Na’Vi Language

Phonology & Orthography 1

Vowels 1

Consonants 2

Sound Change 2

Grammar 3

Pronouns 3

Nouns & Prepositions 3

Adjectives 5

Numbers 5

Verbs 6

Questions & Demonstratives 7

Changing Parts of Speech 7

Phrases 7

Lexicon 9

1

Phonology and orthography

Na‟vi lacks voiced stops like [b d ɡ], but has the ejective consonants [pʼ tʼ kʼ], which are spelled

px, tx, kx when writing them in Latin script. It also has the syllabic consonants ll and rr. There

are seven vowels, a ä e i ì o u. Although all the sounds were designed to be pronounceable by the

human actors of the film, there are unusual consonant clusters, as in fngap "metal” and tskxe

"rock"

Na‟vi syllables may be as simple as a single vowel, or as complex as skxawng "moron" or

fngap above (both CCVC).

The fictional language Na‟vi of Pandora is unwritten. However, standardized Na‟Vi is written

using the Roman alphaet. Sample words: zìsìt "year", fpeio "ceremonial challenge", nìawve

"first" (aw "one"), muiä "be fair", tiréa-ióang "spirit animal", kllpxìltu "territory",

unil-tìran-tokx "avatar" (dream-walk-body)

***Please note that pronunciation of all words can be found in the bilingual lexicon at the end of

the analysis transcribed using IPA.

Vowels

There are seven simple vowels:

Front Back

High [i]i

[ì] ì

[u]u

Mid [e]ɛ [o]o

Low [ä]ä [a]a

and four diphthongs [aw], [ew], [ay], [ey]. Note that the e is open-mid while the o is close-mid,

and that there is no *oy.

These vowels may occur in sequences, as in the Polynesian languages and Japanese. Each vowel

counts as a syllable, so that tsaleioae has six syllables, [tsa.lɛ.i.o.a.ɛ], and meoauniaea has

eight, [mɛ.o.a.u.ni.a.ɛ.a].

In addition, the syllabic consonants ll [l̩] and rr [r̩] behave as vowels, as in pllte’ [pl̩.tɛʔ] "to

speak". The rr is strongly trilled, and the ll is "light", never a "dark" (velarized) *[ɫ̩]. These may

occur directly before another vowel, as in hrrap [hr̩.ap] "dangerous".

Na‟vi does not have vowel length or tone, but it does has contrastive stress: túte [ˈtutɛ]

"person", tuté [tuˈtɛ] "female person". Although stress may move with derivation, as here, it is

not affected by inflection (case on nouns, tense on verbs, etc). So, for example, the verb lu "to

2

be" has stress on its only vowel, the u, and no matter what else happens to it, the stress stays on

that vowel: lolú [loˈlu] "was" (l‹ol›u), lolängú [loläˈngu] "was (ugh!)" (l‹ol›‹äng›u), etc.

Consonants

There are twenty consonants. There are two Latin transcriptions: one that more closely

approaches the ideal of one letter per phoneme, with the c and g for [ts] and [ng] (the values they

have in much of Eastern Europe and Polynesia, respectively), and a modified transcription used

for the actors, with the digraphs ts and ng used for those sounds. In transcriptions, the ejective

consonants are written with digraphs in x, a convention that appears to be unique to Na‟vi.

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Ejective [px]p‟ [tx]t‟ [kx]k‟

Plosive [p]p [t]t [k]k [„]ʔ

Affricate [ts]ʦ

Fricative [f]f [v]v [s]s [z]z [h]h

Nasal [m]m [n]n [ng]ng

Flap [r]r

Trill [rr]r

Liquid/glide [w]w [l]l or [ll]l: [y]j

The fricatives and the affricate, f v ts s z h, are restricted to the onset of a syllable; the other

consonants may occur at either the beginning or at the end (though w y in final position are

considered parts of diphthongs, as they only occur as ay ey aw ew and may be followed by

another final consonant, as in skxawng "moron"). However, in addition to appearing before

vowels, f ts s may form consonant clusters with any of the unrestricted consonants (the stops and

liquids/glides) apart from’ making for 39 clusters. Other sequences occur across syllable

boundaries, such as na’vi [naʔ.vi] "person", ikran [ik.ran] "banshee", and atxkxe [atʼ.kʼɛ]

"land".

