applications in clinical & counseling settings: structured personality tests

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Applications in Applications in Clinical & Clinical & Counseling Counseling Settings: Settings: Structured Structured Personality Personality Tests Tests

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Page 1: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Applications in Applications in Clinical & Clinical &

Counseling Counseling Settings:Settings:Structured Structured

Personality TestsPersonality Tests

Page 2: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Each of the statements below describes a different way a person can be. Please indicate for each statement is extremely uncharacteristic (1) of you, somewhat uncharacteristic (2), neither uncharacteristic nor characteristic (3), somewhat characteristic (4), or extremely characteristic (5), using the numbers as indicated.

__ 1. I form opinions about everything.__ 2. I prefer to avoid taking extreme positions. (R)__ 3. It is very important to me to hold strong opinions.__ 4. I want to know exactly what is good and bad about everything.__ 5. I often prefer to remain neutral about complex issues. (R)__ 6. If something does not affect me, I do not usually determine if it

is good or bad. (R)

__ 7. I enjoy strongly liking and disliking new things. __ 8. There are many things for which I do not have a preference. (R)__ 9. It bothers me to remain neutral.__ 10. I like to have strong opinions even when I am not personally

involved.__ 11. I have many more opinions than the average person.__ 12. I would rather have a strong opinion than no opinion at all.__ 13. I pay a lot of attention to whether things are good or bad.__ 14. I only form strong opinions when I have to. (R)__ 15. I like to decide that new things are really good or really bad.__ 16. I am pretty much indifferent to many important issues. (R)

Page 3: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Jarvis & Petty (1996)

reasoned that some people might be more prone to evaluate (i.e., form attitudes, opinions) than others

developed a scale to measure people’s need to evaluate (NES: need to evaluate scale)

Page 4: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Scale NormsScale Norms

Mean -- 52 (3.27) Standard Deviation -- 10 (.63) Upper third -- > 56 Lower third -- < 47

Page 5: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Study 1Study 1

students completed NES and answered a 29 item questionnaire that asked for their attitudes towards various national issues (e.g., environmental protection, mandatory national service, legalized abortion, capital punishment, preferential hiring of minority groups)

asked if they agreed, disagreed, or had “no opinion”

participants low in NES endorsed “no opinion” significantly more often than those medium or high

Page 6: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Study 2Study 2 presented student participants with 24 paintings

from various styles and periods instructed to list their thoughts regarding each

painting thoughts were coded as evaluative (e.g., I would

not hang this in my home, pretty colours, I really like the colours, very gross and disturbing) or non-evaluative (two men working, lots of colour)

results indicated that high NES participants spontaneously came up with more evaluative statements than low or moderate NES participants

Page 7: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Study 3Study 3 student participants completed NES, and

then were asked to describe the day they had yesterday. Thoughts were coded for evaluative thoughts

I was both relieved and upset by my grade, the moon was beautiful on the way home, some of the songs at the concert were really good, I did quite well

non-evaluative thoughts Woke up at 8 am and took my dog for a walk, a friend of

mine from back home called and so I talked to him for a minute

high NES participants showed an avg. of nearly 3 times as many evaluative thoughts as low, moderate NES participants; also, fewer non-evaluative thoughts

Page 8: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

PersonalityPersonality

the relatively stable and distinctive patterns of behaviour that characterize an individual and his or her reactions to the environment

Page 9: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Personality TraitsPersonality Traits

relatively enduring tendencies to act, think, or feel in a certain manner in any given circumstance that distinguish one person from another

Page 10: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Importance of Measuring Importance of Measuring Personality TraitsPersonality Traits

still enough nuclear & biological weapons in the world to destroy the world’s population several times over

about 120,000 U.S. servicemen & women engaged in nuclear duties, maintaining, guarding, transporting, training & using the weapons

these individuals are screened through something called a Personnel Reliability Program; about 5,000 people a year are removed from nuclear duties because of a concern about the stability of their personalities

Page 11: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Types of Personality Types of Personality TestsTests

