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Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

1878-0296 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016.

International Conference – Green Urbanism, GU 2016

Applying Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) in Existing

Buildings, Opportunities and Constrains in Egypt

Haitham Samira,b,

*, Nourhan Ahmed Alib

aCollege of Architecture and Design, Effat University,P.O.Box 34689 Jeddah 21478, Saudi Arabia bModern Academy for Engineering and Technology, El-Hadaba El-Wosta-Elmokatam, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

The fight against climate change and the continued trend of the rising prices of the fossil energy products in the international

market have focused on the need to develop Renewable Energy Sources (RES) worldwide. In Egypt, enjoying more than 250

uninterrupted sunshine days, the development potentials of Solar Energy appears very obvious, despite the relatively higher cost

of this energy (in kW/h) compared to other RES technologies such as wind energy. Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) are

one of the best ways to harness solar power, which is the most abundant, inexhaustible and clean of all the available energy

resources. Considering the above, the aim of this paper is to present in a coherent and integrated way the major potentials and

constraints affecting the development of applying solar energy to existing buildings in Egypt. The scope of the paper is to provide

insight to the possible opportunities of applying solar energy in existing buildings, based on a current analysis of case studies

from Egypt which introduced photovoltaic in roofs, facades, skylights and solar shades. The paper is structured along three

sections. In Section 1, emphasis is given to describe an overview of the significance of applying solar energy in the Egyptian real

estate market. The available methods and various issues are included along with the presentation of a list of (BIPV) applications.

In Section 2, the supporting opportunities for (BIPV) applications in Egypt are analyzed through some case studies such as (Egas

Building) in Cairo which has integrated 389 panel of monocrystalline on the top of the building to produce approximately 40% of

the building needs with benefit of grid connection. The last section includes conclusions and a summary of the main points that

have arisen in this paper.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016.

Keywords: Renewable Energy; Photovoltaics; Building integrated photovoltaics; Egypt

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +966 545 031 959 & +2 010 0 661 6959; fax: +966 12 637 7447.

E-mail address: [email protected]

2 Haitham Samir Hussein and Nourhan Ahmed Ali/ Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000

1. Study objectives

Renewable energy resources from solar energy can provide significance contribution to assure energy security

needs in parallel with diminishing fossil fuels. Egypt possesses excellent potential for renewable energy (RE)

including solar energy applications. One of these applications is using BIPV. Therefore, the specific objectives of

the present study include:

To review the Egyptian policies in the RE sector as it applies to PV. The review includes consideration of the

potential of PV applications, manufacturers and capabilities.

To construct a set of future scenarios for the introduction of PV in the energy system through applying it to the

existing buildings and to carry out an in-depth quantitative and qualitative analysis.

To formulate a clear vision to enhance the competitiveness of using PV as an electricity generator for the

buildings.

2. The significance of solar energy in Egypt

The 1991 Egyptian Solar Radiation Atlas declared that, Egypt's annual daily direct solar radiation varies between

5.4 and even more than 7.1 (KWh/m2), from north to south. The annual direct normal solar irradiance ranges from

2000 kWh/m2 to 3200 kWh/m2, rising from north to south, with a comparatively steady daily profile and only few

variations in resource. Such circumstances are enhanced by 9–11 h of sunlight/day, with rare cloudy days during the

whole year. Hence, Egypt has very fortunate solar resources for alternative solar energy technologies and

applications. The Solar Radiation Atlas and also the German Aerospace Center evaluation of Egypt’s economically

sufficient solar potential estimate approximately 74 billion MWh/year, as many times Egypt’s current electricity

production [1]. The Energy Research Center at Cairo University’s Faculty of Engineering pronounced that 6 MW of

solar PV are presently installed in Egypt [2].