The plosives p t k and the affricate ts are tenuis, as in Spanish or French. In final position, they

are unreleased, as in Indonesian and other languages of Southeast Asia. The r is flapped, as in

Spanish and Indonesian; it sounds a bit like the tt or dd in the American pronunciation of the

words latter / ladder.

Sound change

The stop consonants undergo lenition after certain prefixes and prepositions. The ejective

consonants px tx kx become the corresponding plosives p’ t’ k’; the plosives and affricate p t ts k

become the corresponding fricatives f s h; and the glottal stop ’ disappears entirely. For example,

the plural form of po "s/he" is ayfo "they", with the p weakening into an f after the prefix ay-.

3

Grammar

Accounts of the grammar cover parts of speech, their uses, and some of their inflections, but not

much about the syntax.

Pronouns

Na‟vi pronouns encode clusivity. That is, there are different words for "we" depending on

whether I'm including you or not. There are also special forms for "the two of us" (with or

without you), "the three of us", etc. They do not inflect for gender; although it's possible to

distinguish "he" from "she", the distinction is optional.

sing. dual trial plural Exclusive oe moe — ayoe

Inclusive — oeng — ayoeng 2nd person nga — — aynga

3rd person po mefo — ayfo

The deferential forms of "I" and "you" are ohe and ngenga. Possessive forms include ngeyä

"your" and peyä "her/his". "He" and "she" can optionally be differentiated as poan and poé.

Pronouns are declined for case as nouns (below) are.

Nouns and prepositions

Nouns show greater number distinctions than human languages: besides singular and plural, they

not only have special dual forms for two of an item (eyes, hands, lovers, etc.), which are not

uncommon in human language (English has a remnant in "both"), but also trial forms for three of

an item, which on Earth are only found with pronouns. However, gender is only occasionally

(and optionally) marked.

The plural prefix is ay+, and the dual is me+ (nari "eye", menari "eyes"). Both trigger lenition

(indicated by the "+" signs rather than the hyphens that usually mark prefix boundaries). In

nouns which undergo lenition, the plural prefix may be dropped, so the plural of tokx "body" is

either aysokx or just sokx.

Masculine nouns may be distinguished by the suffix -an, and feminine by -é, which is stressed:

tsmuk or tsmúktu "sibling", tsmúkan "brother", tsmuké "sister". There are no words for "a"

or "the".

Nouns are conjugated for case in a tripartite system, which is rare among human languages. In a

tripartite system, there are distinct forms for the object of a clause, as in "he kicks the ball"; the

agent of a transitive clause which has such an object, as in "he kicks the ball"; and the subject of

4

an intransitive clause, which does not have an object, as in "he runs". An object is marked with

the accusative suffix -ti, and an agent with the ergative suffix -l, while an intransitive subject has

no case suffix. For example:

Oe-l nga-ti kam‹ei›e

I-ERG you-ACC See‹LAUD›

"I See you" (a greeting)

The use of such case forms leaves the word order of Na‟vi largely free.

There are two other cases, genitive in -yä and dative in -ru, as well as a topic marker -ri. The

latter is used to introduce the topic of the clause, and is somewhat equivalent to (though much

more common than) English "as for". It preempts the case of the noun: that is, when a noun is

made topical, usually at the beginning of the clause, it takes the -ri suffix rather than the case

suffix one would expect from its grammatical role. For example, in,

Oe-ri ontu teya l‹äng›u

I-TOP nose full be‹PEJ›

"My nose is full (of his distasteful smell),"

since the topic is "I", the subject "nose" is associated with "me": That is, it's understood to be

"my nose". Note that "nose" itself is unmarked for case, as it's the subject of the intransitive verb

"to be".

Many of the case markers have several allomorphs.

Besides case, the role of a noun in a clause may be indicated with adpositions. Any adposition

may occur either as a preposition before the noun, or as an enclitic after the noun, a greater

degree of freedom than human languages allow. For example, "with you" may be either hu nga

or ngahu. When used as enclitics, they are much like the numerous cases found in Hungarian

and Finnish. When used as prepositions, more along the lines of what English does, certain of

them trigger lenition. One of the leniting prepositions is mì "in", as in mì sokx "in the body".

This may cause some ambiguity with short plurals: mì sokx could also be short for mì aysokx

"in the bodies".

Adpositions include fa "per" (with, by means of), hu "with" (accompaniment), fpi "for the sake

of", ne "to" (direction), ftu "from" (direction), ta "from" (generic), ta’em "from above", ìlä

"via, along", ka "across", and mì "in".

