applying the central tenets of integrated pest management to bed bug infestations
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Applying the Central Tenets of Integrated Pest Management to Bed Bug InfestationsTRANSCRIPT
Applying the central tenets of
IPM to bed bug infestations
Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program
Andrew Sutherland
Bay Area Urban IPM Advisor
UCCE and UC IPM
A new Advisor?!
• Andrew Sutherland: Bay Area Urban IPM
Advisor
– Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, San
Mateo, Santa Clara counties
– Professional / commercial landscape IPM
– Structural / industrial IPM
• http://ucanr.edu/sites/urbanIPM/
Outline of presentation
• The what, why, where and who of IPM
• Central tenets of IPM
• IPM for bed bugs
– Education: biology, ecology
– Prevention of bed bug infestation
– Bed bug monitors and detection
– Thresholds for nuisance pests?
– Multiple tactics for bed bug management
– IPM program evaluation
What exactly is integrated pest
management (IPM)?
• ‘a decision-based process involving
coordinated use of multiple tactics for
optimizing the control of all classes of pests
(insects, pathogens, weeds, vertebrates) in
an ecologically and economically sound
manner’
• R.J. Prokopy, 2003
OK……so…
• simultaneous management of multiple
pests;
• regular monitoring of pests, and their
natural enemies and antagonists as well;
• use of economic or treatment thresholds
when applying pesticides;
• integrated use of multiple, suppressive
tactics.
• L. E. Ehler, 2006
• Education
• Prevention
• Monitoring
• Treatment Thresholds
• Multiple Tactics
• Integration
• Evaluation
Central tenets of IPM
Why Urban IPM?
• Urban surface water contamination levels
(w / pesticides) 2 – 3 X higher than that of
surface water in production ag areas
– Diazinon and chlorpyrifos (Bailey et al 2000)
– Pyrethroids (Weston et al 2005; Amweg et al
2006)
– Fipronil (Lin et al 2009)
Problems with pesticide use in
urban areas
• Surface water, soil, groundwater
contamination
• Human health concerns
• Disruption of ecosystem
• Economic costs
• Public perception
Problems with pesticide use in
urban areas
Major users of pesticides in
urban areas
• General (residential) public
• Homeowners / tenants
• Property owners / managers
• Pest management professionals (PMPs)
• Government agencies
• Agriculture
• Non-crop systems: ornamental nurseries
• Urban ag systems
• Education
• Prevention
• Monitoring
• Treatment Thresholds
• Multiple Tactics
• Integration
• Evaluation
Central tenets of IPM
• Education
• Biology
• True bug (Heteroptera / Hemiptera)
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Wingless
• Incomplete / gradual
metamorphosis
• Obligate haematophages
IPM for bed bugs
Other true bugs
• Pests
• Predators
• Some parasites
• Piercing-sucking
mouthparts
• All feed on
liquids
Heteroptera: Cimicidae
• Education
• Biology
• Ecology
• Nest parasites (require harborage)
• Development requires regular blood
meals
• Can survive months to years
without feeding
IPM for bed bugs
Good bed bug harborage = dark,
protected from cold, heat, moisture,
within 2m of host, wood, paper or fabric
Blood meal required prior to molting,
egg-laying
Bat bugs? Swallow bugs?
