approaches to managing invasive agricultural and forestry pests in northern ireland archie k....
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Approaches to managing invasive agricultural and forestry pests in Northern IrelandApproaches to managing invasive agricultural and forestry pests in Northern Ireland
Archie K. Murchie, Sam Clawson & Stephen Jess
Invasive pests threaten both agriculture and the environment (biodiversity)
Pest of potatoes Aphidophagous predator
Outcompetes native species
Agriculture Biodiversity
Biocontrol
Biocontrol
Colorado potato beetleLeptinotarsa decemlineata
Harlequin ladybirdHarmonia axyridis
Take two beetlesTake two beetles
Colorado potato beetleColorado potato beetle
Native rangeCurrent distribution
Origin of the potato
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Potato_beetle_diffusion.jpg
Belfast May 2005 Colorado potato beetle (c. 80) intercepted in parsley from Italy
Parsley is not a host plant
99 boxes of parsley destroyed
Dispersal of parsley traced
Ireland & UK have Protected Zone status (EC Plant Health Directive)
Established in England in 1976 but eradicated
Numerous interceptions and outbreaks
Destructive Insect Act 1877
Harlequin ladybirdHarlequin ladybird
Lisburn November 2007 Single female Harlequin ladybird
Sweet celery
Murchie et al. 2008 Ir. Nat. J. 29: 25-26www.habitas.org.uk/ladybirds
Native to eastern Asia
Introduced as biocontrol agent in the US and Europe
Brown et al. 2008 BioControl 53:5–21
Legislation prohibits deliberate introduction but eradication?
The Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 (under review)
Proposal M “…provide a discretionary general power for the Department to take action to control, contain or eradicate invasive non-native species and provide associated powers of entry…”
Photo © S. Hopkin Antenna Jul 2005
Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) article 8 (h)
In the case of many invasive terrestrial invertebrates: Environmental protection legislation overlaps with agricultural legislation
World Trade Organisation
CBD
RPPOs(e.g.EPPO)
Int. Plant ProtectionConvention
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement
EC Plant Health DirectiveRegional Plant Protection Organisations(Scientific guidancee.g. Pest Risk Analyses)
EC Plant Health Directive (2000/29/EC) provides legislative framework for Plant Health in the European Community
Enacted in NI by The Plant Health Order (Northern Ireland) 2006 (www.opsi.gov.uk/sr/sr2006/20060082.htm#33)
•“…any plant pest not normally present in Northern Ireland and in respect of which there is, in the opinion of the inspector, an imminent danger of its spreading or being spread in Northern Ireland.”
•List of pests and diseases & plant material
The Plant Health (Wood and Bark) Order (Northern Ireland) 2006
The Bee Diseases and Pests Control Order (Northern Ireland) 2007
Quality Assurance Branch
Inspection, enforcement
Horticulture team Horticulture team Crops team Crops team
e.g.e.g.
www.dardni.gov.uk/publications-farming-and-food-plant-health-contingency-plan-2009
DARD structure re Plant HealthDARD structure re Plant Health
Forest Service
Inspection, enforcement
Agri-Food & Biosciences Inst.
Identification, scientific guidance
Farm Policy Branch
Legislation, coordination e.g.e.g.
EntomologyEntomology
Plant pathologyPlant pathology
NematologyNematology
Molecular biologyMolecular biology
Checks on plant passporting
Routine inspections of producers’ facilities
Surveys for specific pests and diseases
Detention and destruction of affected material
Plant health Inspections at the airports and seaports
Provision of phytosanitary certificates for exports
Identification of suspect organisms by morphological or molecular means
Pest risk analyses
Horizon scanning incl. invasive alien species & climate change implications
Biological information, e.g. overwintering survival, ability to spread…etc
Guidance on monitoring and control
Belfast February 2004
Routine examination for quarantine pests
Living invertebrates were found (larval Diptera, mites and rhabditid nematodes)
Galleries typical of Ips typographus were seen in some bark pieces
Detention order served, ship reloaded and fumigatedCost > £150, 000
From incubated bark samples, two live Ips typographus emerged
9,000 cubic metres of wood bark from Estonia
Apparently, had been fumigated with methyl bromide
Accompanied by a Phytosanitary Certificate
‘The New Zealand flatworm’Arthurdendyus triangulatus(Dendy) (Tricladida: Terricola)
‘The New Zealand flatworm’Arthurdendyus triangulatus(Dendy) (Tricladida: Terricola)
Decline in earthworm-
feeding wildlife
Decline in earthworm-
feeding wildlife
Reduction in soil fertilityReduction in soil fertility
An invasive alien species, an agricultural pest and a threat to biodiversity?An invasive alien species, an agricultural pest and a threat to biodiversity?
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.50
1
2
3
4
5
Flatworms per m2
Adu
lt an
ecic
ear
thw
orm
s pe
r m
2
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.50
1
2
3
4
5
Flatworms per m2
Adu
lt an
ecic
ear
thw
orm
s pe
r m
2
(Diagram from Fraser, Boag (1998) Pedobiologia 42: 542-553)
Considerable debate (Norway, Denmark, Iceland & Sweden) led to the concept of an indirect plant pest
www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/Pest_Risk_Analysis/extracts/05-12035%20artioposthia%20triangulata.doc
http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOStandards/PM1_GENERAL/pm1-03-e.doc
EPPO guidelines on flatworm published
IPPC Secretariat, 2005. Proceedings of the workshop on invasive alien species and the International Plant Protection Convention, 2003. Rome, Italy: FAO
WTO - Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures must not constitute a disguised restriction to international trade
Trade & cost/benefit analysesTrade & cost/benefit analyses
Managed or acceptable risk, rather than zero risk
c.f. ‘precautionary principle’
*www.dardni.gov.uk/stats-review-2008-final.pdf
Fertilisers and lime = £83.9 M*
Earthworms increase grass yield ~ 25% (NZ Stockdill, 1982)
Flatworms reduce earthworm biomass by 14% (experimental plots)
Reduction in yield of 3.5%
Economic impact £2.9 M per annum
Control priority stage
Effective control unlikely without massive resource input
Era
dica
tion
prio
rity
stag
e
Quarantine priority stage
Invasion
The New Zealand flatworm has been in Ireland and Scotland for over 45 years
The New Zealand flatworm has been in Ireland and Scotland for over 45 years
Invader abundance
Carrying capacity
Time
Adaptation by preyNew predators
ConclusionsConclusions
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Wilf Weatherup, DARD Quality Assurance Branch
Alan Bell, AFBI
Paul Moore, AFBI
Scope for using Plant Health mechanisms for invasive terrestrial invertebrates, e.g. the Harlequin ladybird
Plants, aquatic species, vertebrates pose different problems
(https://statistics.defra.gov.uk/esg/evaluation/planth/chapter6.pdf)
Coordination “The Plant Health Services’ response to this organism was based on the fact that ‘no one else would take it’.” Oct 2000
Plant Health Interception & Outbreak Chart 21 – 27 August 2005 (DEFRA)
PathwaysPathways
Initial pathway was probably: containerised plants (e.g. roses) or daffodil bulbs or potatoes (Faroe Islands)
Equipment for hunting monsters?
An American freshwater flatworm (Phagocata woodworthi) was thought to have been introduced into Loch Ness on monster hunting equipment
Reynoldson, Smith & Maitland (1981). A species of North American triclad (Paludicola; Turbellaria) new to Britain found in Loch Ness, Scotland. Journal of Zoology, 193 : 531 - 539.