5

Adjectives

Na‟vi adjectives are uninflected—that is, they do not agree with the noun they modify—and may

occur either before or after the noun. They are marked by a syllable a, which is attached on the

side closest to the noun. For example, "a long river" can be expressed either as,

ngim-a kilvan

long-ATTR river

or as,

kilvan a-ngim

river ATTR-long

The free word order holds for all attributives: Genitives (possessives) and relative clauses can

also either precede or follow the noun they modify. The latter especially allows for great freedom

of expression.

The attributive affix a- is only used when an adjective modifies a noun. Predicative adjectives

instead take the "be" verb lu:

kilvan ngim lu

river long be

"The river is long"

Numbers

As the Na‟vi have four digits per hand, they have a base-eight number system. Only a few

numbers are attested:

’aw 1

mune 2

tsìng 4

vofu 16

tsìvol 32

From this it would appear that the root for 4 is tsì, for 8 is vo, and that 32 is "4 eights".

Numerals form various derivatives, such as ’awpo "one" (an individual), (nì)’awve

"first", ’awsiténg "together" (one-make-same), kawtu "no-one" (negative k-), kawkrr "never"

(not-one-time), nì’aw "only", and nì’awtu "alone" from "one"; also nìmun "again" and

perhaps muntxa "to mate" from mun- "two".

6

Verbs

Verbs are conjugated for tense but not for person. That is, they record distinctions like "I am, I

was, I would", but not like "I am, we are, s/he is". Conjugation relies exclusively on infixes,

which are like suffixes but go inside the verb. "To hunt", for example, is taron, but "hunted" is

t‹ol›aron, with the infix ‹ol›.

There are two positions for infixes: after the consonant (onset) of the penultimate syllable, and

after the consonant of the final syllable. Because many Na‟vi verbs have two syllables, these

commonly occur on the first and last syllable, as in the examples below. In monosyllabic words

like lu "be" and tsun "can", they both appear after the initial consonant, keeping their relative

order, as in tsolängun [ts‹ol›‹äng›un] "was able to (ugh!)".

The first infix position is taken by infixes for tense and aspect, or both, as well as by participle

and reflexive forms, which precede tense and aspect when they co-occur. Tenses are past, recent

past, present (unmarked), future, and immediate future; aspects are perfective (completed or

contained) and imperfective (ongoing or uncontained). The aspectual forms are not found in

English but are somewhat like the distinction between 'having done' and 'was doing'.

taron [hunt] "hunts"

t‹ìm›aron [hunt‹REC›] "just hunted"

t‹ay›aron [hunt‹FUT›] "will hunt"

t‹er›aron [hunt‹IMPV›] "hunting"

t‹ol›aron [hunt‹PFV›] "hunted"

t‹ì‹r›m›aron [hunt‹REC‹IMPV››] "was just hunting"

Other temporal and aspectual forms include tovaron, telaron, tusaron, tairon. Tense and

aspect need not be marked when they can be understood by context or elsewhere in the sentence.

The second infix position is taken by infixes for affect (speaker attitude, whether positive or

negative) and for evidentiality (uncertainty or indirect knowledge). For example, in the greeting

in the section on nouns, Oel ngati kameie "I See you", the verb kame "to See" is inflected

positively as kam‹ei›e to indicate the pleasure the speaker feels in the meeting. In the

subsequent sentence, Oeri ontu teya längu "My nose is full (of his smell)", however, the

phrase teya lu "is full" is inflected negatively as teya l‹äng›u to indicate the speaker's

distaste at the experience. Examples with both infix positions filled:

t‹ìrm›ar‹ei›on [hunt‹REC.IMPV›‹LAUD›] "yeah, was just hunting": The speaker is

happy about it, whether due to success or just the pleasure of the hunt

t‹ay›ar‹äng›on [hunt‹FUT›‹PEJ›] "ugh, will hunt": The speaker is anxious about or

bored by it.

There are two "be" verbs, lu, which is "be" in the sense that "A is B" and is used with adjectives

(a copula), and tok, which is "be" in the sense of "A is in/at a place" (a verb of existence).

7

Negation is made with the particle ke. Various other grammatical particles such as conjunctions

join phrases and clauses: na "like, as", to "(more, less) than", sìk (unquote), sì, últe "and",

fu "or", slä "but".