StructuredStructured Fixed alternatives as responsesFixed alternatives as responses

UnstructuredUnstructured Open-ended responsesOpen-ended responses

Page 12: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Strategies for Structured Strategies for Structured Personality Test Personality Test

ConstructionConstruction

Deductive

Empirical

Logical ContentTheoreticalCriterion GroupFactor Analysis

Page 13: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Logical Content StrategyLogical Content Strategy

items are selected from a process of logical deduction of what kinds of items would represent the kinds of personality we’re interested in

Page 14: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Woodworth Personal Data Woodworth Personal Data Sheet (1920)Sheet (1920)

First personality inventory ever First personality inventory ever developeddeveloped

Developed in WWI to identify Developed in WWI to identify military recruits likely to break down military recruits likely to break down in combatin combat

Page 15: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Sample Test ItemsSample Test Items Have you failed to get a square deal in life?Have you failed to get a square deal in life? Is your speech free from stutter & Is your speech free from stutter &

stammer?stammer? Does the sight of blood make you sick & Does the sight of blood make you sick &

dizzy?dizzy? Do you sometimes wish that you had never Do you sometimes wish that you had never

been born?been born? Do people find fault with you much?Do people find fault with you much? Do you drink a fifth of whisky a day?Do you drink a fifth of whisky a day? Do you wet the bed at night?Do you wet the bed at night?

Page 16: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Mooney Problem Mooney Problem Checklist (1950)Checklist (1950)

items gleaned from case records, counselling interviews, & a list of problems elicited from 4000 high school students

available in jr. high, high school, college & adult forms

problems include morals & religion, finances & living conditions, adjustment to school work, social relations

no score is computed

Page 17: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Sample ItemsSample Items

Read the list slowly and as you come Read the list slowly and as you come to a problem which is troubling you, to a problem which is troubling you, draw a line under it:draw a line under it: Often have headachesOften have headaches Too crowded at homeToo crowded at home UnpopularUnpopular DrinkingDrinking Getting low gradesGetting low grades

Page 18: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Problems with Logical Problems with Logical Content TestsContent Tests

Assumes respondents are honest, motivated to cooperate, careful in answering

Assumes respondents are capable of evaluating own behaviour

Page 19: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Theoretical StrategyTheoretical Strategy

another type of deductive strategy involves working from a theory of personality, and deriving items from the theory

one of the most popular theories of personality was Murray’s (1938) theory of needs

proposed that human behaviour was enacted to fulfill several basic needs:

Page 20: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Examples of NeedsExamples of Needs

AchievementAchievement To accomplish something difficulty. To master, To accomplish something difficulty. To master,

manipulate, or organize physical objects, manipulate, or organize physical objects, human beings, or ideas.human beings, or ideas.

Affiliation Affiliation To form friendships & associations. To greet, To form friendships & associations. To greet,

join, & live with others.join, & live with others. AggressionAggression

To overcome opposition forcefully. To fight. To To overcome opposition forcefully. To fight. To revenge an injury. To attack, injure or kill revenge an injury. To attack, injure or kill another. another.

Page 21: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Jackson Personality Jackson Personality Inventory (1976)Inventory (1976)

very popular current measure of personality is the Jackson Personality Inventory

items are roughly based on Murray’s theory Latest version (JPI-R) consists of 300 true-false items that

produce 15 scale scores These 15 scales have been organized into five higher-order

dimensions Analytical Extroverted Emotional Opportunistic Dependable

used rigorous statistical techniques to identify items – generated more than 100 items for each scale, administered them to over 1000 university students

item analysis identified items that correlated highly with total scale, but minimally with other scales

Page 22: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Example Items of the JPIExample Items of the JPI

I was a very active child.I was a very active child. I would enjoy bluffing my way into I would enjoy bluffing my way into

an exclusive club or private party.an exclusive club or private party. I have sometimes hesitated before I have sometimes hesitated before

making a decision.making a decision. I dislike eating alone.I dislike eating alone. I usually have several projects going I usually have several projects going

at once.at once.

