A Textbook of Zoological Science

Applied and EconomicZoology

THE AUTHORS

Dr. Ashok K. Rathoure shares his knowledge and experience in the field ofEnvironment Impact Assessment with a doctoral degree in Bioremediation forM/s En-vision Group Surat. Previously he was associated with En-vision EnviroEngineers Pvt. Ltd. for EIA studies; Himachal Institute of Life Sciences Paontaand Beehive College of Ad. Studies Dehradun for teaching to Biotechnology,Microbiology, Biochemistry and other biosciences subjects. He is also associatedas Editor-in-Chief for Octa Journal of Environmental Research, Managing Editor

for Octa Journal of Biosciences and Executive Editor for Scientific India Magazine. His area ofresearch is environmental biotechnology and publication includes 58 full length research papers ininternational and national journals of repute, 8 Course books from reputed publishers in India, 4Research books and 6 Book chapters in Springer-verlag USA, CRC press Tayer & Francis Florida,I.K. Publishers Mumbai and Daya Publishers New Delhi, respectively. He had reviewed morethan 70 research manuscript for many international journals. He is member of APCBEES (HongKong), IACSIT (Singapore), EFB (Spain), Society for Conservation Biology (Washington) andfounder member of Scientific Planet Society (Dehradun). He has supervised 24 research scholars(UG, PG and Diploma). Dr. Rathoure was born in 1983 in village Hariharpur (UP) and completedhis basic education in Hariharpur, Tandiyawan and Hardoi. He came to Kanpur for M.Sc. andwas moved to Pauri for M.Tech. (G.B. Pant Engineering College) and has travelled extensivelyin the major cities of Northern and Western India for his education and as a teacher, trainer andtaught to widen the horizon of knowledge and to sharpen his intellect. Moreover, He has alsoreceived PG Diploma in Human Resource Management (HRM) from Algappa UniversityKaraikudi Tamilnadu.

Dr. Nazneen Z. Deshmukh is working as an Assistant Professor in Departmentof Zoology, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nasik (MS). She has about 5years of teaching experience at undergraduate and postgraduate level. She is agold medalist and topper of M.Sc. Zoology (2007) and she was awarded Ph.D.in Protozoology (2011) from Dr. B.A.M. University, Aurangabad. Dr. Deshmukhhas intense experience of laboratory techniques including DNA Barcoding ofMarine Fishes of India. She is member of editorial board of Trends in Biotechnology

Research. She has presented many research papers in national and international conferences,seminars and symposia. She has published various research papers in national and internationaljournals and received Young Scientist Award from the Society of Life Science in 2010.

Dinesh Kumar has received his master degree in Biochemistry from PatnaUniversity in 2007, followed by M.Phil.in Biochemistry from Vinayaka MissionUniversity in 2009. He is pursuing Ph.D. in Biochemistry in UTU, Dehradunsince Feb 2010. He has also received MBA in HR from Sikkim Manipal University.His area of research is Isolation of bioactive compound and antimicrobialproperties. His publication includes 10 full length research papers in internationaland national journals of repute. He has attained many conferences, workshops

and seminars. He has undergone various pathological training and having industrialexposure. Presently, he is working as Senior Lecturer in Uttaranchal Dental and Medical ResearchInstitute, Dehradun. He has more than 7 years of teaching experience.

Rachna Goswami is working as Assistant Professor in Department of Zoology,Baba Ram Das Degree College, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. After completion ofM.Sc. in Biotechnology from HNB Garhwal University, she joined C.C.S. UniversityMeerut for B.Ed. She learnt extensively about Techniques used in Pharmaceutical,Composting of Bioremediation solid and liquid waste using Biotic sets andtissue culture techniques for Ageratum houstonianum etc. She has also undergonetraining from N.B.R.I. Lucknow, I.V.R.I. Bareilly, IPCA Laboratory. Her area of

interest is Environmental Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology in the field of Environment. Sheis very active in research and development with her creative mind.

