application of lc-ms technique in environmental studies...aims ms nd go ls of env onmen l n ly s and...

Application of LC-MS technique in environmental studiesin environmental studies

k N EŚNAgata KOT-WASIK, Jacek NAMIEŚNIK

Department of Analytical Chemistry Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology,

G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-952 Gdańske-mail: [email protected]

1I Konferencja Polskiego Towarzystwa Spektrometrii Mas, 16 – 18.04.2008, Puławy

AIMS AND GOALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICS AIMS AND GOALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICS MS ND GO LS OF ENV ONMEN L N LY S MS ND GO LS OF ENV ONMEN L N LY S AND MONITORINGAND MONITORING

Identification of sources of emission and evaluation of scale and impact assessment of emission

D f f llDetermination of mixing ration of pollutants

Studies of environmental fate of xenobiotics

Evaluation of toxicity and ecotoxicity of specific pollutants

Studies of bioaccumulation processes of pollutants by living organisms


AIMS AND GOALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AIMS AND GOALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MS ND GO LS OF ENV ONMEN L MS ND GO LS OF ENV ONMEN L ANALYTICS AND MONITORINGANALYTICS AND MONITORING

Low and even very low concentration level of analytes in samples y y pcharacterized by complex composition of the matrix

Possibility of time and space fluctuations of xenobiotics concentrationconcentration

Danger of interferences connected with presence of constituents characterized by similar physico-chemical properties

Lack of information on degradation path pollutants

Necessity of determination not only primary pollutants but also products of degradation and metabolism processesproducts of degradation and metabolism processes

Lack of suitable standards and reference materials


ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

N l t d ll t tRegulated pollutants Nonregulated pollutants

............

.......

.......

...........

Dioxins(PCDD+PCDF)

P l ti

Metal complexes

Estrogens Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

(PAH’S)

Polichlorinated Biphenyls (PCB’s)

Estrogens

fitoestrogens

Bisfenol A

Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR’s)

Alkilofenole

Pesticides

Nonionic surfactants

Derivatives of phtalanes

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS EDC’s

Pharmaceutical residues

Synthetic musk compounds


COMPOUNDS – EDC s

Personal Care Products (PCP’s)

Synthetic musk compounds

APPLICATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUESAPPLICATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

ttrri+2i+2In typical case chromatographic analysis constitutes a sources of two-

ttrri+1i+1

i+2i+2 ydimensional information (2D)

Generally it is a relationship between detector signal (first dimension) and nt

ensi

ty

ttrriig

retention time (secondd dimension).

Sign

al in

Time

Identification is based on comparison of retention times.


PROBLEMSPROBLEMSTWO DIMENSIONAL (2D) TWO DIMENSIONAL (2D) aanalysisnalysisTWO DIMENSIONAL (2D) TWO DIMENSIONAL (2D) aanalysisnalysis

Problem no 1 – overlapping of peaksProblem no 1 overlapping of peaksSolutions

Repeat analysis with use of second chromatographic Repeat analysis with use of second chromatographic column (character of interactions between analyte and stationary phase has to be different than in the case of first column)m )

Advantages: Disadvantages:g Disadvantages- Easy to realize- Low cost

- Time consuming task !!


TWO DIMENSIONAL (2D) analysisTWO DIMENSIONAL (2D) analysisProblem no 2 – identification of unknown compoundsp

Solution

Apply detector which permits to obtain information on the Apply detector which permits to obtain information on the structure of analyte (HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES)

Advantages: Disadvantages:- Possibility of identification of unknown species

- High cost of investmentS ifi i t th l l unknown species

-Availability of information on molecular mass and/or structure of analyte

-Possibility of confirmation of overlapping

-Specific requirements on the level of professional knowledge of personnel


y pp gpeaks effect

HYPHENATED TECHNIQUESHYPHENATED TECHNIQUESThanks to application of HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES analytical Thanks to application of HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES analytical information gains an additional dimension (STRUCTURE)information gains an additional dimension (STRUCTURE)