Page 23: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Empirical Strategies:Empirical Strategies:The Criterion-Group The Criterion-Group

StrategyStrategy begins with a criterion group; items

selected that differentiate criterion group from a control group

e.g. measure of aggression in children; have teachers nominate aggressive children and give a whole bunch of items to these children and to a group of control children; items that discriminate between the two groups are selected for the final scale, regardless of what the items say

Page 24: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Minnesota Multiphasic Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Personality Inventory

(MMPI)(MMPI) most widely used & thoroughly

researched personality test for half a century

conceived in 1930's; by 1960's was the leading personality test & used not only with psychiatric patients for whom it was originally developed, but also with normal subjects in counselling, employment, military, forensic settings

by 1980's, several thousand references using MMPI

Page 25: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Original Scale Original Scale DevelopmentDevelopment

8 of the scales developed by criterion keying; chose items that differentiated small sample (50) of patients & control group of 724 visitors & relatives of patients

male-female scale, originally designed to distinguish between homosexual heterosexual males, developed from differences between male soldiers & female airline employees

social introversion scale (added later), derived from responses of 2 contrasted groups of college students selected on basis of extreme scores on a test of introversion-extraversion

Page 26: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Clinical ScalesClinical Scales

Page 27: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Validity ScalesValidity Scales

Page 28: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

MMPI-2MMPI-2 became evident in the 1980’s that norms were

outdated committee charged with restandardizing MMPI had to

redesign instrument without losing all information from past research

decided to retain most of items, all the original clinical & validity scales, & many of the supplementary scales

major changes were: development of uniform T scores for 8 original clinical scales

& all the content scales revision & deletion of outdated or otherwise objectionable

items & addition of new items creation of new validity, supplementary & content scales separation into 2 versions for different age groups

Page 29: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

MMPI-2 ItemsMMPI-2 Items 567 affirmative statement (True-False) first 370 are virtually identical to those in MMPI except

for editorial changes & reordering -- provide all responses needed to score original 10 clinical & three validity scales

remaining 197 items (107 of which are new) are needed to score a wide range of new & revised scales & subscales

items vary widely in content, covering such areas as general health; affective, neurological & motor symptoms; sexual, political & social attitudes; educational, occupational, family & marital questions; many well-known neurotic or psychotic behaviour manifestations (eg. Obsessive compulsive, hallucinations, phobias, etc)

Page 30: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Sample ItemsSample Items

My sleep is fitful and disturbed. (39) I believe I am being plotted against.

(138) I am worried about sex. (166) When I get bored I like to stir up some

excitement. (169) Most people inwardly dislike putting

themselves out to help other people (286).

Page 31: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Scoring & InterpretationScoring & Interpretation McCall’s T (mean – 50, standard deviation McCall’s T (mean – 50, standard deviation

– 10) used for all scales, based on control – 10) used for all scales, based on control group group

With original scale, T scores of 70 (2 With original scale, T scores of 70 (2 s.d.’s above the mean) were considered s.d.’s above the mean) were considered significantly elevatedsignificantly elevated

With MMPI-2, T scores of 65 considered With MMPI-2, T scores of 65 considered significantsignificant

Pattern analysisPattern analysis Earlier forms, e.g., “paranoid valley”Earlier forms, e.g., “paranoid valley” Meehl’s two-point codesMeehl’s two-point codes

Page 32: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

“ “ Paranoid Valley”Paranoid Valley”

Page 33: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Psychometric PropertiesPsychometric Properties Split-half reliabilities for most scales in Split-half reliabilities for most scales in

the 70’s, with a few much higherthe 70’s, with a few much higher Test-retest reliabilities are adequate Test-retest reliabilities are adequate

(median in the .80’s)(median in the .80’s) Validity studies suggest that MMPI is Validity studies suggest that MMPI is

related to:related to: Alcoholism & substance abuse (elevated F, 4 Alcoholism & substance abuse (elevated F, 4

