Artificial Organs

By,

Dineesha Nipunajith.

The Man –Made “Bridges” To Continued Life 1

Presentation Flow What Is An Artificial Organ?

Artificial Heart

Artificial Lungs

Artificial Kidneys

Artificial Tongue

Artificial Nose

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Organs

Health Risks

References

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What Is An Artificial Organ ?

An artificial organ is a man-made device that is implanted or integrated into a human to replace a natural organ, for the purpose of restoring a specific function or a group of related functions so the patient may return to a normal life as soon as possible.

Usually made out of stem cells from the patient.

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Artificial Heart

Used for patients with heart failure awaiting heart transplant

Two types used: 1). Ventricle Assist Device (V.A.D).

2). Total Artificial Heart (T.A.H).

Ventricle Assist Device (V.A.D) Total Artificial Heart (T.A.H)

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Ventricle Assist Device (V.A.D).

Ventricle assist device (V.A.D)

Used to help partially working ventricles of heart

Example:

NovaCare LVAS

How it works: Pump connected to left ventricle.

When heart pumps, bloods enters from left ventricle through inflow

conduit and into artificial heart pump. Low resistance from blood

moving out of the left ventricle reduces load greatly allowing heart to

have normal stroke volume. Blood in pump then leaves through an

outflow conduit and into arterial system of body.

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Total Artificial Heart (T.A.H).

Total Artificial Heart(T.A.H)

Replaces both ventricles of an almost completely failed heart

attached to upper chamber of heart (left and right atrium)

Two types: Cardio west and Abiocor

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Artificial Lungs

Still in development and testing

Example: Biolung

How it works: can sized lung attached to right ventricle of heart.

When blood is pumped through CO2 leaves blood and O2 enters as

blood passes through array of microfibers. Blood travels back to left

atrium of heart.

Improvements needed: Determine optimal fiber shape, distance of fibers

and number of fibers.

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Artificial Kidneys Kidney cleanses blood of waste products

Kidney/renal failure causes kidneys to not function properly, leads to

abnormal concentration of fluids within body

Kidney transplant needed in order to survive.

Artificial kidney/dialyzer used to keep patient alive while he/she waits

Dialyzer contains several small tubes and microscopic holes

Contains special fluid known as dialysate

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Dialysis

Blood enters dialyzer with dialysate

Waste products move from blood to dialysate

Certain chemicals from dialysate enrich blood

Blood leaves dialyzer goes through air bubble detector and back into bloodstream

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Artificial Tongue / Electronic tongues

Chemical compound responsible for taste are detected by human taste

receptors, and the seven sensors of electronic instruments detect the

same dissolved organic and inorganic compounds.

Like human receptors, each sensor has a spectrum of reactions different

from the other. The information given by each sensor is complementary

and the combination of all sensors' results generates a unique fingerprint.

Most of the detection thresholds of sensors are similar to or better than

those of human receptors.

GAS

Input

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Applications

Electronic tongues have several applications in various industrial areas: the Pharmaceutical industry, food and beverage sector, etc. It can be used to:

analyze flavor ageing in beverages (for instance fruit juice, alcoholic or non alcoholic drinks, flavored milks…)

quantify bitterness or “spicy level” of drinks or dissolved compounds (e.g. bitterness measurement and prediction of teas)

quantify taste masking efficiency of formulations (tablets, syrups, powders, capsules, lozenges…)

analyze medicines stability in terms of taste

benchmark target products.

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Artificial Nose / Electronic Nose An electronic nose is a device intended to detect odors or flavors.

Over the last decade, "electronic sensing" or "e-sensing" technologies have

undergone important developments from a technical and commercial point of view.

The expression "electronic sensing" refers to the capability of reproducing human

senses using sensor arrays and pattern recognition systems.

Since 1982, research has been conducted to develop technologies, commonly

referred to as electronic noses, that could detect and recognize odors and flavors.

The stages of the recognition process are similar to human olfaction and are

performed for identification, comparison, quantification and other applications,

including data storage and retrieval.

However, hedonic evaluation is a specificity of the human nose given that it is

related to subjective opinions. These devices have undergone much development

and are now used to fulfill industrial needs.

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Applications

The fields of health and security

- The detection of dangerous and harmful bacteria, such as software that has been specifically developed to recognize the smell of the MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

Aureus).

In quality control laboratories

- Detection of contamination, spoilage, adulteration

- Conformity of raw materials, intermediate and final products

- Monitoring of storage conditions.

In process and production departments

- Cleaning in place monitoring

- Managing raw material variability

The field of crime prevention and security

- The ability of the electronic nose to detect odorless chemicals makes it ideal for use in the police force, such as the ability to detect drug odors despite other airborne odors capable of confusing police dogs.

- It may also be used as a bomb detection method in airports.

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What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Organs ?

Only one major advantage, extends life increasing chance of

receiving organ transplant.

Disadvantage: Cost, artificial heart costs between $100000 to

$300000

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Health Risks

Bio artificial organs have a possible presence of disease if the tissue

that was used to create the organ has been infected

Death, disabling injury, stroke, foreign body rejection, infection,

device malfunction, cognitive impairment, and weakening over time

are potential complications among completely artificial organs (heart

mortality rate: 14-27%)

Artificial hearts are only able to sustain life for up to 18 months at a

time

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References http://www.kidney.org/patients/plu/plu_online_images/hemodiagram.jpg

http://digitalmarsh.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/abiocor-heart.jpghttp://www.jdrf.org/images/General_Images/Research/art_pancreas01.jpg

http://media.rd.com/rd/images/rdc/mag0803/medical-breakthrough-BioLung-af.jpg

http://www.medgadget.com/archives/img/131113.jpg

http://www.worldheart.com/images/product-vas.jpg

http://www.ideaconnection.com/images/inventions/lg_wearable-artificial-kidney.jpg

http://www.mc3corp.com/images/content/sidebar_images/Professional_BioLung_drawin.jpg

What Is a Total Artificial Heart? . Total Artificial Heart. Retrieved November 18, 2009, from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/tah/tah_what.html

Update on Work on Artificial Lung Prototypes - Regenerative Medicine at the McGowan Institute. Regenerative Medicine at the McGowan Institute. Retrieved November 19, 2009, from http://www.mirm.pitt.edu/news/article.asp?qEmpID=266

Type 1 Diabetes. University of Virginia Health System. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/adult_diabetes/type1.cfm

People Like Us Live Web Series. (National Kidney Foundation. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from http://www.kidney.org/patients/plu/plu_hemo/pluo_3.cfm

MC3 Artificial Lung (Biolung). MC3 Artificial Lung (Biolung). Retrieved December 1, 2009, from :www.ele.uri.edu/courses/ele382/F07/Afeez_1.pdf

End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). University of Virginia Health System. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/UVAHealth/adult_urology/endstage.cfm

Artificial Pancreas - iVillage Your Total Health. iVillage Your Total Health Home - iVillage Your Total Health. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from http://lymphomafocus.org/artificial-pancreas.html?pageNum=3

Artificial Heart Program Technology - Pulsatile Systems - Regenerative Medicine at the McGowan Institute. (n.d.). Regenerative Medicine at the McGowan Institute. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from http://www.mirm.pitt.edu/programs/medical_devices/ahp_technology3.asp

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Thank You !

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