approaching environmental fee to plastic bag waste management in ho chi minh city supermarkets le...
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Approaching Environmental Fee to Plastic Bag Waste Management in
Ho Chi Minh City Supermarkets
Le Nguyen Thuy Trang & Nguyen Thi Hai Yen Vietnam Nov 05, 2010
• Introduction• Study objectives• Methodology• Results• Discussion and conclusion
OUTLINE
• From the early 1950s in the United States and Europe, plastic bag has used in daily life.
• The number of plastic bag are used more and more increasing dramatically.
• Ex: At Metro Manila in the Philippines 1982, plastics accounted for 7.5% of the weight of
solid waste generated (film plastics 5.9%, hard plastics 1.6%).
1990, this proportion had increased to 12.4% (film plastics 11.5%, hard plastics 0.9%).
INTRODUCTION
• The plastic waste can stay in the environment for a considerable length of time causing all sorts of problems (Halbekath, 1989).
• To manage this waste, there are many ways. However, the most popular measure is a tax on plastic bags (PlasTax ).
Ex: The PlasTax in Ireland (2002), 15 cents/bag a dramatic reduction in use by over 90%.
Denmark (1994), introduced a tax on plastic bags upon the retailers and promoted using the alternatives to shoppers a 66% drop in plastic bag use.
INTRODUCTION (cont.)
Env. fee in New Zealand
BB
EE
CC
DD
AABag production
Collection
Disposal
GST Recycling
Components of refuse bag charges in New Zealand
INTRODUCTION (cont.)
Ho Chi Minh City
The total area: 2,095 km2
More than 7.1 million in 2009
Annual rate of economic growth 2.8%
INTRODUCTION (cont.)
The plastic bags are delivered free of charge to the customers about 30-50 tons of plastic bags transported to the landfill daily (Le 2008, and Pham and Huynh 2009)
Figure 1. The proportion of supermarket’s group
There are 61 supermarkets in HCMC, they are classified into three groups based on:
•The area
•Numbers of selling products
STUDY OBJECTIVES
Study objectives
Particular objectivesGeneral objective
Studying the status and Environmental fee to manage waste
plastic bags more effective by Government
Find out the total amount of waste plastic bags
Estimated price and cost of these recycling bags
Proposed environmental fee’s regulations
Conceptual Framework
METHODOLOGY
Study the status and Environmental fee to manage waste plastic bags
more effective by Government
Find out the total amount of waste plastic bags at supermarkets
Estimate treatment costs
Proposed environmental fee’s regulations
Management of waste plastic bags in HCMC supermarkets
DESIGN RESEARCH PLAN
Research scope-Ho Chi Minh City-Supermarket
Methods of data collection
Amount of plastic bag waste
Research subject- Plastic bags was given directly from supermarket
Data analysis
Cost of treatment or recycling
Method of selecting and investigating dataSelected research institutions by type (treatment or recycling)Select the basis of the scope InterviewQuestionnaire
RESULT
Method of selecting and investigating dataSelect supermarkets-Corporation-Area or SquareSelect time (day and hour)Select checkout randomlyObserve and count the number of plastic
bags per customers Survey form
Sampling sites: 6 of 61 supermarkets in HCMC
2 representatives for small size markets (Group III)
2 representatives for medium size markets (Group II)
2 representatives for large size markets (Group I)
Survey time• Seven consecutive working days of a week• 14 operating hours from 8:00 am to 22:00 pm
98 survey hours
Methodology
Survey cashier: different cashier for each survey hour. The cashiers surveyed located in the central or marginal existing places
Counting plastic bags: Number of bags delivered to customers at a surveyed cashier were counted and recorded according to the size of bags
Life cycle and recycling cost survey: 3 plastic bag production and recycling enterprises were selected to survey
1. Number of plastic bags released per year per survey supermarket
Notes:
- TPBai : a total number of plastic bags in size ai delivered per year a selected supermarket,
- n: the number of customers passing the surveyed cashier during a unit of survey time Hob,
- Nj : the number of plastic bags that the customer jth got from the cashier,
- mCop : the number of operation cashiers during the survey time,
- Hop : the number of opening hours,
- Dop-year : the total number of opening days in a year.
TPBai = ∑n Nj Hob-1 * mCop * Hop * Dop
-year
(Equation 1)
Methodology (cont.)