& 9)& 9) PTSDPTSD Criminality & delinquencyCriminality & delinquency Neurological disordersNeurological disorders

Page 34: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

NNPI:NNPI:No Nonsense No Nonsense

Personality Personality InventoryInventory

Page 35: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Factor Analytic StrategyFactor Analytic Strategy uses factor analysis to derive the basic dimensions of

personality most famous test developed by R.B. Cattell started with a list of 4504 personality “traits” applicable

to human beings reduced the list to 171 that represented the entire range Had college students rate their friends on these 171 traits initial factor analysis identified 36 dimensions (surface

traits) did a second factor analysis that produced 16 factors

(source traits) used this as the basis of the Sixteen Personality Factor

Questionnaire (16PF)

Page 36: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

16PF16PF

Page 37: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Combination Strategies: Combination Strategies: the NEOthe NEO

Modern trend is to mix strategiesModern trend is to mix strategies NEO based on review of factor analytic studies of NEO based on review of factor analytic studies of

personality and personality theory, which personality and personality theory, which suggests suggests that there are five factors underlying most of the domains in personality -- have been referred to as the big five

Three of these five (from which NEO is named):Three of these five (from which NEO is named): NNeuroticism euroticism EExtraversionxtraversion OOpennesspenness

Remaining two dimensions are:Remaining two dimensions are: CConscientiousnessonscientiousness AAgreeableness greeableness

Page 38: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

The Big FiveThe Big Five

Domain Characteristics

Extroversion Sociable, leader-like & assertive vs. withdrawn, quiet & reserved

Neuroticism Anxious & insecure vs. calm & self-confident

Conscientiousness

Persevering, responsible, organized vs. lazy, irresponsible, impulsive

Agreeableness

Warm & cooperative vs. unpleasant, disagreeable

Openness to experience

Imaginative & curious vs. concrete-minded & narrow in thinking

Page 39: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Structure of NEO PI-RStructure of NEO PI-R Each domain or dimension has 6 Each domain or dimension has 6

“facets” (e.g., 6 facets of neuroticism “facets” (e.g., 6 facets of neuroticism are anxiety, hostility, depression, self-are anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability)vulnerability)

18 facets in total18 facets in total 14 items in each facet; 7 positively 14 items in each facet; 7 positively

worded, 7 negatively wordedworded, 7 negatively worded Respondents indicate answer on a Respondents indicate answer on a

five-point Likert scale (“strongly five-point Likert scale (“strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”agree” to “strongly disagree”

Page 40: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Sample ItemsSample Items

Domain Sample Item

Extroversion I really enjoy talking to people.

Neuroticism It takes a lot to get me mad. (R)

Conscientiousness

I strive to achieve all I can.

Agreeableness

I try to be humble.

Openness to experience

I’m pretty set in my ways. (R)

Page 41: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

ScoringScoring

Raw scores are converted to T-Raw scores are converted to T-scores for each facetscores for each facet

Score interpretations:Score interpretations: Below 35 – very lowBelow 35 – very low 35 to 45 – low 35 to 45 – low 45 to 55 – average 45 to 55 – average 55 to 65 – high55 to 65 – high Above 65 – very highAbove 65 – very high

Page 42: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests
Page 43: Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings: Structured Personality Tests

Psychometric Properties of Psychometric Properties of NEO PI-RNEO PI-R

Coefficient alphas for the domains range Coefficient alphas for the domains range from .86 (agreeableness) to .92 (neuroticism)from .86 (agreeableness) to .92 (neuroticism)

Coefficient alphas for facets range from .56 Coefficient alphas for facets range from .56 to .81to .81

Test-retest reliabilities for domains range Test-retest reliabilities for domains range from .75 to .83 (for a 3-month interval) from .75 to .83 (for a 3-month interval)

Validity evidence:Validity evidence: Psychotherapy patients score higher on Psychotherapy patients score higher on

neuroticismneuroticism Drug abusers score low on agreeableness & Drug abusers score low on agreeableness &

conscientiousnessconscientiousness