Questions and demonstratives

Yes-no questions are asked with the final question marker srak? Information questions are

asked with question words based on the leniting morpheme pe "which?". These correspond with

demonstratives in fì "this" and tsa "that" (accusative tsat):

peú, ’úpe "what? which

thing?"

fì’u "this, this

thing"

tsa’u "that, that

thing"

pesu, tupe "who?" tsatu "that person"

peyfa, fyape "how?" fìfya "like this"

pehem, kempe "what? which

action?"

fìkem "this (action)" tsakem "that (action)"

pehrr, krrpe "when?" tsakrr "then"

pelun, lumpe "why?"

peseng,

tsengpe "where?" fìtseng(e) "here" tsatseng "there"

These are merely the more common forms; pe, fì (and its plural fay "these") and tsa may

combine with any noun (without needing the attributive a; cf. kea "no" + noun), and other words

may combine with the morphemes in the table, such as tengfya "as" ('same way'), tengkrr

"while" ('same time'), and ké’u "nothing".

Changing parts of speech

Adjectives may be derived from nouns with le-: hrrap "danger", lehrrap "dangerous".

Verbs may be made from nouns with the generic action verb si "to make, to do": kelku "home",

kelku si "to live (dwell)". Adverbs are formed in nì-: ftúe "easy", nìftúe "easily".

Abstract nouns may be derived from verbs and adjectives with the prefix tì-: rey "to live",

tìrey "life"; ngay "true", tìngay, "truth". People associated with a verb are indicated by

compounding with -tu: spe’é "to capture", spe’étu "a captive". A person who specializes

in a verb (English -er) is indicated with -yu: táron "to hunt", táronyu "hunter".

Phrases

"Hello, how are you?"

Kaltxì. nga-ru lu fpom srak?

[ kaltʼì ngaru lu fpom srak ]

Greetings. You-DAT be well.being QUESTION

8

"It‟s a pleasure to be able to chat with you in Na‟vi"

Tsun oe nga-hu nì-Na’vi pivängkxo a fì-’u oe-ru prrte’ lu

be.able I you-with ADV-Na‟vi pleasure? that this-thing I-DAT speak[9]

be

"I apologise for this moron"

Fì-skxawng-ìri tsapxalute s‹eng›i oe

this-moron-TOP apology make‹?› I

"These demons are forbidden here"

F-ay-vrrtep fì-tsenge lu kxanì

this-PL-demon this-place be forbidden

"My nose is full of his alien smell."

Oe-ri ta peyä fahew a-kewong ontu teya l‹äng›u

me-TOP from his smell ATTR-alien nose full be‹PEJ›

9

Lexicon

Na’Vi - English English – Na’Vi

‘ A 'ampi v

/ʔam.‟pi/

touch

'aw n

/ʔaw/

one number

'awpo pn

/ʔaw.‟po/

one one (person)

'awsiteng adv

/ʔaw.si.‟tɛŋ/

together

'awve adj

/‟ʔaw.vɛ/

first

'e'al adj

/‟ʔɛ.ʔal/

worst

'eko n

/‟ʔɛ.ko/

attack

'ekong n

/‟ʔɛ.koŋ/

beat (rhythmic)

'engeng n

/‟ʔɛ.ŋɛŋ/

level

'eveng n

/‟ʔɛ.vɛŋ/

child

'evi n

/‟ʔɛ.vi/

kid (affectionate form of

"child")

'ì'awn v

/‟ʔɪ.ʔawn/

remain,stay

'ìheyu n

/‟ʔɪ.hɛ.ju/

spiral

'ìnglìsì n

/‟ʔɪŋ.lɪ.sɪ/

English language

'it n

/ʔit/

bit a small amount

'itan n

/ʔi.‟tan/

son

'ite n

/‟ʔi.tɛ/

daughter

'ok n

/ʔok/

remembrance

'ong v

/ʔoŋ/

unfold,blossom

across ka pr

again nìmun adv

agree mllte v

alarm cry rawke n

alien ketuwong n

alien kewong n

Alien (i.e. non-

Na'vi)

faketuan n

all all (of),in to,

to,completely

nìwotx pr

allow tung v

almost stum adv

alone alone (as one

person)

nì'awtu adj

among kip pr

ancestor pizayu n

and sì conj

and ulte conj

animal,beast ioang n

apology tsap'alute n

arm pxun n

arrive pähem v

arrow swizaw n

art tseo n

10

'upe n

/‟ʔu.pɛ/

what (thing)