Plastic bag
Waste
Collection, washing
Extrusion
Film blowing
Other plastic products
Purify granulars Recycling granulars
Crycai = A + B + C
Estimation method of waste volumn and production cost of plastic bags (cont.)
2. The cost for each plastic bag
Notes:
- Prycai : the recycling cost of a plastic bag in size ai;
- Crycai : the total cost needed to recycle or purify one kilogram of plastic bags having size ai ;
- Xai : the number of bags in one kilogram of bags having size ai.
Prycai = Crycai / Xai(Equation 2)
Estimation method of waste volumn and production cost of plastic bags (cont.)
RESULTS
Total number of bags released per survey hour
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
20x26 20x30 20x38 26x40 30x50 34x62 40x70
Plastic bags' size (centimeter)
Nu
mb
er o
f p
last
ic b
ags
rele
ased
(b
ag/h
ou
r)
Family
Coopmart AĐ
Coopmart NĐC
Coopmart CQ
Big C MĐ
Coopmart LTK
RESULTS (cont.)The estimation of
total number of bags released per year
1,586
10,439
41,78036,450
64,757
52,563
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Family An Dong NguyenDinhChieu
CongQuynh
MienDong
Ly ThuongKiet
Supermarket's name
Nu
mb
er
of
pla
sti
c b
ag
s
rele
as
ed
(b
ag
/ye
ar)
P ≤ 0.01
Total waste volumn of plastic bags by supermarkets scale
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
GROUP III GROUP II GROUP I
MIN MAX
To
tal
was
te v
olu
me
(to
ns
/ ye
ar) 1,949.35
tons/year
RESULTS (cont.)
RESULTS (cont.)
Plastic bag
Waste
Collection, washing
Extrusion
Film blowing
Other plastic products
Purify granulars Recycling granulars
Crycai = A + B + C
The production and recycling costs based on life cycle of plastic bags
Price (VND/kg) Min Max
Plastic bags made from purified (A) 29,590 53,900
Plastic bags made from recycled plastic granulars
Collecting, washing, drying and separating (B)
2,200 22,000
Extruding granulars (C) 3,850
Film blowing process (D) 2,750
Note: The presented price are included printing logo’s of supermarket and VAT.
RESULTS (cont.)
RESULTS (cont.)The environmental fee estimated for
each Type of plastic bags
Environmental fee (VND per bag)
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
Type 5
Type 6
Type 7
Bag made from purified granulars
Min 132 137 192 262 379 532 792
Max 294 307 429 586 848 1,190 1,772
Bag made from recycled granulars
Min 55 57 80 109 158 222 330
Max 201 209 293 400 579 813 1,210
27180
723 631
1,122910
0
300
600
900
1,200
1,500
Family An Dong NguyenDinh Chieu
CongQuynh
Mien Dong Ly ThuongKiet
Supermarket's name
Env
iron
men
tal f
ee
(mill
ion
VN
D/y
ear)
Environment fee applied for each survey supermarkets based plastic bag life cycle study
Environmental fee = 13.007 (billion VND/year)
RESULTS (cont.)
20.3
10.8
2.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
GROUP I GROUP II GROUP III
Supermarket category
En
vir
on
men
tal fe
e
(billio
n V
ND
/year)
Environmental fee = 33.775 (billion VND/year)
RESULTS (cont.)Estimation of environment fee for 61 supermarkets in HCMC
• Basing on the plastic bag’s life cycle, applying the environmental fee for a certain size of a plastic bag is totally possible.
• If any of customer requests for the bag, he/she will pay the amount of money including the cost of the plastic bag plus the environmental fee (Crycai = A + B + C).
• A scenario of the above-mentioned environmental fee for the plastic bags can be applied completely to a certain supermarket in the similar group.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
• Certainly, the above-remarked Equation 1 and 2 can be applied to supermarkets in different sizes, together with the total number of plastic bags in one kilogram to calculate the environmental levy for plastic bag in respective sizes.
• Finally, since there is no research on CO2 emissions during the process of production and transportation so far. Hence, it is necessary that the further researches about CO2 emissions need to do so that the environmental costs will be more perfect.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION (cont.)
• Le Nguyen Thuy Trang, University of Natural Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
[email protected]• Nguyen Thi Hai Yen, University of Natural Science, Ho Chi Minh
City, Vietnam
For Further InformationFor Further Information