application of the dpsir framework to the eco-governance of transitional waters alice newton...
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Application of the DPSIR framework to the eco-governance of transitional waters
Alice Newton
IMAR-Institute of Marine Research
University of the AlgarveGambelas Campus
8005-139 FARO
Tel. +351919110026 ; Fax +351289800066
http://w3.ualg.pt/~anewton/ [email protected], June 2008
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Application of the DPSIR framework to the eco-governance of transitional waters
Alice Newton
IMAR-Institute of Marine Research
University of the AlgarveGambelas Campus
8005-139 FARO
Tel. +351919110026 ; Fax +3512898000066
http://w3.ualg.pt/~anewton/ [email protected]
Lesson 1: Definitions and development of the DPSIR framework, Drivers and Pressures
Lecce, June 2008
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DPSIR framework for eco-governance of transitional watersDefinitions and development of the DPSIR frameworkAlice Newton
Table of contents
Definition of DPSIRDevelopment of the DPSIR frameworkDrivers and Pressures
An arrow pointing downwards means that there is more information below the slide in the note section.You will also have lesson notes for each lesson and a number of important papers in pdf format
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Concepts and knowledge presented in the lesson
DPSIR framework for eco-governance of transitional watersDefinitions and development of the DPSIR frameworkAlice Newton
~Definition of DPSIR~The development of the DPSIR
framework and its application to transitional and coastal waters, especially with respect to eutrophication
~Drivers and pressures associated with biomass production and extraction
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What is DPSIR?~Drivers~Pressures~State~Impacts ~Responses
OECD (1993). OECD core set of indicators for environmental
performance reviews. OECD Environment Monographs No. 83. OECD. Paris.
The DPSIR framework links economics, social sciences and natural sciences
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~Drivers: socio-economic activities, e.g. tourist development
~Pressures: that affect the environment and the ecosystem e.g. increase nutrient runoff
~State: quantifiable metrics, indicators of environmental and ecological quality e.g. Dissolved Oxygen, chlorophyll a concentration
~ Impacts: ~environmental e.g. increase turbidity,~ecological, e.g. loss of biodiversity, ~economic e.g. lower fish catches, ~social e.g. loss of fishing jobs
~Responses: of society to manage or abate the problem, e.g. new management criteria, new infrastructure, new policy
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Origins of DPSIR~1979 Rapport and Friend:
stress response model~1993 OECD:
P-S-R model (updated 2004)~1999 EEA
DPSIR model~2001 EEA:
DPSIR applied to eutrophication in transitional waters
Carr et al 2007
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PSR + eutrophication P
SR
BODDONutrients
OECD 1993
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DPSIR + eutrophication + EU coastal waters
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Pressures WFD TCW
Borja, A. et al 2006
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DPSIR +
lagoons
Aliaume, C., Do Chi, T, Viaroli, P., and Zaldivar, J.M.,2007. Coastal lagoons of Southern Europe: Recent changes and future scenarios. Transitional Waters Monographs 1:1-12.
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DPSIR + lagoon
Aliaume, C., Do Chi, T, Viaroli, P., and Zaldivar, J.M.,2007. Coastal lagoons of Southern Europe: Recent changes and future scenarios. Transitional Waters Monographs 1:1-12.
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Transitional waters and lagoons play a key role in the Earth System functioning.
They provide a significant contribution to the life support systems of most societies. Goods and services derived from coastal systems depend strongly on multiple trans-boundary interactions with the land, atmosphere, open ocean and sea bottom.
Socio-economic drivers such as urbanization, food production, tourism and transportation accelerate the pressures on the coastal zone and resources.
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Socio-economic, e.g. tourist development
e.g. increase nutrient runoff
Drivers and Pressures
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Socio-Economic DriversAliaume et al list• Agriculture• Aquaculture• Industry• Urban
development• Climate change
Aliaume, C., Do Chi, T, Viaroli, P., and Zaldivar,
J.M.,2007. Coastal lagoons of Southern
Europe: Recent changes and future scenarios.
Transitional Waters Monographs 1: 1-12.