'upxare n

/‟ʔu.p‟a.ɾɛ/

Message

A a adj

/a/

which, that

äie n

/æ.‟i.ɛ/

vision

alaksì adj

/al.‟ak.sɪ/

ready

alìm adj

/‟al.ɪm/

far far away,at a

distance

Amhul n

/‟am.hul/

child's name

Änsìt n

/‟æn.sɪt/

child's name

apxa adj

/ap‟a/

large

atan adj, n

/a.‟tan/

light

atokirina' n

/a.to.ki.ɾi.‟naʔ/

Seeds of the great tree

ätxäle n

/‟æt‟.æ.lɛ/

request

atxkxe n

/‟at‟k‟.ɛ/

land

au n

/au/

drum (made of skin)

aungia n

/‟auŋ.i.a/

sign,omen

ayfo pn

/‟aj.fo/

they

aylaru conj

/aj.la.‟ɾu/

to the others

(contraction of aylaberu)

aynga pn

/‟aj.ŋa/

you

ayoe pn

/aj.o.‟ɛ/

we (exclusive)

ayoeng pn

/aj.o.‟ɛŋ/

we (inclusive)

E ean adj

/‟ɛ.an/

blue

as as (= same way

as)

tengfya adj, conj

ask pawm v

attack 'eko n

avatar; dreamwalker

body

uniltìrantokx n

awake txen adj

away (direction) neto pr

away (position) mìso pr

B

baby carrier/sling iveh k'nivi s'di n

back (direction) ne'ìm pr

bad,evil kawng adj

badge pätsì n

be at,occupy a space tok v

be be (am,is,are) lu v

be responsible kllfriyo' v, c

beat (rhythmic) 'ekong n

become slu v

beetle larva(e) teylu n

before, in front of eo pr

begin,start sngä'i v

beginning,start time sngä'ikrr n

big big (in stature) tsawl adj

bind yìm v

bit a small amount 'it n

bit a small amount nì'it n

11

eltu n

/‟ɛl.tu/

brain

eltu si v, c

/‟ɛl.tu si/

listen pay attention,quit

goofing off

eltungawng n

/‟ɛl.tu.ŋawŋ/

brainworm

emza'u v

/ɛm.‟za.ʔu/

pass (a test)

eo pr

/ɛo/

before, in front of

Eyaye n

/ɛ.‟ja.je/

Plant species

(Warbonnet)

eyk v

/ɛjk/

lead

eyktan n

/‟ɛjk.tan/

leader

Eywa n

/‟ɛj.wa/

World spirit guiding

force and deity

(equivalent to Gaia);

Eywa PN

Eywa ngahu int

/‟ɛj.wa „ŋa.hu/

good-bye,Eywa (be with

you)

F fa pr

/fa/

with with (by means of)

faheu v

/‟fa.hɛ.u/

smell

faketuan n

/fa.‟kɛ.tu.an/

Alien (i.e. non-Na'vi)

fìfya pn

/‟fɪf.ja/

this this way,like this

fìkem pn

/‟fɪ.kɛm/

this this (action)

fìpo pn

/‟fɪ.po/

this this one (person or

thing)

fìtseng(e) pn

/fɪ.‟ʦɛŋ(ɛ)/

this, here here,this place

fì'u pn

/‟fɪ.ʔu/

this this (thing)

fkarut v

/‟fka.ɾut/

peel

blue ean adj

blue flower seze n

Blue Flute Clan Omatikaya n

body tokx n

bond bond (neural

connection)

Tsahaylu n

boom kxangangang n

bow and arrow tsko swizaw n

bow bow (weapon) tsko n

brain eltu n

brainworm eltungawng n

branch branch (of a

tree)

vul n

brave tsteu adj

bring zamunge v

brother tsmukan n

burn,consume nekx v

but slä conj

butt,rear end txìm n

by,via,following ìlä (also: ìlä) pr

C

call syaw v

calm mawey adj

can,be able tsun v

captive spe'etu v

capture spe'e v

center (or place in kxamtseng n

12

fkeu adj

/fkɛu/

mighty

fko adj

/fko/

one

fmawn n

/fmawn/

news news,something to

report

fmetok n

/‟fmɛ.tok/

test

fmi v

/fmi/

try

fnu v, c

/fnu/

quiet quiet ("be quiet!")

