applications of refrigerant

7/31/2019 Applications of Refrigerant

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APPLICATIONS OF REFRIGERANT

AND AIR CONDITIONING


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REFRIGERANT

A refrigerant is a substance used in aheat cycleusually including, for enhanced efficiency, a

reversiblephase changefrom aliquidto agas.

Traditionally,fluorocarbons, especiallychlorofluorocarbons, were used as refrigerants, but they

are being phased out because of theirozone depletioneffects. Other common refrigerants used

in various applications areammonia,sulfur dioxide,and non halogenatedhydrocarbonssuch

asmethane

APPLICATIONS OF REFRIGERANT

Natural refrigerants such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and non-halogenated hydrocarbonspreserve the ozone layer and have no (ammonia) or only a low (carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons)

global warming potential.[3]

They are used in air-conditioning systems for buildings, in sport and leisure facilities, in the

chemical/pharmaceutical industry, in the automotive industry and above all in the food industry

(production, storage, retailing). New applications are opening up for natural refrigerants for

example in vehicle air-conditioning.

Emissions from automotive air-conditioning are a growing concern because of their impact onclimate change. From 2011 on, the European Union will phase out refrigerants with a global

warming potential(GWP) of more than 150 in automotive air conditioning (GWP = 100 year

warming potential of one kilogram of a gas relative to one kilogram of CO2). This will ban

potent greenhouse gases such as the refrigerant HFC-134awhich has a GWP of 1410to

promote safe and energy-efficient refrigerants.

One of the most promising alternatives is the natural refrigerant CO2(R-744).Carbon

dioxideis non-flammable, non-ozone depleting, has a global warming potential of 1, but is

toxic and potentially lethal in concentrations above 5% by volume. R-744 can be used as aworking fluid in climate control systems for cars, residential air conditioning, hot water pumps,

commercial refrigeration, and vending machines. R12 is compatible withmineral oil, while

R134a is compatible withsynthetic oilthat containsesters. GM has announced that it will start

using Hydrofluoro olefin, HFO-1234yf, in all of its brands by 2013.
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This new refrigerant is not a blend and has a GWP rating of 4 due. The compounds instability

lends greatly to its reputation as an earth-friendly coolant, and should also help to facilitate sales

of both refills and replacement parts as well.

Dimethyl ether(DME) is also gaining popularity as a refrigerant,

[7]

but like propane, it is alsodangerously flammable.

Some refrigerants are seeing rising use asrecreational drugs, leading to an extremely dangerous

phenomenon known asinhalant abuse.

AIR AS A REFRIGERANT

Air has been used for residential, automobile, and turbine-powered aircraft air-conditioning

and/or cooling. The reason why air is not more widely used as a general-purpose refrigerant is

the mis perception that the use of air is too inefficient to be practical.Yet, with suitable compression and expansion technology, air can be a practical (albeit not the

most efficient) refrigerant, free of the possibility of environmental contamination or

damage, and almost completely harmless to plants and animals.

WATER AS AREFRIGERANT

The simplest, and most popular refrigerant is water. With an excellent toxicity profile,

extremely low cost, vast availability, and no need for disposal worry, anybody can build a

water-based cooling system. The simplest cooling systems, known asswamp coolersin the

south-west United States, do not even need power for a compressor, merely a blower fan -evaporated water is simply vented to the living space, where it serves to increase humidity also.

However, drawbacks are multiple and severe as well. The total cooling power of the units is

limited by the fact that neither coolant nor air is recirculated. A swamp cooled home will have a

constant supply of fresh, not too-dry air, but if the air outside isalready humid, cooling power is

severely limited. This is why such units are not found in areas of frequent and high humidity,

such as the south-east United States. Furthermore, if the temperature outside is severely too hot,

such as over 110 degrees F, the unit will not cool the air sufficiently for comfort even if the dew

point outside is very low.

While the vast majority of thegreen house effectis due to water vapor in the air, the amount ofwater added to the air by swamp coolers is insignificant compared to that which evaporates

from the world's oceans, giving swamp coolers a very earth friendly profile.
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AIR CONDITIONING

Air conditioning is the removal of heat from indoor air forthermal comfort.

In another sense, the term can refer to any form ofcooling, heating, ventilation

ordisinfectionthat modifies the condition of air.[1]Anair conditioner(often referred to as ACor air con) is anappliance,system, ormachinedesigned to change the air temperature and

humidity within an area (used for cooling as well as heating depending on the air properties at a

given time), typically using arefrigeration cyclebut sometimes usingevaporation, commonly

for comfort cooling in buildings and motor vehicles.

APPLICATION OF AIR CONDITIONING

Air-conditioning engineers broadly divide air-conditioning applications into what they

call comfortandprocess applications.

Comfort applications aim to provide abuilding indoor environmentthat remains relatively

constant despite changes in external weather conditions or in internal heat loads.

Air conditioning makesdeep planbuildings feasible, for otherwise they would have to be built

narrower or withlight wellsso that inner spaces received sufficient outdoor air vianatural

ventilation. Air conditioning also allows buildings to be taller, sincewind speedincreases

significantly with altitude making natural ventilation impractical for very tall buildingsComfort

applications are quite different for various building types and may be categorized as

Low-Rise Residential buildings, including single family houses, duplexes, and small

apartment buildings

High-Rise Residential buildings, such as tall dormitories and apartment blocks

Commercial buildings, which are built for commerce, including offices, malls,

shopping centers, restaurants, etc.

Institutional buildings, which includes government buildings, hospitals, schools, etc.

Industrial spaces where thermal comfort of workers is desired.

Sports Stadiumsrecently, stadiums have been built with air conditioning, such as

theUniversity of Phoenix Stadiumand inQatar for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

The structural impact of an air conditioning unit will depend on the type and size of the unit. Inaddition to buildings, air conditioning can be used for many types of transportation motor-

cars, buses and other land vehicles, trains, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft.

Process applications aim to provide a suitable environment for a process being carried out,

regardless of internal heat and humidity loads and external weather conditions. It is the needs of

the process that determine conditions, not human preference. Process applications include these:
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Hospitaloperating theatres, in which air is filtered to high levels to

reduceinfectionrisk and the humidity controlled to limit patient dehydration.

Although temperatures are often in the comfort range, some specialist procedures,

such asopen heart surgery, require low temperatures (about 18 C, 64 F) and others,

such asneonatal, relatively high temperatures (about 28 C, 82 F).

Cleanroomsfor the production ofintegrated circuits,pharmaceuticals, and the like, in

which very high levels of air cleanliness and control of temperature and humidity are

required for the success of the process.

Facilities for breedinglaboratory animals. Since many animals normally reproduce

only inspring, holding them in rooms in which conditions mirror those of spring all

year can cause them to reproduce year-round.

Data centers

Textile manufacturing

Physical testing facilities

Plants and farm growing areas

Nuclear powerfacilities

Chemicalandbiologicallaboratories

Mining

Industrial environments

Foodcookingandprocessingareas

AN AIR CONDITIONER

In both comfort and process applications, the objective may be to not only control temperature,

but alsohumidity, air quality, and air movement from space to space.
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