applying ethics to human action an overview of hat, marxism and capitalism
TRANSCRIPT
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Applying Ethics to Human Action
An overview of HAT, Marxism and Capitalism
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Human Action Theory
[Ludwig von Mises]• Human action is purposeful behviour• Actions- Unconscious, sub-conscious or
conscious• Action as preferring or choosing• Action: employment of labour to meet ends
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Human Action Theory
• Praxeology: happiness as outcome of actions• Man’s state of life demands change, thus
action is inevitable• Means and ends as cause and effect• There is no absolute end, there are ends
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HAT and Social Action
• Idea of social action: Human behavior in group, axiomatic to various schools of thought in economics
• HAT, Smith: Man’s rational choices applied to economics
• HAT states that human mind has logical structure, thus economic calculation is same for all
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Concepts Regarding Social Action
• Laissez faire: freedom from state inervention• Positivism:o Comte- 3 stages: theological, metaphysical
and positiveo Durkheim: Main goal of human behavoir is
rationality; social anomie• Antipositivism: Predicts social engineering;
disregarding sociology as a science
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Theory of Marxism
Historical Materialism• Man and forces of production, corresponding
changes in the two• Infrastructure and superstructure• Contradiction between forces of production and
relationships in production factors give new forces of production
• Concept of class consciousness and class solidarity
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Theory of Marxism
Dialectical Materialism• Building on Hegel: thesis-antithesis-synthesis;
workers in production, conflict between workers and capitalists, workers overthrowing capitalists
• Ideas and ideals aren’t important, material world keeps impressions of a society
• Idea of material productive forces [handmill runs a society]
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Theory of Marxism
Theory of Alienation• Entfremdung [estrangement]: means of
production separating producer form the produce
• Product of labour is alienation• Capitalistic society doesn’t allow man to reach
his full potential
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Capitalism
A Free Market• Natural forces of demand and supply• Equilibrium prices• Spontaneous order and Invisible hand• Economic liberalism
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Capitalism
Max Weber• ‘The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism’:
realtion between development of religion and rise in capitalism
• Hinduism, Taoism, Roman Catholicism impede development
• Protestantism- emphasis on hard work, religion as ethical system, accumulate capital for social investment
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Conflict Theory
• Game Theory: set of players, their set of strategies and payoffs
• Normal Game- Players act simultaneously without knowledge of others’ actions
• Cooperative game: Players enforce cooperative behavior; players form coalitions
• Nash Equilibrium: Each player knows equilibrium strategy of other players; take best decisions taking into account other’s decisions
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Conflict Theory
• Prisoner’s Dilemma: Two men arrested-both need to testify for police to have enough evidence-
o One betrays other- Betrayer free, other gets 1 year sentence
o Both confess- Both get 3 months sentenceo Both silent- Both get 1 month sentence• The two prisoners unaware of all this
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Conflict Theory
• Prisoner’s Dilemma in Real lifeCountries curbing CO2 emissionsAddiction- relapse today and tomorrow is
worst outcome, no relapse ideal but relapse today constitutes an addiction free tomorrow.
• Prisoner’s dilemma occurs due to lack of Social capital i.e. trust