8000

6000

2000

4000

intensywność sygnału

14.5

15

15.5

16

8000

2000

12.5

13

13.5

14

400

500

600

700

czasm/z

8I Konferencja Polskiego Towarzystwa Spektrometrii Mas, 16 – 18.04.2008, Puławy11

11.5

12

100

200

300

APPLICATION RANGE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF APPLICATION RANGE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES (GCHYPHENATED TECHNIQUES (GC--MS and LCMS and LC--MS)MS)HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES (GCHYPHENATED TECHNIQUES (GC--MS and LCMS and LC--MS)MS)

100000100000tes

100000ESI

100000

the

anal

yt

ESI (electospray)

10000

APCIFAB

10000

mas

s of

t

APCIFABTHERMOSPRAY

1000FAB

PBI

C/M

S

1000

Mol

ecul

ar FABTHERMOSPRAY

PBI

C/M

SGM

nonpolar

G

Very polar


Polarity of the analyte

THE MOST COMMON PHARMACEUTICAL

COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN

Antiinflammatory drugs/ analgesicsAcetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)

DiclofenacIbuprofen

ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLESAcetaminophenMetamizolCodeine

IndometacineNaproxen

Phenazone

AntibioticsErytromicynOfloxacin

ChlortetracyclineOxytetracyclineStreptomycinFl i

Lipid regulatorsBezafibrateFlumequine

CiprofloxacinTrimetoprim

SulfamethoxazoleLincomycinPenicillin

LincomycinAmoxicillin

BezafibrateGemfibrozil

Clofibric acidFenofibrate

Most common pharmaceuticals in

the environmentSpiramycin

Beta-blockersMetoprololPropranolol

NadololAtenololSotalol

Betaxolol

the environment

Steroids and related hormones

17 β estradiol

Cancer therapeuticsCyclophosphamide

Ifosphamide Betaxolol 17-β-estradiolEstrone

17 α-ethinyl estradiolDiethylstilbestrol

Diethylstilbestrol acetate

Ifosphamide

DiureticsFurosemide

AntieplepticsCarbamazepine

AntidepressantsMianserin

TranquillisersDiazepam


A. Nikolaou, S. Meric, D. Fatta, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 387, 1225 (2007)

VETERINARY MEDICAL VETERINARY MEDICAL PRODUCTSPRODUCTS

I P l d ll bi l i ll i d d In Poland all biologically active compounds used as VETERNARY MEDICAL PRODUCTS can be divided into two groups:g p

GROUP A: substances having ANABOLIC EFFECTand UNAUTORIZED SUBSTANCESand UNAUTORIZED SUBSTANCES

GROUP B: VETERNARY DRUGS and CONTAMINANTCONTAMINANT


PHARMACEUTICAL RESIDUES IN THE ENVIRONMENT MILESTONESENVIRONMENT - MILESTONES

19811981 confirmation of the presence and quantitative determination of CLOFIBRIC ACIDp qIN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES (USAUSA)

19971997 Determination of pharmaceutical residue in hospital sewages (GermanyGermany)

19971997 Studies related to the antibiotic toxicity in water environment (DenmarkDenmark)

19981998 Monitoring of river waters and sewage in Germany for the presence ofpharmaceutical residue (GermanyGermany)

19981998 Determination of antibiotic compounds in different water samples (GermanyGermany)

19991999 Elaboration of an analytical method allowing for the confirmation of the presence of19991999 Elaboration of an analytical method allowing for the confirmation of the presence ofestrogens in surface waters (USAUSA)

20022002 First method of simultaneous determination of residues of many pharmaceuticals insamples of the environment (DenmarkDenmark)

l20012001 –– 20022002 Determination of pharmaceutical residue in drinking waters (GermanyGermany)

20032003 Elaboration of appropriate mathematical models for predicting concentration andloss of individual pharmaceuticals in the environment (BelgiumBelgium)

20052005 Determination of pharmaceutical residue in steel samples (SpainSpain)


20052005 Determination of pharmaceutical residue in steel samples (SpainSpain)

HOW PHARMACEUTICALS HOW PHARMACEUTICALS ENTER DRINKING WATER ? ENTER DRINKING WATER ?