3. The recent initiatives of developing solar energy in Egypt

The IEA stated that [3], in 2030 Egypt's crucial energy demand expands by 2.6%/annum achieving 109 Mtoe,

although the electricity generation is expected to double from 92 TW h in 2003 to 188 TW h in 2030. To cover the

forecast electricity demand, Egypt will need some 19 GW of new capacity by 2030 [4]. Thus, Egypt has developed

initiatives to generate more than 20% of its power from renewables by 2020, corresponding to around 12GW and up

from 12% currently. Declaring the introduction of relatively generous FITs (Feed-in tariff) in September 2014 for

projects up to 50MW, the Government launched a tender in November to obtain 2.3GW and 2GW of solar and wind

power, respectively, via 20-year and 25-year Power purchase agreement (PPAs) [5]. The lucidity and rapidity of the

process has been encouraging, with 110 companies qualifying as approved bidders in January 2015. These comprise

69 bidders with solar PV projects above 20MW, 13 for PV less than 20MW and 28 bidders for wind projects. With

2.3GW of solar capacity on offer, 2GW of which was allocated to larger-scale projects between 500kW and 50MW,

and the remaining 300MW for rooftop solar projects less than 500kW, the volume of bids described critical

oversubscription [6].

On the other hand, Egypt has created its method back to 'Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index' (16th

place) in May 2016 after falling out of the top 40 back in May 2013 [7]. This is primarily because of a noticeable

recent focus of the Egyptian government on renewable energy gathered with the actual timely implementation of

renewable energy projects. The US, China and India featured in the top three countries in the index with the size and

scale of renewables activity outstripping others.

The Government of Egypt has sophisticated a "tailor-made", investor-friendly incentive scheme for investments

in renewable energy projects, highlighting its obligation to the development of the renewable energy sector in

Egypt. These motivations consist of the following [8]:

Haitham Samir Hussein and Nourhan Ahmed Ali / Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2017) 000–000 3

Discharging all renewable energy tools and spare parts from the customs taxes.

Sign long run Power Buying Agreement (PPA) (20-25) years.

All financial commitments of Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company (EETC) under the PPA will be

guarantee by Central Bank of Egypt.

New installations connection to the domestic grid.

Instituting a Renewable Energy fund that will aid through:

Adding in funding RE pilot projects.

Associate R&D activities in renewable energy domain.

3.1. Photovoltaics in Egypt

Photovoltaic systems and applications has been extended for lighting, water pumping, telecommunications,

cooling and advertisements purposes on the commercial scale in Egypt. Many projects are implemented or under

preparation by the Ministry of Electricity & Renewable Energy and New and renewable energy authority (NREA).

Purchasers are implementing PV systems in industrial and residential facilities as the simplest way to prevent the

progressive tariff correlated to the increase in total peak load. Providing the loads in part via PV reduces the total

energy cost for the facility and can offer an extremely great returns on investment. An industrial client with high

energy consumption may possibly expect a payback on their investment in the PV system over 5 or 8 years through

a very low discount rate, usually 5% [2].

Another mentioned driver of PV demand in Egypt is convenience, in the case of remote applications or

difficulties with accessibility. For instance, PV is the most appropriate power supply for highway billboards that are

positioned far from the low-voltage distribution grid. Moreover, Investments could also create good financial sense.

Convenience and the prevented risk of oil leaks from generators might guide demand in the market for farm

lighting. In some cases, applying PV to present an image of environmental consciousness, while possibly not

financially viable, is part of a marketing policy, as in the case of tourist facilities obtaining “green” labels. Other

secondary applications of PV include manifestation cases, such as projects invested by international benefactors or

environmental organizations.

There are local manufacturers of solar systems incorporating the primary Egyptian producers of electric water

heaters and one public-sector factory generating numerous products. Furthermore, solar cells are brought from

Europe, the USA, Japan, and China. Moreover, one of the companies affiliated to the Arab Organization for

Industrialization has two fabricating lines to produce PV modules, with capability of approximately 1 MWP

annually. In addition, “BIC for electronics, environment, and energy” is another private company fabricating PV

module in Egypt with a capacity of 1 MWP. PV modules made in Egypt relies mainly on importing PV cells and the

local materials used are glass, aluminum frame, and junction box. The local materials comprise about 25% of the

total module manufacturing material, as verified [9]. Besides, other companies are importing PV modules, designing

and installing complete PV systems for various application.

