1. APPLYING THE SCIENCE OF QUESTIONING AND UNCERTAIN REWARDS 2. Dopamine reward pathways 3. The effect of uncertain rewards 4. Response matters, not size of reward (This box plot also shows the spread of the data, with the boxes indicating where the middle 50% of the data occurred. Figure adapted from Howard-Jones et al., 2011). 5. Competition Howard-Jones et al. (2011) 6. What we still dont know How exactly does dopamine speed up the making of connections between neurons(synaptoplasticity) and so accelerate learning? In this project: What are the effects of classroom contexts on these learning processes? What happens if students are taught through gaming for weeks, months, a year? Do different groups respond in different ways? How does gaming compare to just testing (whole-class questioning without uncertain rewards) How does it compare to usual teaching? 7. Further reading Adcock, R. A. (2006) Reward-motivated learning: mesolimbic activation precedes memory formation. Neuron 50, 507-517. Delazer, M. et al. (2003). Learning complex arithmetic - an fMRI study. Cognitive Brain Research 18, 76-88 Fiorillo, C. D., Tobler, P. N. & Schultz, W. (2003) Discrete Coding of Reward Probability and Uncertainty by Dopamine Neurons. Science 299, 1898-1902. Howard-Jones, P. A., Demetriou, S., Bogacz, R., Yoo, J. H. & Leonards, U. (2011) Toward a science of learning games. Mind, Brain and Education 5, 33-41. Howard-Jones, P. A. and S. Demetriou (2009). Uncertainty and engagement with learning games. Instructional Science 37(6): 519-536. Howard-Jones, P. A., Bogacz, R., Yoo, J. H., Leonards, U. & Demetriou, S. (2010) The neural mechanisms of learning from competitors. Neuroimage 53, 790-799. Howard-Jones, P.A. (2012) Final Report of the "Gaming to Achieve (G2A) Project, NEnet, University of Bristol:Bristol. Wegerif, R. (1997) in Computers and Talk in the Primary Classroom eds R. Wegerif & P. Scrimshaw) 177-189 (Multi-lingual Matters). Wegerif, R. (2006) A dialogic understanding of the relationship between CSCL and teaching thinking skills. Int. J. Comp.-Support. Collab. Learn. 1, 143-157, doi:10.1007/s11412-006- 6840-8