PHARMACEUTICALS USED BY MAN

DIRECT DISPOSALOF

PHARMACEUTICALDISPOSED TO OF

PHARMACEUTICALTO SEWAGE

DISPOSED TOSEWAGE WITH

URINE

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTSEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

SLUDGE DISPERSEDON FIELDS

WATER USED FORFIELD IRRIDATION

EFFECT ON SOILMICROORGANISMS

Many drugs are distributed, metabolised and finally excreted by the human and/or animal body to the environment. Very often they are

UNDERGROUNDWATER

SURFACEWATER

DRINKING


only slightly transformed or even unchanged and can contaminate the surface water, groundwater and even drinking water.

EFFECT ON LIVINGORGANISMS

WATER

APPLICATION OF LCAPPLICATION OF LC--MS TECHNIQUEMS TECHNIQUEAPPLICATION OF LCAPPLICATION OF LC--MS TECHNIQUEMS TECHNIQUE

Determination of residue of nonsteroid Determination of residue of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s) in environmental samples.

Biologically active compounds from NSAID group are present even in drinking water at ppt level. They are responsible for drug resistance.

Very often this compounds are quantitatively y p q ydetermined in surface waters.


ANALYTICAL PROCEDURESANALYTICAL PROCEDURESapplication of solid phase extraction technique (SPE)application of solid phase extraction technique (SPE)application of solid phase extraction technique (SPE)application of solid phase extraction technique (SPE)

off-line SPEoff line SPE

SPESPE on-line SPEpassive SPE


P

SAMPLING STEPS IN ANALYTICAL STEPS IN ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR PROCEDURE FOR

PRETR

CONSERVATION

ISOLATION/PRECONCENTRATION

DETERMINATION OF DETERMINATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL PHARMACEUTICAL

RESIDUESRESIDUESVALI

REATM

ISOLATION/PRECONCENTRATION

DERIVATISATIONDATI

MENT

CLEAN-UP

S O GON

STORAGE

ANALYSIS

IDENTIFICATIONThere is no doubt that sample pre-treatment

operations are crucial for reliability of analytical


EVALUATION OF DATAreliability of analytical

results

SPE in off-line mode

MeOH H2O Sample H2O MeOH

conditioning sample deposit(sorption)

washing the sorbent

analyte elution (desorption)(sorption)

deposit( p )

solvent evaporation to dryness in the nitrogen stream

dissolution of the dry residue in the mobile phase

final indication with the help of


HPLC/DAD/MS

SPE w układzie SPE w układzie onon--linelineSPE w układzie SPE w układzie onon lineline

Analytical column DetectorsAnalytical column

SPE Column

DADMS

Detectors

Pump 2MS

Pump 1

LeakSAMPLE

St 1 l t d i l ti i h t i t lStage 1- analyte and isolation enrichment in water samples


SPE-HPLC-DAD-MSADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS

• Advantages

• The possibility of preparing

Drawbacks

• Difficulties with automating the offoff--lineline The possibility of preparing

several samples simultaneously• The possibility of the

optimization of individual stages• The elasticity of protocol steps

• Difficulties with automating the operation

• Work and time consuming• The necessity of working with a

large sample volume• The elasticity of protocol steps• Simple equipment

large sample volume• Risk of sample and extract

contamination and analyte loss

C li t d i tonon--lineline

• The possibility for process automation

• Analyzing the complete sample• The possibility of working with a

• Complicated equipment• Little procedure elasticity• Difficult or impossible

optimization of individual stepsp y gsmaller sample volume

• Shorter analysis time• Lowering the risk of analyte loss

and sample contamination


p• Improved analysis precision

DETERMINATION OF NSAID RESIDUE FROM WATER SAMPLESDETERMINATION OF NSAID RESIDUE FROM WATER SAMPLES

Sample Volume Sample Volume1000 mL

Initial sample preparationt= 2 min

100 mL

Initial sample preparationt= 2 min

OFF LINE SPE ON LINE SPEColumn Preparation

t= 18 min

SPE Extraction 70 i

SPE Extractiont 35 i

Column Preparationt= 8 min

OFF-LINE SPE ON-LINE SPE

t= 70 min

Drying the deposit in the SPE column

t= 5 minValve switch

t= 35 min

Analyte elutiont= 20 min

Solvent evaporationt 200 i

HPLC-DAD-MSANALYSIS

t= 25 min

Total time: 70 minutesTotal time:

