appsych ch 10 notes 1 hunger

8/3/2019 APPSYCH Ch 10 Notes 1 Hunger

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AP Psychology – Mr. Duez – Chapter 10 – Emotion & Motivation

Hunger is physiological , social &psychological .

Notes: Part I

Also use CH 10 article – “Why We Eat” And Videos on “Photoshop Effect.”



If you learn only 5 things from this chapter for the AP Test...

1. Human motivation is complex, and while there area number of theories, none by itself sufficientlyexplains our behavior.

2. Biological motivation includes the role of thehypothalamus, which maintains a state called

homeostasis.3. Theories of social motivation, including the need

for achievement and the hierarchy of needs, showthe importance of understanding motivation in thecontext of our environments.

4. Emotions can be explained through a variety oftheoretical perspectives, each arguing that emotionemerges in conjunction with physiological responseto stimuli.



Physiology of HungerWashburn’s studies showed hunger was

partially related to the stomach.

But those with their stomachs removed stillfeel hunger.

BIOLOGICAL MOTIVATION. Thehypothalamus is the region of the brainmost often associated with motivation.It plays an important role in themotivation for feeding, fighting,

fleeing, and sexual reproduction.

Glucose

The hormone

insulin convertsglucose to fat.

When glucose levels drop-

hunger increases.



BIOLOGICAL MOTIVATION

If we lesion the lateral hypothalamus in a rat,the rat will lose its appetite. The rat willexperience a form of anorexia in which it will not

be hungry and, therefore, will not eat.

Evidence of the lateral hypothalamus provides motivation for hunger or feeding.

If we lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus,the rat will not feel full and will continue toeat well beyond what is normally expected.

Evidence of the ventromedial

hypothalamus as the motivation in the biological structure of the brain for this type of behavior (not eating).

Ventromedial Hypothalamus = SatietyCenter (the part of the brain that tells you

that you're full):



Summary of The Hypothalamus and

HungerAlong the lower middle section of thehypothalamus is the ventromedial hypothalamus :

which depresses hunger.Stimulate the ventromedial hypothalamus and the animal will stop eatingLesion the ventromedial hypothalamus theanimal will continuously want to eat.

Along the sides of the hypothalamus is thelateral hypothalamus : which brings on hunger.

Stimulate the lateral hypothalamus and

even a well fed animal will begin to eat.Lesion the lateral hypothalamus and astarving animal will have no interest in food.



“Start center” for hunger

“Stop center” for hunger

Is there more to this than a simple start and stop center? Probably.Contemporary theories on hunger focus

on neural circuits within thehypothalamus.



How does the hypothalamus work?

Leptin

Leptin is a protein produced by

bloated fat cells.Hypothalamus senses rises in

leptin and will curb eating andincrease activity.

Can leptin injections help me?

Set Point

Hypothalamus acts like a

thermostat.We are meant to be in a certain

weight range.

When we fall below weight ourbody will increase hunger and

decrease energy expenditure (Basal Metabolic Rate).

What happens if we go above our set point?

2 Theories



One of the most important concepts in biological motivation is that of

homeostasis, the tendency of all organisms to maintain a balanced state.When we are too cold, the hypothalamus releases hormones that cause us toshiver and seek out warmth or put on clothing. When we have not had enoughsleep, we are likewise pushed to slow down as we yawn and struggle to keep oureyes open.Homeostasis helps us to return to this balance when we deviate from our

normal state.



Virgin eggs (童子蛋) are chicken eggs cooked in theurine of young boys. Apparently the bizarre delicacy has a

pretty long history in Dongyang City. But it's makingheadlines recently as it was discovered by some folks thatthe street food has been officially listed as one of the city'scultural heritage.

This dish is made from Mopani worms, which look like caterpillars in appearance. Theirhabitat is in the Lowveld areas of the Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces, where theylive in and around there food source, the mopani trees. Somewhat stringy, this exoticSouth African food is usually fried, grilled or cooked, spiced with chilli and often eatenwith peanuts.



The Biological Factors of Hunger

2. Basal Metabolic Rate: Each person burns food at adifferent rate and expends energy with differentefficiency. A person with a high metabolic rate can eatmore without gaining weight than someone who is justas active, but has a lower metabolic rate.

3. Body Set Point: Just as we have a temperature“thermostat” that keeps our body temp within an

acceptable range, one theory suggests that we have aweight “set point.” Newer research suggests we have a

“settling point” – a range of normal weights within whichwe can vary.

4. Taste sensation: Tastes is an important factor whenwe first begin eating. It encourages us to continue.

1. Activity of the lateral & medial hypothalamus.(see previous slides)



Taste PreferencesFood taste better and we chew lesswhen we are hungry (beginning of ameal).

Food tastes worse and we chew morewhen we are not hungry (at the end of themeal).

Its strange, the better the food

tastes, the less time we leave it in our mouths!



Hunger and eating are governed in part by a variety of food-relatedcues.In this study, Schachter found that obese subjects would eat more thannon-obese subjects when they were told it was much later in theafternoon than it actually was. And also would eat more of a tasty icecream product than one that was not as tasty.



Advertisements – do they impact your eating habits?



Social Eating

Celebration Eating

Cultural Eating

Do Now Question: Suppose you are a university counselor who wants to develop a program to improve



Do Now Question: Suppose you are a university counselor who wants to develop a program to improve students' academic performance . You believe that many students perform poorly because of motivational problems , including simple lack of motivation as well as being motivated by the wrong things . What are some of the considerations that should guide the design of your program?

Much of what theory and research

have to say about motivation isrelevant in designing such aprogram.

• Remember that motivation can be

influenced by incentives.Expectancy-value models can beuseful here.

• It's important to know that some

motives are biological, somesocial. One's level of motivation toperform well in school depends onsocial experiences and can thusbe manipulated through socialexperience.



Do Now Question: Suppose you are a university counselor who wants to develop a program to



• Maslow's theory implies thatmotivation to perform well academically

must wait upon the satisfaction oflower-level motives.

• It may be possible to link motivation toperform well in school with othermotives that are already stronger, such

as the need for affiliation. Successalong these lines will requireunderstanding the nature of individualdifferences in levels of these othermotives.

• People with different levels ofachievement motivation responddifferently depending upon levels ofchallenge.

• Fear of failure also influences effortstoward achievement.

Q pp y y p p gimprove students' academic performance . You believe that many students perform poorly because of motivational problems , including simple lack of motivation as well as being motivated by the wrong things . What are some of the considerations that should guide the design of your program?

appsych ch 10 notes 1 hunger

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