3.2. Encouraging the use of PV for existing buildings in Egypt

Photovoltaic systems applications in Egypt have been expanded as stated for illumination, water pumping,

telecommunications, cooling and advertisements purposes on the commercial scale. Numerous ventures have been

applied or under planning by the Ministry of Electricity & Renewable Energy and NREA. The following are certain

initiatives which have taken position in the last few years [10]:

1- Electrifying Remote Villages by Photovoltaic System:

According to the NREA assessments, about 121 rural villages are appropriate for PV electrification because of

the scarcity of access for lighting. The estimated installed capability is 1.2 MWp [4]. One case during this regard is


electrifying Om Al Sager and Ein Zahra Villages in Siwa Oasis utilizing photovoltaic system through grant of 400

thousands euro from the Italian Government. The project has taken place since December 2010, and it included:

Electrifying (100) houses and (40) Street Lamp Poles.

Electrifying (1) school and (3) mosques.

Electrifying (2) medical clinic units.

In March 2012, a cooperation protocol was contracted between the Egyptian and Indian Governments in several

regions, including cooperation between NREA and the Indian New and Renewable Energy Ministry for Electrifying

number of houses using photovoltaic systems. - Ein Grist village has been chosen in Matrouh Governorate contains

40 Houses with total capacity of 8.8 kw to be electrified by PV Systems.

2- Photovoltaics in public buildings

Many projects has been initiated to encourage the use of photovoltaic systems in buildings, For example, in

January 2013 the Board of Director of the Egyptian Electricity Utility & Consumer Protection Agency agreed upon

applying Net Metering system where consumers can utilize photovoltaic systems on the roof top of their buildings

and sell the electricity generated to the grid through a separate meter. With the purpose of assuring the continuation

this policy and to motivate the rest of governmental entities to apply this system in their buildings. The Ministery of

Electricity and Renewable Energy implemented and operated 2 power plants with a capacity of 40 kw in its roof top

buildings each to supply a part of its electricity needs, as well as electrifying 10 street lighting by using photovoltaic

systems in front of its buildings. The power plant contains 96 solar panels mounted in metal structures on the roof of

two buildings, voltage transformer, power meter and connectivity to the low voltage grid, electrifying 10 lighting

units with solar power with storage capability for 12 hours. - This project is considered as an experimental project

and will be implemented in electricity companies and governmental buildings as a first step to raise public

awareness and support many consumers to use photovoltaic systems in electricity generation [10].

In 2015, Egypt’s Ministry of Agriculture has mounted a rooftop solar system that uses 560 solar modules from

German PV manufacturer. Native solar tech expert installed the 140 kW PV system with integrated battery storage

on the Ministry building, creating the largest rooftop solar system on a public building in the country. The generated

solar power can charge the batteries with the purpose of affirming certainty that lights can remain even within the

event of power cuts. Any further electricity generated are fed into the public electricity grid. The growing

importance of solar energy for the government was evident within the attending of six cabinet-level ministers at the

opening ceremony for the Ministry’s new PV installation. The project is considered a model for the utilization of

solar energy [11].

4. The PV option

Photovoltaic (PV) or solar electrical modules are solid state devices that transform solar radiation immediately

into electricity with no moving parts, demanding no fuel, and producing virtually no pollutants over their life span.

Throughout four decades of photovoltaic effectiveness, the devices primarily applied in space technology have

regularly found their way into many applications. The photovoltaic technology nowadays can be distinguished as

follows [12]:

PV modules are scientifically well confirmed with a predictable lifespan of at least 30 years.

PV systems have effectively been applied in thousands of tiny and huge applications.

PV is a modular technology and can be utilized for power production from milliwatt to megawatt accelerating

dispersed power generation sources in contrast to large central stations.

PV electricity is a viable and cost-effective prospect in many remote site applications where the cost of grid

expansion of ordinary power supply systems would be expensive.

PV technology is worldwide: the PV modules are characterized by a "linear" reaction to solar radiation.


While photovoltaics have the technical potential of being a main unpolluted energy resource of the future, They

do not until now sound economically effective in bulk power generation. photovoltaics find its practical applications

in smaller scale inventive "niche" markets, like consumer products, remote telecommunication stations, and off-the-

grid dwellings [13]. Because of the rapid technological developments and the declared demand for environmental

energy solutions, PV in buildings, also linked to the utility grid, now shows capability of grow to be more than just

another niche market. In buildings, designers can use PV panels as a numerous utility elements which can play the

role of a construction element like facade envelop, shades on top of the roofs, canopies, or ceilings for atriums and

courts. PV panels in that sense can achieve additional architectural value.