70 minutes

t= 200 min

Dissolution of the residuet= 30 min


HPLC-DAD-MSANALYSIS

t= 25 min

Total time: 370 minutesTotal time:

370 minutes

METROLOGICAL ASPECTSMETROLOGICAL ASPECTS

Proposed analytical approach permits to detect Proposed analytical approach permits to detect analytes from NSAID group at the level of ppt in analytes from NSAID group at the level of ppt in water sampleswater sampleswater sampleswater samples

Off-line On-lineRSD% < 11 < 7

Reproducibility % 30-100 89-105Reproducibility % 30 100 89 105

Limit of detection 20-950 0,7-50


AD

)5

N

OHH

Cl

O

F

F

OH

COOH

STUDIES OF na

l int

ensi

ty (D

A

2

Cl

OCH3

COOH

OHCH3

SURFACE WATERSSAMPLES

Sig

n

1

3

46

CH3

OH

O

CH3

CH3

OH

MeO

NCH3 CH2COOH

O

CH

min2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Time

CH3

y (E

SI-M

S)

1

2

3

4

5 6 1 = tolmetin 2 = naproksen 3 = fenoprofen 4 difl i l

Sig

nal i

nten

sity 4 = diflunisal

5 = diklofenak 6 = ibuprofen


min2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Time

DETERMINATION OF NSAID RESIDUE IN WATER DETERMINATION OF NSAID RESIDUE IN WATER SAMPLESAMPLE

Analyte

Type of water sample

Drinking water

Sea water River water Lake water

Ground water

Sample no 1

Sample no 1

Sample no 2

Sample no 1

Sample no 1

Sample no 1

Sample no 1

Tolmetin n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.

Naproksen n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.

Fenoprofen n.d. n.d. n.d. 55 84 24 n.d.

Diflunisal n.d. 38 62 95 123 28 n.d.

Diklofenak n.d. n.d. n.d. 300 390 528 n.d.

Ibuprofen n.d. n.d. 17 n.d. n.d. 10 n.d.

2,3-DHBA n.s. n.d. n.d. n.s. n.s. n.d. n.s.

2,5-DHBA n.s. n.d. n.d. n.s. n.s. n.d. n.s.

SA n.s. n.d. n.d. n.s. n.s. n.d. n.s.


n.d. – non detected (below LOQ)

n.s. –non studied

DETERMINATION OF VETERNARY DRUGS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRUGS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF

SAMPLES


The most commonlThe most commonlyy used coccidiostaticsused coccidiostaticsThe most commonlThe most commonlyy used coccidiostaticsused coccidiostatics

• Ionophore antibiotics

(salinomycin, narasin, monensin, lasalocid)

• Vitamin antagonists

(amprolium, trimethroprim, pirymethamine)• Sulphonamides

(sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxine sulfanitron)• Nitroimidazoles

( it f l i b i di t id l)(nitrofural, nicarbasin,dimetridazol)• Other coccidiostatics

(robenidine clopidol)


(robenidine, clopidol)

NAJWAŻNIEJSZE CECHY ZASTOSOWANYCH W NAJWAŻNIEJSZE CECHY ZASTOSOWANYCH W TRAKCIE BADAŃ TECHNIK EKSTRAKCJI ANALITÓWTRAKCIE BADAŃ TECHNIK EKSTRAKCJI ANALITÓWTRAKCIE BADAŃ TECHNIK EKSTRAKCJI ANALITÓWTRAKCIE BADAŃ TECHNIK EKSTRAKCJI ANALITÓW

Shaking UAE ASE MAE Soxhlet Soxtec

Full time of extraction per one sample (include heating and cooling and filtration)

40 min 30 min 20 min 45 min 6.5 h 45 min

V l f l t d 60 l 25 l 30 l 10 l 45 l 25 lVolume of solvent used 60 ml 25 ml 30 ml 10 ml 45 ml 25 ml