2015

Daya Publishing House®

A Division of

Astral International Pvt. LtdNew Delhi-110002

A Textbook of Zoological Science

Applied and EconomicZoology

– Authors –

Dr. Ashok K. Rathoure

Dr. Nazneen Z. Deshmukh

Dinesh Kumar

Rachna Goswami

Published by : Daya Publishing House®A Division ofAstral International Pvt. Ltd.– ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company –4760-61/23, Ansari Road, Darya GanjNew Delhi-110 002Ph. 011-43549197, 23278134E-mail: info@astralint.comWebsite: www.astralint.com

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Cataloging in Publication Data—DK Courtesy: D.K. Agencies (P) Ltd. <docinfo@dkagencies.com>

Rathoure, Ashok K., author.Applied and economic zoology : a textbook of zoological science /

authors, Dr. Ashok K. Rathoure, Dr. Nazneen Z. Deshmukh, DineshKumar, Rachna Goswami.

pages cmIncludes bibliographical references (pages ).ISBN 978-93-5124-646-6 (Hardbound)ISBN 978-93-5130-687-0 (International Edition)

1. Zoology, Economic—India. 2. Zoology, Economic. 3. Zoology,Medical—India. 4. Zoology, Medical. 5. Animals—India. I.Deshmukh, Nazneen Z., author. II. Kumar, Dinesh (Senior lecturer inbiochemistry), author. III. Goswami, Rachna, author. IV. Title.

DDC 591.60954 23

© 2015 AUTHORS

Publisher’s note:Every possible effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this book is accurate at thetime of going to press, and the publisher and author cannot accept responsibility for any errors or omissions,however caused. No responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting, or refraining fromaction, as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by the editor, the publisher or theauthor. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in the book. The contents ofthis work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding and discussion only. Readersshould consult with a specialist where appropriate.Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright material used in this book, if any. The authorand the publisher will be grateful for any omission brought to their notice for acknowledgement in the futureeditions of the book.All Rights reserved under International Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise without the prior written consent of the publisher and the copyright owner.

Dedicted toNature

Preface

Recently Applied and Economic Zoology has been included in national syllabusby UGC in unified syllabus for undergraduates. All these applied fields are very vastand it is hard to cover up all aspects of each field. The book examines insect pests,animal pests, natural enemies, beneficial insects, beneficial animals, agriculturalchemicals and more. A foundation for learning various subjects had already beenprovided in the lower classes. The current book is blueprint for undergraduate studentsto aware about our natural wild life and its economic importance. The book containsfour chapters with illustrations and boxed materials.

In the chapter 1, we have covered parasitology, in which we have deliberatelydiscussed about parasites of domestic animals and human, structures, life cycles,pathogenicity, diseases, symptoms and it control. In chapter 2, we consciously talkabout vectors and pests. Here, we covered life cycles and control of pest and vectorssuch as Gundhi bug, Sugarcane leafhopper, Rodents, Termites and Mosquitoes.Chapter 3 is about animal breeding and animal cultures. In this, we stared with basicintroduction about breeding and culture, difference between them and then detaileddiscussion about Animals and Human Society, Animal Breeding, Genetic engineeringapplications in Animal Breeding, Breeding and Variation, Aquaculture, Pisciculture,Poultry farming, Sericulture, Apiculture, Lac-culture. The last chapter has wild life ofIndia. In this chapter we provided detail for Wild Life Protection and Acts,Documentation of Wild Life, Rare, Endangered and Endemic species, Protected AreaNetwork, Conservation of Wild Life, In-situ and Ex-situ conservation. Additionalfeature of this book includes boxed materials which enclose in depth explanation ofsome pertinent topics to extent the scope and coverage area beyond the main text.

This book will extensively assist students, teachers and academicians to furtherextend their knowledge beyond the course work and related subject. We did not claimperfection but if we get co-operation from the readers in the form of constructivesuggestions, we hope, we would be able to improve it further in the next edition.