• Related species
• Attack bats and birds
• Occasionally invade
homes
• IPM involves
management of hosts
• Length of hairs on
pronotum > diameter
of eye
• Education
• Prevention
• Of introduction
• Education and communication
• Traveling precautions
• Second-hand furniture
• Infested personal items
IPM for bed bugs
Education for Prevention
Traveling precautions
• Inquire as to bed bug history
• Inspect room before unpacking
– Start with mattress (seams, tufts)
– Box spring, head board, bed frame
– Under / in bedside furniture
– Baseboards (within 2m of bed)
– Behind wall hangings
– Carpet joints
Traveling precautions
• Inquire as to bed bug history
• Inspect room before unpacking
• Consider sealing luggage
• Store luggage on tile surface or on luggage
rack, avoid placing near bed, on upholstered
surfaces
• Report suspected infestation and then
change rooms ASAP
• Vacuum luggage, wash clothes, properly
store luggage upon return home
The dangers of secondhand
furniture…
• Education
• Prevention
• Of introduction
• Of establishment
• Elimination of harborage sites
• Encasements / barriers
• Appropriate sanitation and
maintenance
IPM for bed bugs
Make rooms ‘bed bug unfriendly’
More prevention of introduction /
establishment (new tenants)
• Inspection
• Preventative heat treatments
• Mattress encasements
Consideration of ‘clutter’
• Education
• Prevention
• Monitoring
• Visual / manual inspection
• Bugs, eggs, exuviae, fecal spots,
blood smears / spots
• Bed bug monitors
• Canine detection
IPM for bed bugs
Bed bug signs
Bed bug inspection
Bed bug monitors
• Active monitors
– Employ some attractant
• CO2
• Heat
• Pheromones / kairomones
– Can detect bugs in absence of host
• Passive monitors
– Harborage or pitfall traps
• Interceptor traps
Bed bug monitor efficacy research
(Vernard Lewis laboratory, UC
Berkeley)
http://www.pestboard.ca.gov/howdoi/
research/monitors_bedbug.pdf
Bed bug monitors: summary
• Active monitors in absence of host
• All tested able to attract bugs…
• Best for detection, evaluation purposes
• Easier to inspect than furniture
• More monitors, more time = better
• Proper placement is key
Canine Detection
Canine Detection
• Classical conditioning
• Potential for very high accuracy (> 90%)
• Potential for false positive detection
• Canine team requires constant training,
re-conditioning
• 3rd party certification
• Should always be confirmed with visual
/ manual inspection by trained PCO
Canine Detection Accuracy
Pest Control Technology: pctonline.com; August 2011
Canine Detection Accuracy
Pest Control Technology: pctonline.com; August 2011
Certification important, but…SHOW ME THE BUGS!
• Education
• Prevention
• Monitoring
• Thresholds?
• Is one bug too many?
• State, county mandates
• Liability
• Hypersensitive immune responses
IPM for bed bugs
• Education
• Prevention
• Monitoring
• Thresholds
• Multiple Tactics
• Mechanical / nonchemical
• Biological?
• Chemical
IPM for bed bugs
Mechanical / Nonchemical Tactics
• Disposal of infested items (clearly marked)
• Barriers (previously discussed)
• Laundering
• Vacuum (provide HEPA filter)
• Steam
• Heat (> 45oC or > 115oF)
• Cold (below freezing)
Disposal of bed bug infested items
• Not always necessary
• Items should be sealed, if possible
• Consider rendering unusable
• Items should be clearly marked as
infested
• Consider
encasements or
heat as alternatives
Laundering infested items
• Water temperature should be as hot as
possible (60oC; 140oF)
• Tumble dry at ‘hot’ setting for > 30
minutes, until dry if items wet
• Consider dissolving laundry bags
Vacuuming bed bugs
• Make sure HEPA filter in place
• Use of brushes not advised
• Target known harborages
Steam application for bed bug control
• Kills all stages
• Often used before chemical applications
• Low vapor flow, high temperature best
• Check treated surfaces with infrared
– Should be ≥ 160oF
• Reduce flow rate if possible
Extreme heat and cold
• Heat treatments
– Gas or electric heat sources
– > 45oC or > 115oF, 2-6 hours, dep on temp
– Must be ramped up QUICKLY
– Enclosed treatments best
• Cold treatments (below freezing)
– Not always practical for large items
– Hours to days, depending on temp
Biological control for bed bugs?