5. A basic review of BIPV

(BIPV) systems can offer a great response to the recent energy challenges. Operating both as a building envelope

material and electricity generator, they can simply reduce the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gases emissions

while result in materials and electricity cost savings. Despite of uninterrupted technological and economic progress,

the benefits of BIPV are still under estimated in the current practices. Numerous obstructions (technology choice,

small volumes, lack of information and good examples) entail higher cost and undermine the project feasibility

[14]. For BIPV systems to accomplish vital response roles, numerous factors must be taken into consideration, for

instance the photovoltaic module temperature, shading, installation angle and orientation. Beside these factors, the

irradiance and photovoltaic module temperature should be considered as extremely important factors for the reason

that they affect both the electrical productivity of the BIPV system and the energy behavior imposed to buildings

where BIPV systems are installed.

BIPV systems can be realized in different classifications corresponding to [15]:

Cell and module type: The common installed to date cell type is the thin film solar cell integrated to an elastic

polymer membrane.

Architectural integration: BIPV systems can also be recognized regarding to the placement of its application: roof

systems, facade systems, glass construction systems and building elements such as shading and canopy systems.

Type of building: various buildings types or even uncompleted building structures are a conceivable place for

BIPV systems. Facades can be integrated, specifically, on existing buildings, providing old buildings a

completely new look.

Mounting technology: The several commercially existing mounting applications can be classified corresponding

to the location on the building, or to the building element itself. Typical examples are roofing elements,

integrated profiles, louvers and sun blinds components, cladding systems, tiles and shingles.

5.1. BIPV or BAPV

Two main classifications can be outlined for building photovoltaic array mounting systems [16]: BIPV and

BAPV. BIPV are counted as a valuable part of the building structure, or they are architecturally integrated into the

building’s design. BIPV modules may also function as an architectural components that improve the building’s

appearance and result is an attractive visual effects. Whereas, BAPV are counted as an attachment to the building,

not directly integrated to the structure’s function. They are fixed on a construction that supports conventional framed

modules. Standoff and rack-mounted arrays are two types of BAPV systems. Standoff arrays are attached above the

roof surface and equivalent to the slope of a sloped roof. Rack-mounted arrays are typically mounted on flat roofs

and are adjusted so that the modules are at the best orientation and tilt for the application. Moreover, occasionally

these two categorizations cannot be obviously determined in practice. From the previous definition, the distinction

between BIPV and BAPV is the degree of tightness in the integration of photovoltaic systems and buildings. For

instance, BAPV turns to be BIPV when the photovoltaic arrays are integrated strictly to the building.


5.2. Choosing between BIPV or BAPV for existing buildings

According to the previous distinction, we know that the main function of both BIPV and BAPV is to produce

electricity from solar energy. The distinction between them are that BIPV’s level of integration is particularly high

that photovoltaic arrays can act as building envelopes, such as curtain walls, windows and skylights. The benefits of

this system are that it is architecturally interesting and desirable and can substitute the cost of conventional roofing,

facade or glazing materials. On the other hand, the total cost of BIPV is considerably higher than BAPV due to

BIPV’s complicated structures, complex mounting, and maintenance technologies.

Ordinary building materials have corresponded to many architectural needs and functions easily, such as those

related to building loads, water drainage and thermal insulation. In addition, their costs are extremely lower than

those of photovoltaic arrays. This can be apparent when a broken BIPV component immediately affects the use of

the buildings’ internal functions. While BAPV simply affect photovoltaic components to overlap with the outer skin

of the building, their structures are with no trouble to mount and maintain and, even without photovoltaic modules,

these types of buildings can function normally. Moreover, there is a space created between photovoltaic arrays and

the buildings’ envelop in BAPV. This space is vital for the performance of photovoltaic components and the

building.

The effects of temperature on electrical production and the lifetime of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules

and arrays are usually well known. The electrical performance of most photovoltaic arrays is considerably related to

temperature and other aspects pertained to the temperature ratings for electrical elements. In general, temperature

coefficients for power output of crystalline silicon photovoltaic arrays reduce by approximately 5% for each 10 ◦C.