Authors

Acknowledgements

“By the grace of almighty, we have reached this opportunity to thank allthose who have been instrumental in bringing this book to completion.”

Book writing whether original or compilation is a tedious job requiringacademic labor. The present book is purely a research compilation ofliterature from authorized publication/readings/excerpts/notes/reviews/researches/literature, authored by eminent scholars and distinguishedwriters. During research and compilation, the authors have also takenassistance/reference/literature from various websites through internet.

The authors, therefore humble acknowledge the contribution of allthose eminent writers/scholars along with their respective publishers andwebsites from those learned writings/displays/references/literature havebeen taken while preparing the work.

Authors are also thankful to Dr. Meena Srivastava, Professor and HeadDept. of Zoology, MP Govt. PG College, Hardoi (UP), Prof. Akhilesh Kumar,Principal, M.P. Govt. (PG) College Hardoi (UP) India, Prof. B.S. Bisht, Dept.of Zoology, HNBGU (A Central University), SRT Campus BadshahithaulTehri (Uttarakhand), India, Prof. N. Singh Dept. of Biotechnology andZoology, Prof. S.C. Tiwari and Prof. J.P. Mehta, Dept. of Microbiology andBotany HNBGU (A Central University), Srinagar-Garhwal (Uttarakhand),Dr. D. K. Srivastava, Principal, Govt PG College, Rajajipuram, Lucknow(India), Dr. I.D. Singh, Ex Head, Dept. of Botany, M. P. Govt (PG) CollegeHardoi (UP), India, Dr. V.D. Joshi, Principal, Govt. PG College Purola,Uttarkashi (Uttarakhand) India, Dr. Manoj Bhatt, Dept. of Biotechnology,G.B. Pant Engineering College, Pauri-Garhwal, Dr. Arun Kumar, DirectorResearch, Dolphin Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Dr. A. K.Chopra, Dr. P.C. Joshi, Dept. of Zoology, Gurukul Kangari University,Haridwar, Dr. Sanjay Gupta, Dept. of Biotech, SBS College Dehradun,Dr.Mrs. Susheel V. Nikam, Professor, Protozoology Laboratory, Departmentof Zoology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University,

Aurangabad for discussions and valuable comments which have helpedto improve the matter.

Our sincere thanks to all other friends and colleagues whose nameswe have not mentioned here for want of space.

Thank you all forever!!!

Authors

x

Contents

Preface viiAcknowledgements ix1. Parasitology 1

1.1 Introduction 11.2 Kinds of Hosts and Parasites 10

1.2.1 Host 101.2.2 Parasites 11

1.3 Branches of Parasitology 121.4 Parasites of Domestic Animals and Humans 131.5 Trypanosoma

1.5.1 Structure of Trypanosoma 291.5.2 Life cycle Trypanosoma 291.5.3 Pathogenicity of Trypanosoma 301.5.4 Diseases of Trypanosoma 331.5.5 Causes, Symptoms and Control of Trypanosoma 33

1.6 Giardia 391.6.1 Structure of Giardia 391.6.2 Life cycle of Giardia 391.6.3 Pathogenicity of Giardia 401.6.4 Diseases of Giardia 411.6.5 Causes, Symptoms and Control of Giardia 42

1.7 Wuchereria 431.7.1 Structure of Wuchereria 441.7.2 Life cycle of Wuchereria 441.7.3 Pathogenicity of Wuchereria 461.7.4 Diseases of Wuchereria 471.7.5 Causes, Symptoms and Control of Wuchereria 47

Summary 492. Vectors and Pests 52

2.1 Introduction 522.2 Vectors 542.3 Pests 56

2.3.1 Insects 562.3.2 Insect like Pests 63

2.3.3 Insects and Injury 652.3.4 Plant Diseases 672.3.5 Weeds 692.3.6 Vertebrate Pests 72

2.4 Life cycle and Control of Pests 732.5 Gundhi bug 73

2.5.1 Systematic Position 732.5.2 Life cycle of Gundhi bug 752.5.3 Control of Gundhi bug 76

2.6 Sugarcane Leafhopper 772.6.1 Life cycle of Sugarcane Leafhopper 772.6.2 Control of Sugarcane Leafhopper 78

2.7 Rodents and their Control 782.8 Termites and their Control 812.9 Mosquitoes and their Control 842.10 Cockroaches 872.11 Fleas and Flies 89