Parameters assisted of extraction shaking ultrasonic temperature

pressure microwave temperature temperature

Level of difficulty low low medium medium low medium

Number of sample, which can be extracted simultaneously

One sample or

series

One sample or

series

One sample or series

One sample or

seriesone 6

Level of automatisation low low high high low medium

Cost of instruments low low high high low medium


TECHNIKI EKSTRAKCJI ROBENIDYNY Z PRÓBEK PASZYTECHNIKI EKSTRAKCJI ROBENIDYNY Z PRÓBEK PASZY

SHAKING UAE SOXHLET SOXTEC MAE ASE

sample preparation before extraction

K E

8 g spiked poultry feed + 8 g pure quartz


4 g spiked poultry feed

2.5 g spiked poultry feed

0.5 g spiked poultry feed


ambient

60 ml acidified methanol


ambient


extraction at


extraction in


extraction at


extraction at

solvent used for extraction

extraction temperatureambient

temperatureambient

temperatureextraction at

elevated temperature

extraction in boiling solvent

extract on at 60, 80, 100, 120, 140oC

microwave power 300W

60, 80, 100, 120, 140oC

extraction pressure 1000, 1500 2000

temperature

additional parameters used for extraction1500, 2000,

2500psifor extraction

extract + molecular sieve, shaking vigorously 5 min

2 ml li t

drying step

2 ml aliquot column filled with 1g of aluminium oxide (activity grade I)

elution with 10 ml of methanol, careful mixing

clean-up step

chromatographic analysis20 μl aliquot of the purified extract

HPLC – DAD – MS analysis


HPLC DAD MS analysis

RECOVERY OF ROBENIDYNE FROM SAMPLES OF ANIMAL RECOVERY OF ROBENIDYNE FROM SAMPLES OF ANIMAL FOODSTUF (with addition of standard)FOODSTUF (with addition of standard)

120

80

100

y[%

]

próbkiskażone

próbkirzeczyw iste

Samples

without standard

Samples

40

60

Rec

over

y rzeczyw istewith standard

0

20

0

ASE

MAE

Soxte

c

Soxhl

et

Shaki

ng

UAE


CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF ROBENIDYNE (LC ROBENIDYNE (LC DAD DAD MS)MS)ROBENIDYNE (LC ROBENIDYNE (LC –– DAD DAD ––MS)MS)

Chromatographic column:Chromatographic column:

125 x 4.0, 5 µm LiChrosphere ODS (Merck)

Mobile phase flow-rate: 1 ml/min

Temperature of the chromatographic column: 30 oC

Mobile phase: isocratic conditions: (70% methanol +30% water with addition (1% v/v) ofTFAA


DETECTIONDETECTION 6000

8000

40

60

80

100

334.0

336.0

ktor

a M

S

widmo SCAN

S

Spectrum SCAN

DETECTIONDETECTION

2000

4000

6000

m/z

100

200

300

400

20

40

335.0

Sygn

ał d

etek

Detector DAD

Sign

al o

f M

S

min

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0

Detector DADMonitored wavelength: 317 nm

Mass spectrometerMass spectrometerIonisation type: electrospray (ESI), mode: positive ions

Drying gas flow rate: 12 l/minDry ng gas flow rate l/m n

Pressure: 45psi

Drying gas temperature: 350 oCy g g pMode of ions monitoring: SIM,

Monitored ions: 334 m/z and 336 m/z


PASSIVE TECHNIQUES OF ANALYTES SAMPLINGQ

SPMD LDPE strips MESCO POCIS

UPTAKE OF ANALYTES occurs as a free transport of massacross the membrane to the receiving medium and results fromthe difference of CHEMICAL POTENTIALS of analytes in thisthe difference of CHEMICAL POTENTIALS of analytes in thismedium and in the aqueous environment in which the sampler isplaced.