Mounted arrays usually do not increase heat gain to the building, and in most cases, they reduce roof temperatures

by shading the roof from direct solar gain. Reduced roof temperatures are translated into less conductive heat

transfer through the roof section, thereby lowering temperatures of the roof lower-side and therefore the

corresponding radiation heat transfer to the highest of conditioned areas. Therefore, we should pick appropriate

photovoltaic arrays according to photovoltaic technologies, architectural forms, costs and other building site

situations [16].

6. Case studies

6.1. Methodology of case studies

The presented case studies in this research demonstrate the application of PV in existing buildings in Egypt either

BIPV or BIPV type, The methodology relies on setting a definition of the installed PV type and describe where it is

integrated and determine on which tilt angle it was adjusted. Case studies were selected to include PV either with

grid connection or a standalone system, as grid connection has faster payback period, beside the fact that PV has a

lifespan of 25 years whereas batteries have only 15 years. Local case studies include buildings situated in Beheira,

Shobra Al Khima, Alexandria, and Nasr City. Throughout applying a PV software the study could determine the

annual output of PV panels for each building as well as the saving in carbon dioxide. PV monthly power production

is also estimated and payback period for each case study is calculated. Reaching an evaluation comparative format

for the presented case studies to achieve an overall understanding of the benefits and potentials of integrating PV in

existing buildings.

6.2. Tools:

Tools and techniques of data gathering of the fieldwork are mainly site survey and existing available data from

existing reports and studies. The data would be used to identify significant characteristics of the PV system installed

on each selected building. The tools applied in this fieldwork intend to collect the necessary information to feed the

evaluation of each of PV system. These tools are:


Conducting an interviews with solar energy experts in specialized companies, the most helpful was in Egypt

Company for solar energy, experts were asked about type of PV, tilt angle, PV orientation in each case study.

Applying a simulation software developed by the University of EPFL in Switzerland, providing options for

various design permutations for the consumption of solar energy. The software PVsyst, generate an input file for

the simulation including the meteorological data in hourly values and simulation needs as input for the irradiance

either the global horizontal irradiance or the global incident irradiance [17]. Using this program to estimate the

annual power production, PV area, and monthly PV production for each case study.

Figure (1) shows case studies framework.

6.3. Diwan administration building in Beheira, Egypt:

Al Beheira governorate has witnessed the implementation of the solar power plant with the capacity of 150 kW

integrated on roofs and attached to administrative building. The polycrystalline PV panels attached on the roof cost

4 million L.E. with estimated annual energy production of 249075 KWh. It saves 193 tons of carbon dioxide

annually [18]. The project payback period recorded approximately 15 - 17 years. Although the project is grid

connected but it used storing batteries which relatively increased its cost. The main purpose of integrating batteries

to the system was the need to store energy to be used in the case electric failure from the grid.


Figure (2) First Chart (a) estimated energy produced every month, Picture (b) PV panels integrated on top of the building directed due south for

optimal power production and Picture (c) batteries storage in the building.

6.4. Vocational training center in Shobra Al Khima:

This building is situated in Shobra Al Khima, with PV panels integrated into the facade. It integrates 176 PV

panels, which consist of 160 blue colour monocrystalline panels integrated into the facade, and 16 black colour

polycrystalline panels integrated above the main entrance. Both monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels

integrated at 0° on the south facade to produce energy to light the building with energy production of 9.68 KW. It

is grid connected and produce approximately 12114 Kwh/y and save about 9.4 tons of carbon dioxide annually [19].

6.5. EGAS Building

“The Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS)”, is an entity mandated to focus on the natural gas

activities, and resources of Egypt. The Company integrated 389-monocrystalline PV panels attached on the top of

the building in Nasr City, at 30° angled PV panels towards the south direction in order to produce optimum energy

from solar radiation. The PV panels produce annually 175717 kwh/y, which saves 40% of the building energy

consumption and save 136 tons of carbon dioxide annually. This building is grid connected which means that in

a

b

c

a

b

Figure (3) First Chart (a) shows energy produced each month , and Picture (b) shows PV integrated into south façade


vacations the produced electricity could be sold to the domestic power system. The building payback period is

approximately 8-10 years, which is more reliable than Diwan building in the previous example [20].

a

b

c

Figure (4) first Chart (a) shows annual energy production of EGAS building, Picture (b) shows monocrystalline PV integration on the top of the

building directed due south for optimum power production and Picture(c) shows façade of Egas building.