2.11.1 Fleas 892.11.2 Flies 90

2.12 Fire Ants 92Summary 94

3. Animal Breeding and Culture 973.1 Introduction 973.2 Animals and Human Society 983.3 Animal Breeding 1003.4 Genetic engineering applications in Animal Breeding 1053.5 Breeding and Variation 1163.6 Aquaculture 128

3.6.1 Prefixture 1283.6.2 History of Aquaculture 1303.6.3 Types of Aquaculture 132

3.7 Pisciculture 1493.8 Poultry farming 153

3.8.1 Breeds 1543.8.2 Feeding 1563.8.3 Other poultry 1563.8.4 Poultry diseases 1573.8.5 Poultry waste 157

3.9 Sericulture 1583.9.1 Sericulture in Karnataka 1583.9.2 Silkworm Germplasm in India 1623.9.3 Production of Silk 1643.9.4 Mulberry Cultivation 1653.9.5 Mulberry Pest and Diseases 1693.9.6 Silkworm Diseases and Pest Control 171

3.10 Apiculture 1733.10.1 Prefixture 173

xii

3.10.2 Production Process 1773.10.3 Beekeeping in India 181

3.11 Lac-culture 1873.11.1 Lac 1873.11.2 Lac Hosts 1903.11.3 Strains, Taxonomy and Life cycle of Lac insect 1913.11.4 Cultivation of Lac 1953.11.5 Enemies of Lac insects 201

Summary 2054. Wild Life of India 211

4.1 Introduction 2114.2 Wild Life Protection and Acts 212

4.2.1 Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 2124.2.2 Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 as amended in 1993 2134.2.3 Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act 2002 2144.2.4 Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act 2006 2154.2.5 Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Bill 2013 217

4.3 Documentation of Wild Life 2174.3.1 Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) 217

and Red Data List4.3.2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered 219

Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 19754.3.3 World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) 2244.3.4 Networked Organisms and Habitats (NOAH) 225

4.4 Rare, Endangered and Endemic species 2264.4.1 Endangered Species of India 2274.4.2 Endemic species of India 2294.4.3 Extinct species of India 229

4.5 Protected Area Network 2414.5.1 Sanctuaries 2434.5.2 National Park 2444.5.3 Conservation Reserves 2444.5.4 Community Reserves 244

4.6 Conservation of Wild Life 2464.6.1 Major Threats to Wildlife 2464.6.2 Species Recovery Programme 2484.6.3 Human-Animal Conflict 2494.6.4 Organizations for Conservation of Wildlife 2494.6.5 Project Tiger 2514.6.6 Project Elephant 255

4.7 In-situ and Ex-situ conservation 2584.7.1 In-situ Conservation 2614.7.2 Ex situ Conservation Techniques 265

Summary 268

Glossary 273Bibliography 282Appendices 292

xiii

Glossary 1

Chapter 1

Parasitology

1.1 IntroductionParasitology is the study of parasites and their relationships to their hosts. While

it is entirely proper to classify many bacteria and fungi and all viruses as parasites,parasitology has traditionally been limited to parasitic protozoa, helminthes andarthropod, as well as those species of arthropods that serve as vector for parasites. Itfollows that parasitology encompasses elements of protozoology, helminthology andmedical arthropodology. Human parasitology, an important part of parasitology,studies the medical parasites including their morphology, life cycle, the relationshipwith host and environment. According to the very broad definition of parasitology,parasites should include the viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and metazoa(multicelled organisms) which infect their host species. Parasites are living thingswhich harm udders by becoming metabolically dependent on them. It is an old animalrelationship based on the concept of dependence for nutrition and support.Parasitology is studied in a wide variety of headings and it is a dynamic aspect ofzoology with links to other fields of sciences and social sciences. No biologicalassociation is of greater medical importance than parasitism. Parasites plaguehumanity and are at the root cause of many diseases especially in the tropics, theneed for a dedicated branch of zoology to study these exciting but disturbingpolyphyletic animal groups. Parasitology is an applied field of biology dedicated tothe study of the biology, ecology and relationships which parasites are involved inwith other organisms known as the host.

