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TRANSCRIPT
ASSIGNMENT
ON
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND AROUND THE
SCHOOL OF EARTH AND MINING SCIENCE
FACULTY
LOCATED ALONG ODUDUWA ROAD OBANLA IN
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AKURE. ONDO STATE.
COMPILED BY
SOYOBI O.A
ARC/03/1957IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE AWARD
M-TECH IN ARCHITECTURE
LECTURER IN CHARGE: PROF. O.O OGUNSOTE
APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY
ARC 810
AUGUST, 2011.
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.O INTRODUCTION
1.2 AIMS OF THE STUDY
1.3 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE AIR FLOW
THROUGH THE BUILDING
2.1 OPENING COMPONENTS
2.2 EXTERNAL FEATURES & FACTORS
2.3 ORIENTATION OF THE BUILDING
2.4 POSSITION OF OPENINGS
2.5 NUMBER AND SIZE OF OPENINGS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 ABOUT THE BUILDING ‘SMES’
3.1 AIR FLOW THROUGH THE BUILDING
3.1.1 THE STACK EFFECT
3.1.2 AIR MOVEMENT INDUCED BY WIND PRESSURE
3.1.3 MECHANICAL MEANS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’
ABSTRACT
Air flow in a building can be achieved through mechanical means such as fans,
evaporative coolers, air conditioners and heater, air movement induced by wind pressure, and the
stack effect due to difference in temperature between the air within and outside the building.
The source”, which supply of fresh air, body cooling and the likes will be describe. Air flow of a
building and around its: is determined by the orientation, shape, height and planning of external
features and factors such as trees, vegetation, walk way, shrubs, flowers etc.
The studied will emphases on this factor that influence the Air flow in the building and around
the ‘SEMS’ building. A conceptual savvy of this basic concept of Air flow in the building and
the environment will be analyze.
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In any building design development by an Architect primarily aimed at
enhancing good comfort and functional for the occupants through the spacing and the
height of the building and he can also achieved it by introducing some mechanical means
such as fans, air conditioners, or evaporative coolers and putting some elements of
building like windows, doors and externals features like planting of landscaping such as
trees, shrubs, flowers and soon on .
Air flow in a building is the circulation of inside air generated from mechanical
means such as fans, evaporative coolers, air conditioners and also by outside air and it
has some functions that provides body cooling and structural cooling or heating. Air
movement through the buildings can be induced by the stack effect, wind pressure or by
the mechanical means. The factor that affect Air flow through the buildings are external
features are number and size of openings, position of opening components. The Air flow
around the building is determined by the shape, orientation, height and planning of
building i.e landscaped features in the external perspective.
1.2 AIMS OF THE STUDY
This is the study of Air flow in ‘SMES.’ School of Earth and Mineral Sciences
located along Oduduwa road inside Federal University of Technology Akure. It aims at
examining the Air flow conditions in the building and the environment, its functioning to
its purpose served and the use of mechanical means in effectively use for the users. In
addition , external features, that were not sufficiently dealt with in the construction stage
and others that have arisen over the years of occupation will be identified and solutions to
alleviate them will be proffered.
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’
1.3 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
This studied is one which is very explanative about the air flow in the building
and external features which give more adequate air flow and affirmative assertions to the
building. Hence, a visit to the study centre to be considered was the first step taken with
very vital and inquisitive question asked about different area. Also, relevant books and
websites were consulted so as to critically consider this important phenomenon.
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE AIR FLOW THROUGH THE BUILDING
There are different factors that influence the air flow in the building which will be
vividly enunciated and with the barriers that can be use to control them is been done.
Some of these are:
2.1 OPENING COMPONENTS
These components are part of element of building that enhance the steady air flow into
the building . Opening components are important in determining the velocity and pattern of air
flow. These components include Canopies (i.e horizontal shading devices), Louvres and venetian
blinds, Sashes, variously hung windows, mosquito screens, curtains.
Canopies direct the air flow towards the ceiling but this can be reversed towards the floor
by leaving a gap between the canopy and the opening. Louvres and venetian blinds direct the air
flow upwards or downwards according to their angle of inclination. Sashes deflect the air flow
upward but reversible pivot sashes can deflect it downwards. Top hung outward-opening
windows deflect air towards the ceiling. Side hung outwards and vice-versa. Roller shutters
deflect wind downwards when partially open. Mosquito screens and curtains reduce air flow to a
very large extent. Mosquito screens, depending on material and perforation. May reduce air flow
by 30% to 70%. For nylon screens, reduction is about 35%. This should be kept in mind when
calculating size of openings for effective air flow.
2.2 EXTERNAL FEATURES & FACTORS
The air flow in buildings is affected by external features and factors. The wind speed and
direction as well as dust content combined with the building shape and orientation are extremely
importance. Dusty winds should be avoided or filtered by vegetation. Building orientation should
take maximum advantage of wind direction. External features such as barriers and vegetation
also play an important role as they may create wind shadows and channel air flow. The situation
of the wind shadows and achieve air movement.
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’
2.3 ORIENTATION OF THE BUILDING
This is the positioning of the design development through the wind flow from South-
West Zone from the inception stage of the project. This air flow can be achieved by positioning
longer side along North cardinal point and these was also applied on the building ‘SEMS
Building’ and this really enhance good air flow through the building
2.4 POSSITION OF OPENINGS
The position of outlets (on the leeward side) and that of inlets (on the windward side) has
a marked effect on the pattern of air flow within an enclosure. This influence can be observed
both in plan and section .
In design plan, the air velocity distribution is affected by the relative of inlet and outlet
for a given wind direction. The incoming air stream takes the shortest course of least resistance
to the outlet. Thus openings located diagonally will cause air flow through the centre of the
office.