List for these lectures• Biomass production• Biomass extraction• Water and mineral
extraction• Industry• Transport• Changing land use• Changing lifestyles• Global change
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Socio-Economic Drivers
•Biomass production•Agriculture•Animal rearing•Aquaculture
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Biomass productionAgricultural Drivers Agricultural
Pressures~ Fertilizer use and surplus ~ Nutrient
inputs~ Crop legume N fixation ~ Pesticides
~ Biofuels ~ Herbicides
~ Organic matter~ Animal wastes inputs~ Aquaculture
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Intensive agriculture
Greenhouses
Almeria, ES
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DRIVER: Intensive Agriculture
Photo Bruno Fragoso
Vitacress agricultural development on the Ria Formosa
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20Photo Igor Khmelinskii
DRIVER: Agriculture…
…and golf
Quinta do Lago golf development on the Ria Formosa
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AGRICULTURAL Drivers
~Fertilizer use and surplus
~Legume crop N fixation
~Biofuels
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DRIVER: Agriculture and
golfPressures~Use of agrochemicals (fertilizers…)~Wetland drainage ~Animal wastes~Loss of riparian vegetation~Irrigation
~Damming~ Groundwater
extraction
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Synthetic fertilizer use and surplus
Agricultural Drivers
see text below slide
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Fertilizer use http://www.efma.org
~Industrial N- fixation and synthetic fertilizer process invented during WW1
~Not widely used ‘til 1950’s~Steady increase ‘til late 1980s~Slight decline to 1994
(collapse of Soviet collective farms)~Rapid increase since 1995
(China & India)
1996: annual fertilizer use ~83 Tg
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Agriculturalfertilizer
application
easily transferred
directly to the aquatic
environment or via the
atmosphere…
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Agricultural DriversMonoculture of
Legumes~Leguminous plants harbor symbiotic
micro-organisms in their root nodules~The micro-organisms can fix N2 and so
these plants can grow in N-poor soil~Beans, peas etc, protein rich crops ~Grown for human (soybean, peanut) and
animal consumption (clover, lucerne, alfalfa) as well as for biofuels (soybean, peanut)
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Agricultural Drivers
~Sugar cane~Sugar beet~Maize~Palm oil~Soybean
Cultivation of Biofuels crops
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DRIVER: Biomass Production
DRIVER PRESSURE~ Animal rearing ~ Animal
wastes ~Aquaculture ~ Organic
matter inputs
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Biomass production Drivers
~Netherlands: (2000)~Human pop.= 15 700 000
~Denmark (2004)~Human pop. 5 300 000
Animal population?
Livestock's Long Shadow, 2006
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Pollution from human population and domestic sewage is augmented by waste from domestic animals. This may not be treated.
Ringkøbing Fjord, Dk
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Drivers: Biomass production
Animal Rearing~Netherlands: (2000)
~Human pop.= 15 700 000~Cattle = 4 200 000 4:1 ~Pigs = 14 000 000 1:0.9~Chickens 108 000 000 1:7
~Denmark (2004)~Human pop. 5 300 000 1:5~Pigs 25 000 000
…..5 times more pigs than humans…..15 times more pig manure than human
sewage
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PressureOrganic matter,
manure~USA 5 tonnes animal wastes per
resident p.a.~Netherlands: (2000)
~6 tonnes animal wastes per resident pa
~Government Levy Bureau monitor~Farm inputs (feeds,etc)~Output (meat & dairy)~Manure and what happens to it
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Dairy farm effluent
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Intensive pig farming
Waste production
1 pig=3 humans
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The EU-12 pig farming is a growing sector that is shifting towards fewer holdings with larger numbers of animals.
Evidence is also beginning to emerge of major investments in animal production units in Eastern Europe.
Pig production units often import fodder from outside the EU, thus decoupling protein production from European farming.
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ELME, 2007
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Poultry farms
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Industrial Poultry farms
25000 chicken in each shed
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Fisheries and
Aquaculture
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AquacultureDue to the increase of sea-food demand and the
decrease of natural marine stocks, coastal lagoons are increasingly exploited for aquaculture.
Italy: clams/mussels
France: oysters/mussels
Spain: mussels/clams
Greece: fish
Portugal: clams
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Thau lagoon (France):
• >10% French oyster production (~13000 tons)
•Direct employment 2220
• ~ 40 M€
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2nd Italian producer of clams (~ 8000 tons) after Venice lagoon
Sacca di Goro (Italy):
•1500 jobs
• ~ 30 M€
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Artesanal culture system for clams in the Ria Formosa
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Culture system for oysters in the Ria Formosa
Even artesanal and extensive aquaculture causes some pressures
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Intensive aquaculture
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~Aquaculture Effluent: Pressures on Inland & Coastal Waters~Eutrophication~Pollution Control~Using Natural Fish Stocks to Feed Farmed Fish~Genetic Conservation & Aquatic Biodiversity~Introduction of Alien Species~Habitat Destruction: Mangrove Forests~Socio-Economic effects and conflicts
http://www.ecasa.org.uk/Documents/Poster.Aqua06.pdfhttp://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/aquacult/overview.php
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•Biomass extraction•Fisheries•Logging
Socio-Economic Drivers
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Fisheries in lagoons are mainly from small artesanal boats because the lagoons are shallowLagoon of Lesina (E.Manini)
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Lagoon of Cabras
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52typically multispecies fisheries
Lagoon fisheries are
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Typical small scale, artesanal fishing boats
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Artesanal fishing in coastal lagoon in Greece
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Artesanal fishing in Ringkøbing Fjord, Dk
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~Habitat disruption~Dynamite fishing~Cyanide fishing~Bottom trawling
~Ecological disruption~Overfishing~By catch
Fisheries Pressures
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Biomass extraction, logging and mangrove
removal
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In the next lecture we will continue looking at Drivers
and Pressures…