Depending on the specific bias, there are different fields of parasitology andsome of these include medical parsitology, veterinary parasitology, structuralparasitology, quantitative parasitology, parasite ecology, conservation of parasites,malariology, helminthology, parasite immunology etc. The term parasitism may bedefined as a two species association in which one species i.e. parasite lives on or in asecond species i.e. host for a significant period of its life and obtains nourishmentfrom it. This is a commonly accepted working definition of parasitism and using itwe can emphasize several important features of the host parasite relationship. Thefollowing are important features of parasitism:

Applied and Economic Zoology2

a. Parasitism always involves two species i.e. parasite and host.

b. Many of these parasitic associations produce pathological changes in hoststhat may result in disease.

c. Successful treatment and control of parasitic diseases requires not onlycomprehensive information about the parasite itself but also a goodunderstanding of the nature of parasites’ interactions with their hosts.

d. The parasite is always the beneficiary and the host is always the provider inany host parasite relationship.

This definition of parasitism is a general one but it tells us nothing about parasitesthemselves. It does not address which particular infectious organisms of domesticanimals we might include in the realm of parasitology. The protozoa, arthropodsand helminths are traditionally defined as parasites. However, there are members ofthe scientific community who designate all infectious agents of animals as parasitesincluding viruses, bacteria and fungi. This broader definition of parasites includesviruses, bacteria and fungi as well as the arthropods, helminths and protozoa. Withinthis broad definition, parasites are further divided into microparasites andmacroparasites. From the table 1.1, we can differentiate between micro and macroparasites.

Table 1.1: Microparasites and Macroparasites

S.No. Micro-parasites Macro-parasites1. Unicellular or acellular organisms. Multicellular organisms.

2. Usually multiply in the host so that a Rarely multiply in a host.few infecting organisms may giverise to many in a non-immune host.

3. Short generation time, hours or days. Long generation time, usually weeks ormonths.

4. Acute infections most commonly seen. Chronic infections are most commonlyInfected animals may succumb, may recover seen but acute infections may beand show significant protective immunity or seen in young, susceptible animals.the infection may, in some cases revert to a Recovery from acute infections doeschronic state. not necessarily confer immune protection

on the host.

5. Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa. Arthropods, Helminths.

Parasites are an extremely varied group. They range from flies, such as the bloodsucking mosquitoes, nematodes such as the heartworm of dogs, liver flukes of cattleand sheep, fleas commonly found on dogs and cats, lice and ticks found on almost alldomestic animals and protozoa such as Giardia which are found in most domesticanimals but are of particular significance in cattle and dogs. An important feature tonote about parasites is that they are not equally parasitic. Parasitism is seen as aspectrum. It includes organisms at one of the spectrum that spend most or all of theirlives as independent free living creatures, seeking a host only to feed. The other endof the spectrum includes parasites that spend their entire lives in or on a host and

Parasitology 3

cannot survive at any stage of their life cycles without a host. Between these twoextremes we see a whole host of parasitic configurations with differing degrees ofhost dependency.

(i) Protozoa (Greek words: protos = first and zoon = animal) The protozoan parasites are fall into the following groups:

Protozoa transmitted by resistant cysts.

Protozoa transmitted through coitus.

Protozoa transmitted by insects.

Protozoa transmitted by ticks.

Figure 1.1: Protozoa

Mastigophora- Trichomonas

Sarcodina- Entamoeba

Apicomplexa - Eimeria

Ciliophora - Opalina and Nyctotherus