fo pn

/fo/

they

fpak v

/fpak/

hold off,suspend action

fpe' v

/fpɛʔ/

send

fpeio v

/fpɛ.‟i.o/

challenge challenge

(ceremonial)

fpi i

/fpi/

for the sake of

fpom n

/fpom/

well-being, peace

fpxafaw n

/‟fp‟a.faw/

medusa (animal)

fpxäkìm v

/‟fp‟æ.kɪm/

enter

frapo pn

/fɾapo/

everyone

fra'u pn

/fɾaʔu/

everything

ftang v

/ftaŋ/

stop

fte conj

/ftɛ/ so that

fteke conj

/‟ftɛ.kɛ/

so that not,lest

ftia v

/‟fti.a/

study

ftu pr

/ftu/

from from (direction)

ftue adj

/‟ftu.ɛ/

easy

the middle)

challenge challenge

(ceremonial)

fpeio v

change latem v

child 'eveng n

child's name Amhul n

child's name Änsìt n

child's name Ralu n

choose ftxey v

clan olo' n

clan leader olo'eyktan n

clear,certain law adj

clever clever (thing) sìlronsem adj

close close to lok adj

colleague lertu n

come za'u v

continually nìtut adv

cord telem n

create ngop v

creature swirä n

cut mun'i v

D

daddy sempu n

dance sreu v

danger hrrap n

dangerous lehrrap adj

13

ftxey v

/ft‟ɛj/

choose

fu conj

/fu/

or

fya'o n

/‟fja.ʔo/

path, way

fyape conj

/‟fja.pɛ/

how

fyawìntxu n

/fjawɪn.‟t‟u/

guide

H ha conj

/ha/

so so (or "in that case")

hapxì n

/ha.‟p‟ɪ/

part

hasey adj

/‟ha.sɛj/

done, finished

hawnu v

/‟haw.nu/

protect,shelter

hì'i adj

/‟hɪ.ʔi/

small

hiyìk adj

/‟hi.jɪk/

funny, strange

hrrap n

/hrap/

danger

hu adj

/hu/

with with

(accompaniment)

hufwe n

/‟huf.wɛ/

wind

hum v

/hum/

leave, depart

I i'en n

/i.‟ʔɛn/

stringed instrument

Iknimaya n

/ik.ni.ma.‟ja/

Thundering

rocks,Stairway to

Heaven (floating

mountains)

ikran n

/ik.‟ɾan/

mountain banshee

ìlä (also: ìlä) pr

/‟ɪ.læ/ or /‟ɪl.æ/

by,via,following

ioang n

/‟i.o.aŋ/

animal,beast

daughter 'ite n

day trr n

dead kerusey adj

demon vrrtep n

destroy ska'a v

die terkup v

dig up kllkulat v

dim dim (of a

person)

snumìna adj

dinner dinner,served

meal

wutso n

Direhorse pa'li n

dive tawng v

do not negative (do

not)

rä'ä v

do,make si v

doctor toktor n

done, finished hasey adj

dream unil n

Dream Hunt Uniltaron n

dreamwalker uniltìranyu n

drive out kurakx v

drum (made of skin) au n

duck tawng n

E

ear mikyun n

easily nìftue adv

14

irayo n, i

/i.‟ɾa.jo/

thank you

iveh k'nivi s'di n

/‟i.vɛh „k‟ni.vi

s‟di/

baby carrier/sling

K ka pr

/ka/

across

kä v

/kæ/

go

kaltxì n

/kal.‟t‟ɪ/

hello

kämakto v

/kæ.‟mak.to/

ride out

kame v

/‟ka.mɛ/

See (spiritual sense)

kangay adj

/‟kaŋ.aj/

valid

karyu n

/‟kaɾ.ju/

teacher

kato n

/‟ka.to/

rhythm

kawkrr adv

/kaw.‟kr/

never

kawng adj

/kawŋ/

bad,evil

kawtu pn

/kaw.‟tu/

no one

ke adv

/kɛ/

not

kea adj

/‟kɛ.a/

no no (before a noun)

kehe adv

/‟kɛ.hɛ/

no

kelku n

/‟kɛl.ku/

home

kelku si v

/‟kɛl.ku si/

live,dwell

Kelutrel n

/‟kɛl.u.tɾɛl/

Hometree Hometree

(tree for living in)

kempe pn

/‟kɛm.pɛ/

what what (action)

