Madhubani districts, Bihar, India.

• Remote Sensing and GIS for generation of hydrogeological information system for

Precambrian crystalline terrain.

• Geoenvironmental studies in and around Hogenakkal tourist spot, Dharmapuri district,

Tamilnadu, using Remote Sensing and GIS

• Groundwater development and management using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques,

Dharmapuri district, Tamilnadu

• Remote Sensing study of granulitic terrain in parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan, India.

COMPLETED WORK IN 2016..

• Remote Sensing for artificial recharge site selection in parts of Bhatsai river basin,

Maharshtra

• Remote Sensing and GIS for Cauvery river floodplain environment mapping,

Thiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India

• Runoff resistance map generation using Remote Sensing and GIS in Mamundi

river basin, Tiruchirappalli district, Tamilnadu.

• Remote Sensing and GIS for hydrogeological studies in Panvel Basin, Raigarh

district, Maharashtra

• Hazard zonation mapping of Mumbai city environments using Remote Sensing

and GIS techniques

Software used;• Erdas Imagine 8.7• Arc View 8.3• Geomedia Professional 5.1• Idrisi 32 and other desktop softwares

Hardware used • PC’s with necessary computing facilities• Laserjet Printer• Inkjet Printer

Data• Satellite data in hardcopy and digital format• Aerial photographs for different parts of the country• Topographic maps for entire country

Photogrammetric Instruments • Mirror Stereoscope• Parallex bar

Recent Publications

• Anbazhagan.S., and Ramasamy.SM.,2004. Evaluation of areas for Artificial Groundwater Recharge in Ayyar Basin, Tamil Nadu, India through Statistical Terrain Analysis, Journal of Geological Society of India (in press).

• Anbazhagan.S., Ramasamy.SM and Sukla Dasgupta., 2004. Remote sensing and GIS artificial recharge study, runoff estimation and planning in Ayyar basin, Tamil Nadu, India, International Journal of Remote Sensing (in press).

• Anbazhagan.S., and Archana.M.Nair 2004. Geographic Information System and groundwater quality mapping in Panvel basin, Maharashtra, India, Environmental Geology, International Journal of Geosciences. Online publication DOI.10.1007/s00254-003-0932-9.

• Anbazhagan.S., Rajalaxmi Rout and Archana.M.Nair 2004. Runoff resistance map generation for Mamundi river basin, Tiruchirappalli India using remote sensing and GIS, Asian Journal of Geoinformatics, Bangkok (in press).

• Anbazhagan.S., and Archana.M.Nair 2004 Groundwater resource analysis through IRS 1C LISS III satellite data and GIS technique in Panvel basin, India. GeocartoInternational (in press).

References.........

• geological survey of India

• iirs.gov.in

• Remote sensing and Gis-Basudeb Bhatta

• Jenson, J. R., 1996, Introductory Digital Image Processing, A Remote

Sensing Perspective. 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Pp: 316

• geological department of kashmir.