2.5 NUMBER AND SIZE OF OPENINGS
To achieve a good air flow in any building there should be an effective cross ventilation
there be at least two openings, an inlet and an outlet, on opposite, or at least adjacent walls of an
enclosure . Furthermore, there should be no full partition separating the inlet from outlet. In a
case where is only one opening, the air movement within the room remains negligible even for
high external winds speeds. In fact, comfort conditions worsen at higher wind speeds due to
pressure build up around the building.
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 ABOUT THE BUILDING ‘SEMS’
The School of Earth and Mineral Sciences study is located along the Oduduwa
road beside the PGD hall building. It is strategically located on a topography hump
which meant to be one of the beautiful and sound design among millions of them in the
school premises. It is a centre for Service to human kind and self reliance esteem. This
building was design by one noble Architect in Federal University of Technology Akure.
Ondo state in person of Prof.O.O Ogunsote. This building was commissioned by the
formal President Olusegun Obansanjo.
The facade view of the School of Earth and Mineral Sciences ‘SEMS’
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’
The facade view of the School of Earth and Mineral Sciences ‘SEMS’
The entrance showing the commissioned date.
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’
The one part of the building full landscape which enhance good
Fresh air and body cooling during.
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’
The other part of the building been step down
from the entrance
The corridor part of the building and Doric order of the structures.
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’
The walk way that leads to the building SEMS” External features
The external view showing a good landscaped area and fins
which served as a shading devices to the offices or recess.
3.1 AIR FLOW THROUGH THE BUILDING
3.1.1 THE STACK EFFECT
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’
The effect refers to the movement of air as a result of differences in air pressure of two
bodies of air at different temperatures. Thus when there is a significant difference in the
temperature of air within and outside a building possessing appropriate air inlets and outlets, air
movement results. If for example the temperature outside the building is lower than that inside,
then cold air will enter through the lower inlet and warm air will arise and exit through the lower
inlet warm air rise and exit through the upper outlet. The rate of air flow achieved is directly
proportional to the area of the inlet, and the square root of the difference in temperature between
inside and outside air, and the difference in height the inlet and outlet. The rate of Air flow is
affected by the ratio of the area of outlet to area of inlet. The ratio determines the correction
factor.
In Akure, stack effect usually produces some air movement even for small differences in
temperature and height. In warm humid condition such as Ondo, Warri, Port-Harcourt, Calabar,
and Lagos. The climatic is characterized by high humidity and hot discomfort. Stack effect
cannot be relied upon to provide adequate cooling by air movement even with large window.
The SEMS’ building openings are relatively small but since the design was facing the windward
side of buildings with outlets on the leeward side. The difference in height between inlet and
outlet should be maximized. The outlet was big enough to accommodate more features and
adequate cooling by air movement through the building.
3.1.2 AIR MOVEMENT INDUCED BY WIND PRESSURE
Here, wind pressure is the major force responsible for air flow through building. The air
movement produced by stack effect is often of little magnitude and insufficient for body cooling.
Wind pressure and stack effect often act together to create air movement within the buildings.
The use of mechanical aids is usually employed only if the air movement induced by wind
pressure and stack effect is insufficient.
The aim of design is usually to maximize wind pressure for air flow, especially in the
warm humid climate in the Southern-West part of the country. The exception to this rule includes
situations where the wind is dusty, cold and unwelcome, such as is experienced during the
harmattan. There are also cases where the wind is so strong that it causes destruction,
Tearing roofs off buildings for example in Sokoto.
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’
3.1.3 MECHANICAL MEANS
These are used mainly in the building and also with the help of number of openings in
each office which aid the comfort requirement. These aids therefore often provide.
Air movement
Cooling
Heating
Humidification or dehumidification
These mechanical aids are fans, evaporative coolers, air conditioners and heaters.
FANS:Electric fans are very useful in providing necessary air movement for body cooling,
especially in the warm humid climates in the Southern-Western part of the country. Types of
electric fans include ceiling fans, wall mounted fans, standing fans, table fans and extract fans.
Extract fans cannot be used for body cooling since they suck and do not blow air: may however
be used to assist the stack effect and remove odours and vapours.
The type electric fan they use in SEMS’ are mainly Ceiling fan and the cooling system
Air conditioners in some offices.
AIR CONDITIONERS:
Air conditioners provide both cooling and humidification and are sometimes the best
solution in difficult climates especially for offices and public buildings. Their major drawback is
cost of acquisition and maintenance. Air conditioners may be large plants, small unit or split
units . The use or otherwise of air conditioning should be decided early in design since this will
affect the size of openings. The use of Air conditioners is also applicable in the School of Earth
and Mineral Sciences.
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’
4.0 CONCLUSION
Air flow in a building is extremely important and should be given prime
consideration in any design development and construction so as to aid good comfort and
functional for the purpose its meant to serve for the users through the spatial
requirement, number of size of openings and other factors such as planting landscaping
elements on external features; which will enhance good movement of fresh air and body
cooling. The site zoning are also equally significant and these should be sufficiently
incorporated in the preliminary stage of design process and development stage.
Finally, an air flow in SEMS’ building is seen as a double design development
because of its spatial corridor and open courtyard within the building and right round the
offices and lecture’s room.
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’
REFERENCES
Aronin, J.E. (1953). Architecture and Climate. Reinhold publishing corp., New
York.
Evans, M. (1980). Housing, Climate and comfort. The Architectural press, London.
Givoni, B. (1976). Man, Climate And Architecture Second Edition. Applied Science
Publishers Ltd. London.
Jennins, B.H (1978). The Thermal Environment: Conditioning And Control. Harper
and Row, New York.
Olgyay, V. (1963). Design with Climate- Bioclimatic Approach To Architectural
Regionalism. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Internet
www.sdng.com
ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN AND OUT OF SEMS’