CHEMCATCHER CHEMCATCHER PASSIVE SAMPLER DESIGNPASSIVE SAMPLER DESIGN

-Sampler body

-Diffusion limiting bmembrane

-Receiving phase

MPLER h b d i d d l d h U i i f P h SAMPLER has been designed and evaluated at the University of Portsmouth within the STAMPS project.STAMPS = Standardised Aquatic Monitoring of Priority Pollutants by Passive Sampling


Sampling

CONFIGURATION OFCONFIGURATION OF CHEMCATCHERCHEMCATCHER PASSIVE SAMPLERPASSIVE SAMPLER

Extraction Extraction Extraction discExtraction discExtraction discExtraction discExtraction discExtraction discReceiving

Chemcatcher4

Chemcatcher3

Chemcatcher2

Chemcatcher1

Version of the sampler

Extraction Extraction discdisc

(SDB(SDB--XC) XC)

Extraction discExtraction disc(SDB(SDB--RPS )RPS )

Extraction discExtraction disc(C18)(C18)

Extraction discExtraction disc(C18 )(C18 )

Receiving phase

(trapping medium)

------polyethersulfonepolyethersulfoneMembrane

LCLC--DAD DAD --MSMSLCLC--DADDAD--MSMSLCLC--DADDAD--MSMSLCLC--DADDAD--MSMSFinal determination

technique


CALIBRATION OF CHEMCATCHER IN A FLOWCALIBRATION OF CHEMCATCHER IN A FLOW--THROUGH SYSTEMTHROUGH SYSTEMTHROUGH SYSTEMTHROUGH SYSTEM

ov

Chemicalsin MeOH

Waterreservoir

verhead sti

waste

rrer

Samplers

Water

water

AnalytesIn MeOH

Peristaltic pumpPeristaltic pumpStirrer


30 ml/minPeristaltic pump

100 μl/min Exposure tank

CONDITIONS OF SEPARATION AND FINAL CONDITIONS OF SEPARATION AND FINAL DETRERMINATIONDETRERMINATION ((HPLC HPLC –– DAD DAD ––MSMS))(( ))

Elements of measuring system Parameters

Li id h t h HPLC 1100 A il tLiquid chromatograph HPLC 1100, Agilent

Column Altima HPLC - 18 EPS 250mm x 4.6 mm x 5µm

Mobile phase A: H2O + 1% HCOOHMobile phase A: H2O + 1% HCOOHB: MeOH/ACN (1:1, v:v) + 1% HCOOH

Mobile phase flow-rate 0.9 ml/min

G di t s %A %BGradient czas %A %B

0 60 40

7.5 45 55

10 45 55

20 0 100


Analysis time 20 min

MONITORED IONSMONITORED IONS

MS(SCAN 20 - 280) Ionisation mode: ELECTROSPRAY

SIMtolmetin 212

naproxen 229ELECTROSPRAY naproxen 229

fenoprofen 241

ibuprofen 205

diklofenak 294

diflunisal 249

DAD 275nmDAD 275nm


CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

SPESPE Low level concentration

Complex and varied composition of the

of analytesp

sample matrix


CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONSDRINKING WATER NATURAL WATERS WASTE WATERS

l Eon-line SPE

off-line SPE


passive sampling (SPE)

DEPARTMENT OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

http://www.pg.gda.pl/chem/Katedry/Analityczna/analit.htmy

• List of publications• List of publications• Lectures presented during conferences

d • Courses and expertises


COURSES AND EXPERTISESCOURSES AND EXPERTISES

I di id l ( d d)Individual courses (on demand)HPLC (basic and advanced)GC (basic and advanced)( )Sample preparation for analysisABC of the SPE techniqueApplication of HPLC in food analysisApplication of HPLC in food analysisHyphenated techniquesBiotests in environmental studiesQ li C l d Q li A Quality Control and Quality Assurance (QC/ QA) of analytical results


QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY UR NCE OF N LYT C L RE ULTASSURANCE OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS

EDITED BY: P. Konieczka and J. Namieśnik

ISBN: 978-83-204-3255-8 ISBN: 978-83-204-3255-8


ISEAC’08ISEAC 08


DEPARTMENT OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY


Dr inż. Agata KOT-WASIK

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!ATTENTION!


application of lc-ms technique in environmental studies...aims ms nd go ls of env onmen l n ly s and...

Documents