6.6. Faculty of Science in Alexandria

The integration of PV in the building of faculty of science in Alexandria was funded by the European Union

through ENPI-CBC MED program which is concerned with fostering solar technology in the Mediterranean Region.

The building integrated 120 polycrystalline PV panels on its south facade, with 30 degree angled panel and 16

percent transparency that produce 17.28 kW(see figure 4b). These PV panels are grid connected and covers about

8% of the building total energy consumption. Figure (4a) bellow shows the monthly power production of PV shades.

These PV panels produce annually 26530 KWh/y, which is equivalent to savings of approximately 21.1 tons of

carbon dioxide [21].

a

b

Figure (5) first Chart (a) shows energy produced every month and Picture (b) shows PV panels attached on south façade.


6.7. Ministry of electricity

The Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy in Egypt has implemented and operated two power plants with

capacity of 40 kw on its buildings' roof top, each to feed a portion of its electricity consumption, as well as

electrifying 10 street lighting units using photovoltaic systems in front of its premises. The power plant consists of

96 solar panels installed in metal structures, voltage transformer, power meter and connectivity to the low voltage

grid, thrilling 10 lighting units with solar power with storage capacity of 12 hours. These PV panels produce 70530

kWh annually and save about 54.6 tons of carbon dioxide annually [22] .

a

b

Figure (6) first Chart (a) estimated energy produced every month, Picture (b) shows PV panels attached on the roof of the building directed due

south for optimum power production.

Figure (7) shows PV area and annual energy production for cases of building attached photovoltaics.

The previous figure shows that the most effective power production are both the Diwan and Egas building. They

integrated PV on the top of the building and they have more power production than those installed on the façade.

The reason is that the roof is more exposed to the solar radiation. BAPV with grid connection has a short payback


period in EGAS building as shown in table (1). On the other hand, Diwan building has 15-17 payback period which

means that the installed batteries are going to be changed but PV panels still has 13-15 years. This could be

translated in a higher cost.

Table (1) shows a comparison between two case studies which produce highest power production from the other cases.

Diwan Building EGAS Building

PV type polycrystalline monocrystalline

PV cost 4,000,000 L.E. 1,000,000

PV angle 30° 30°

PV area (m2) 900 647

PV annual production (KWh/y) 249075 175717

Saving carbon dioxide (tons) 193 136

PV system Grid connected and batteries Grid connected

Payback period 15-17years 8-10 years

7. Conclusion

The previous discussed experiences have shown the different aspects of the integration of PV to existing buildins,

which has clearly become a highly appreciated source of energy for Egypt. Experiences clearly show several

important points:

BAPV cases are more favorable in Egypt more than BIPV, Although at some cases neglect the esthetical

aspect of architecture but on the other hand become more interesting in terms cost as it just attach PV panel

on top of the building. In contradiction to BIPV’s complex structures, difficult mounting and durable

maintenance.

BIPV or BAPV are more effective when it is grid connected. This yield a shorter payback period than

stand-alone system or grid connected using batteries. The payback period varies from 10 to 18 years, and

since PV panel's lifespan is 25 years. Therefore, building users could gain free electricity for 12 to 15 years

if it is grid connected.

Integrating PV in non-residential buildings with grid connection gives opportunity to sale extra produced

power as well as power produced in vacations and weekends. This makes the non-residential building more

opportunistic to sale its power than residential building where the occupants are supposed to use the

building for the whole year.

PV has high initial cost that prevent users from integrating or attaching it to their buildings. If PV panels

are fabricated locally with reasonable prices, and the market is more open towards such applications. The

integration of PV to buildings will be more applied and prevailed.


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http://www.albawabhnews.com/818615

http://rew-mag.com/ar/index.php/arab-world-news/north-africa/egypt/item/2094-2016-07-20-16-29-45

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