kenong v

/‟kɛ.noŋ/

model,represent,exempli

fy

easy ftue adj

eat yom v

elbow pxuntil n

English language 'ìnglìsì n

enough nìtam adj

enter fpxäkìm v

everyone frapo pn

everything fra'u pn

evil tìkawng adj

examine steftxaw v

example tìkenong n

eye nari n

eyes (two) menari n

F

false tsleng adj

far far away,at a

distance

alìm adj

fast nìwin adj

father sempul n

fear txopu n

feed yomtìng v

female female

(person)

tutee n, adj

finger zekwä n

fire txep n

first 'awve adj

first nì'awve adj

15

kerusey adj

/‟kɛ.ɾu.sɛj/

dead

ketuwong n

/‟kɛ.tu.woŋ/

alien

ke'u n

/‟kɛ.ʔu/

nothing

kewong n

/‟kɛ.woŋ/

alien

keye'ung n

/kɛ.‟jɛ.ʔuŋ/

insanity

kifkey n

/kif.‟kɛj/

world world

(physical,solid)

kìm v

/kɪm/

spin

kin v

/kin/

need

kinä n, adj

/‟ki.næ/

seven

kinam n

/‟ki.nam/

leg

kinamtil n

/‟ki.nam.til/

knee

kìng n

/kɪŋ/

thread

kì'ong n

/‟kɪ.ʔoŋ/

species of fruit or

vegetable

kip pr

/kip/

among

kìte'e n

/kɪ.‟tɛ.ʔɛ/

service

kìyevame n

/kɪ.jɛ.‟va.mɛ/

good-bye good-bye,see

you again soon

kllfriyo' v, c

/kl:.‟fri.jo/

be responsible

kllkulat v

/kl:.‟ku.lat/

dig up

kllkxem v

/kl:.‟kɛm/

stand

kllpxìltu n

/kl:.‟p‟ɪl.tu/

territory

kllte n

/kl:.‟tɛ/

Ground

fly tswayon v

for the sake of fpi i

forbidden kxanì adj

forest na'rìng n

forgiveness txoa n

four tsìng n, adj

fresh

fresh,appealing as

food

pxasul adj

from above ta'em pr

from from

(direction)

ftu pr

from from (various

uses)

ta pr

full teya adj

funny, strange hiyìk adj

G

get down get down!

(literally,"to the

ground!")

ne kllte! i

give tìng v

go kä v

good sìltsan adj

good-bye good-

bye,see you again

soon

kìyevame n

good-bye,Eywa (be

with you)

Eywa ngahu int

Got it. I understand. tslolam i

grab niä v

16

krr n

/kr/

time

krrnekx v

/kr.‟nɛk‟/

take/consume time

krrpe adv

/kr.‟pɛ/

when

kunsìp n

/‟kun.sɪp/

gunship

kurakx v

/ku.‟ɾak‟/

drive out

Kx kxam n

/k‟am/

middle,midpoint

kxamtseng n

/‟k‟am.ʦɛŋ/

center (or place in the

middle)

kxangangang n

/‟k‟aŋ.aŋ.aŋ/

boom

kxanì adj

/k‟anɪ/

forbidden

kxawm adv

/k‟awm/

perhaps,maybe

kxener n

/‟k‟ɛ.nɛɾ/

species of fruit or

vegetable

kxetse n

/‟k‟ɛ.ʦɛ/

tail

L lahe adj, pn

/‟la.hɛ/

other

lam v

/lam/

seem,appear

lapo pn

/‟la.po/

other other one (person

or thing)

latem v

/‟la.tɛm/

change

law adj

/law/

clear,certain

lehrrap adj

/ lɛ.‟hrap/

dangerous

Lenay'ga n

/‟lɛ.naj.ʔga/

Slinger Slinger

(predatory creature)

lertu n

/‟lɛɾ.tu/

colleague

grant teswotìng v

great leonopteryx

last shadow (great

leonopteryx)

toruk n

great,much,many

great (in quantity);

much

txan adj

great,noble nawm adj

ground kllte n

group of

people,party

pongu pn

guide fyawìntxu n

gunship kunsìp n

H

halt txey v

he poan pn

he,she po pn

heart txe'lan n

hello kaltxì n

help help,assistance srung n

hexapede,hexapod Yerik n

hold off,suspend

action

fpak v

home kelku n

Hometree Hometree

(tree for living in)

