appropriate and equitable mechanization in africa appropriate and equitable...frédéric baudron,...
TRANSCRIPT
Frédéric Baudron,
David Kahan, Pascal Kaumbutho, John Sariah, Joseph Mutua,
Richard Rose, Saidi Mkomwa, Brian Sims, John Blackwell
Appropriate and Equitable Mechanization in Africa
through Conservation Agriculture, Use of Two-Wheel Tractors, and
Involvement of the Private Sector.
More Farm Power Needed in
Africa…
144.8
172.9186 188.2
0
50
100
150
200
1992 1997 2002 2007
Nu
mb
er
of
un
de
rno
uri
sh
ed
in
SS
A (
mil
lio
ns
)0
0.5
1
1.5
2
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Urb
an
pe
rso
ns
pe
r a
cti
ve
p
ers
on
in
ag
ric
ult
ure
Ethiopia Kenya
Malawi Mozambique
Tanzania Zimbabwe
Population is growing faster than food production
Unmet demand: rising number of undernourished people
Increasingly urban demand: more processing, more transport
Producing more, processing more and transporting more requires more power
… but Available Farm Power has
been Stagnating
0
5
10
15
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Den
sit
y o
f tr
ac
tors
(n
b p
er
10
00
ha
)
IndiaEthiopiaKenyaMalawiMozambiqueTanzaniaZimbabwe
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Des
nit
y o
f c
att
le a
nd
b
uff
alo
es
(h
ea
ds
pe
r 1
00
0 h
a)
0
0.5
1
1.5
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
De
ns
ity o
f e
co
no
mic
all
y a
cti
ve
p
eo
ple
in
ag
ric
ult
ure
(p
eo
ple
pe
r h
a)
Drudgery (mainly Placed on
Women)
Power ?
A major limiting factor?
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 pair 1 pair ≥ 2 pairs
Cere
al
pro
du
cti
on
(t
farm
-1)
Number of oxen
(Baudron et al., 2014)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
N i
np
ut
fro
m m
an
ure
(k
g h
a-1
year-1
)
Distance plot - homestead (km)
Very rich
Rich
Poor
Very poor
(Zingore et al., 2010)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f to
tal
an
nu
al
lab
ou
r (%
)
No pair of oxen
One pair of oxen
Two pairs of oxen or more
(Baudron et al., 2012)
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 20 40 60 80
Co
tto
n y
ield
(kg
ha
-1)
Planting date (days after the 1st of Nov)
(Baudron et al., 2011)
Addressing the Issue of
Declining Farm Power
Decreasing power demand:
Conservation Agriculture
Increasing power supply:
Mechanization
CA & Appropriate-scale
MechanizationSoil inversion is the most power intensive operation. Its suppression
makes the use of lower powered, more affordable and easier to
maintain tractors possible.
Strip tillage Direct-seeding: 2 rows Direct-seeding: 1 row
CA with a Two-Wheel Tractor
US$ 772
US$ 1,649
US$ 1,156US$ 863
US$ 2,826US$ 4,120
Stony fields
Weed load Transport
Singulation of large seeds
No true ‘best bet’
US$ 800
Locally-made tool-bar-based
seeder
Small and fragmented fields, reliance on small machines
But one of the most mechanized agriculture of South Asia
Service providers
Only 1 in 30 farmers owned a tractor
Equity: even the poorest access 2WTs services
Key to success
Low cost of the machines
Multi-purpose machines
Private sector-led model
Importer
Retailer
2WT owner
Contract farmer
Farmer
Mechanic Driver
Spare parts’
provider
Diesel and oil
provider
Making small-scale mechanization
viable: the Bangladesh experience
Developing business models to deliver
small mechanization
Importer/
manufacturer Operators Farmers
Support service facilitators
Financial service provision
Spare part
manufacturers
Mark
et
access
Service
provider
Financial and information flows
Physical flows
Institutional environment (laws, regulations, etc.)
“A business model is how a
company organizes to generate
revenue and sustain itself” (Alexander Osterwalder )
Service
provider
Support service facilitators
• Ethiopia:
o Farmer cooperatives (supplied by private
sector dealers)
o Custom hiring services (entrepreneurs
supplied by a public company importing equipment;
loans)
• Kenya:
o One-stop-shop (cluster of agribusinesses
providing a broad range of services)
• Tanzania
o Private sector dealer model (linking to farmer
groups)
• Zimbabwe
o Contract farming (package of inputs and
services provided on credit)
• Coordination (inter-business
linkage)
• Capacity-building
• Information
• Promotion (e.g. branding)
• Finance
1. Private rural service providers (only few farmers will be able to purchase machines individually)
2. Flexibility of BM (changing local context)
3. Possible need of a broker (weak markets, vulnerable farmers)
4. Linking input BM to output BM (cash flow)
5. Multi-purpose uses (to maximize mechanization use rates)
6. Bundling of services and products (to
reduce the cost of mechanization services)
7. Possible need for kick-start ‘smart’ subsidies (to get the private sector involved)
Business Model Development:
7 Principles
Conclusion: Why Should it Work This
Time?
Demand for mechanized services has increased (intensification, commercial orientation)
Supporting infrastructure (e.g. access to finance, repair services, fuel and lubricants) has developed
Past focus on 4WTs (inappropriate for small and fragmented fields, and too costly for African smallholders)
Past public sector focus (inefficient and uneconomic government-run tractor hire schemes)
Tapping the synergies between CA and small mechanization
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Valu
e o
f ad
ded
by a
gri
cu
ltu
re
(billio
n c
urr
en
tU
S$)
Ethiopia
Kenya
Malawi
Mozambique
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
Thank you!