• Masked hunter (assassin bug)
– Native to Europe, common in
east, central US
– Preys on bed bugs during all life
stages
– Can bite humans in defense
• Entomopathogenic fungi
– Beauveria bassiana
– Efficacy proven in lab
– Penn State
Chemical control of bed bugs
• Liquids
– pyrethrin
– Pyrethroids
– Neonicotinoid / pyrethroid combinations
– Pyrrole: chlorfenapyr
– Insect growth regulator: hydroprene
– Cold-pressed neem cake
– Botanicals and other oils
Chemical control of bed bugs
• Liquids
– pyrethrin
– Pyrethroids
– Neonicotinoid / pyrethroid combinations
– Pyrrole: chlorfenapyr
– Insect growth regulator: hydroprene
– Cold-pressed neem cake
– Botanicals and other oils
Natural (sometimes considered
organic) materials; contact
knockdown, but little residual
activity
Chemical control of bed bugs
• Liquids
– pyrethrin
– Pyrethroids
– Neonicotinoid / pyrethroid combinations
– Pyrrole: chlorfenapyr
– Insect growth regulator: hydroprene
– Cold-pressed neem cake
– Botanicals and other oils
Most commonly-used, offer
knockdown and residual
activity…OVER-RELIANCE MAY
BE DRIVING RESISTANCE
Chemical control of bed bugs
• Liquids
– pyrethrin
– Pyrethroids
– Neonicotinoid / pyrethroid combinations
– Pyrrole: chlorfenapyr
– Insect growth regulator: hydroprene
– Cold-pressed neem cake
– Botanicals and other oils
Reduced-risk materials; generally
take longer than pyrethroids to kill
bugs, may be good choice when
dealing with resistant populations
Chemical control of bed bugs
• Liquids
– pyrethrin
– Pyrethroids
– Neonicotinoid / pyrethroid combinations
– Pyrrole: chlorfenapyr
– Insect growth regulator: hydroprene
– Cold-pressed neem cake
– Botanicals and other oils
Newly registered material; long
history of use in agriculture;
manufacturer claims contact,
residual, and repellency
Chemical control of bed bugs
• Liquids
• Solids (powder, dusts)
– Borates
– Diatomaceous earth (DE)
– Silica
– Limestone
– Formulations of pyrethrins, pyrethroids
Chemical control of bed bugs
• Liquids
• Solids (powder, dusts)
– Borates
– Diatomaceous earth (DE)
– Silica
– Limestone
– Formulations of pyrethrins, pyrethroids
Questionable efficacy
since requires
grooming, ingestion
(stomach poison)
Chemical control of bed bugs
• Liquids
• Solids (powder, dusts)
– Borates
– Diatomaceous earth (DE)
– Silica
– Limestone
– Formulations of pyrethrins, pyrethroids
Desiccants: break down
waxy cuticle of insect,
insect dies slowly due to
water loss
Chemical control of bed bugs
• Liquids
• Solids (powder, dusts)
– Borates
– Diatomaceous earth (DE)
– Silica
– Limestone
– Formulations of pyrethrins, pyrethroids
Activity, mode of action
similar to as discussed
for liquid formulations
Chemical control of bed bugs
• Liquids
• Solids (powder, dusts)
– Borates
– Diatomaceous earth (DE)
– Silica
– Limestone
– Formulations of pyrethrins, pyrethroids
Must remain dry to retain efficacy, have potential to
remain active for long period of time…
Chemical control of bed bugs
• Liquids
• Solids (powder, dusts)
• Fumigation
– sulfuryl fluoride
• Education
• Prevention
• Monitoring
• Thresholds
• Multiple Tactics
• Integration
• No tactic should interfere with another
IPM for bed bugs
• Education
• Prevention
• Monitoring
• Thresholds
• Multiple Tactics
• Integration
• Evaluation
• Monitor for population changes
• Resistant population?
IPM for bed bugs
• Education
• Prevention
• Monitoring
• Thresholds
• Multiple Tactics
• Integration
• Evaluation
IPM for bed bugs
Thanks!...Questions?
• Andrew Sutherland
• Bay Area Urban IPM Advisor
• http://ucanr.edu/sites/urbanIPM/
• 510-777-2481 office
• 510-499-2930 cell
• 1131 Harbor Bay Parkway; Alameda