Kelutrel n

honor meuia n

hot som adj

how fyape conj

17

lì'u n

/‟lɪ.ʔu/

word

lok adj

/lok/

close close to

lonu v

/‟lo.nu/

release,let go

lrrtok v

/‟lr.tok/

smile

lu v

/lu/

be be (am,is,are)

lumpe adv

/‟lum.pɛ/

why

M makto v

/mak.‟to/

ride

mawey adj

/ma.‟wɛj/

calm

mefo pn

/‟mɛ.fo/

they (those two)

menari n

/mɛ.‟na.ɾi/

eyes (two)

meuia n

/mɛ.‟u.i.a/

honor

meyp adj

/mɛjp/

weak

mì pr

/mɪ/

in

mikyun n

/mik.‟jun/

ear

mìn adj

/mɪn/

turn

mìso pr

/‟mɪ.so/

away (position)

mllte v

/ml:.‟tɛ/

agree

moe pn

/‟mo.ɛ/

we we two (exclusive)

mokri n

/‟mok.ɾi/

voice

muiä adj

/mu.‟i.æ/

proper,fair,right

mune n, adj

/‟mu.nɛ/

two

munge v

/‟mu.ŋɛ/

take,bring

how peyfa adv

hunt taron v

hunter taronyu n

I

I oe pn

I I (deferential or

ceremonial form)

ohe pn

if txo conj

if not if not,or else txokefyaw conj

in mì pr

insanity keye'ung n

interpret ralpeng v

J

joint,hinge til n

K

kid (affectionate

form of "child")

'evi n

kill tspang v

knee kinamtil n

know omum v

L

land atxkxe n

large apxa adj

lead eyk v

leader eyktan n

learn nume v

leave, depart hum v

18

mun'i v

/mun.‟ʔi/

cut

muntxa adj

/mun.‟t‟a/

mated

N na conj

/na/

like,as

nang i

/naŋ/

particle for surprise or

exclamation

nantang n

/‟nan.taŋ/

viperwolf Caniferratus

costatus or “striped

armored wolf.”

nari n

/‟na.ɾi/

eye

nari si c, v

/‟na.ɾi si/

watch out,be careful

na'rìng n

/‟na.ʔ.ɾɪŋ/

forest

Na'vi n

/naʔ.‟vi/

the People the People

(name for themselves)

nawm adj

/nawm/

great,noble

ne kllte! i

/nɛ kl:.‟tɛ/

get down get down!

(literally,"to the

ground!")

ne pr

/nɛ/

to (direction)

ne'ìm pr

/nɛʔɪm/

back (direction)

nekx v

/nɛk‟/

burn,consume

neto pr

/‟nɛ.to/

away (direction)

neu v

/‟nɛ.u/

want

niä v

/‟ni.æ/

grab

nì'aw adj

/nɪ.‟ʔaw./

only

nì'awtu adj

/nɪ.‟ʔaw.tu/

alone alone (as one

person)

leave,abandon txìng v

leg kinam n

level 'engeng n

life tìrey n

light atan adj, n

like us Nìayoeg adj, i

like,as na conj

like,as pxel pr

lip seyri n

listen tìng mikyun v

listen pay

attention,quit

goofing off

eltu si v, c

live rey v

live,dwell kelku si v

long (period of

time)

yol adj

longer longer (time) nulkrr adj

look tìng nari v

look look (at) nìn v

M

male male (person) tutean n, adj

many pxay adj, pn

marker for yes-no

questions

srak(e)

mated muntxa adj

matriarch Tsahìk n

matter matter txele v

19

nì'awve adj

/nɪ.‟ʔaw.vɛ/

first

nìayoeg adj, i

/nɪ.‟aj.o.ɛg/

like us

nìftue adv

/nɪ.‟ftu.ɛ/

easily

nìftxavang adv

/nɪ.‟ft‟a.vaŋ/

passionately,with all

heart

nìhawng adv

/nɪ.‟hawŋ/

too too,excessively

nì'it n

/nɪ.‟ʔit/

bit a small amount

nìltsan adv

/nɪl.‟ʦan/

well

nìmun adv

/nɪ.‟mun/

again

nìn v

/nɪn/

look look (at)

nìngay adv

/nɪŋ.‟aj/

truly

nìtam adj

/nɪ.‟tam/

enough

nìtut adv

/nɪ.‟tut/

continually

nìtxan adj

/nɪ.‟t‟an/

much

nì'ul adj

/nɪ.‟ʔul/

more

nìwin adj

/nɪ.‟win/

fast

nìwotx pr

/nɪ.‟wot‟/

all all (of),in to,

to,completely

nulkrr adj

/nul.‟kr/

longer longer (time)

nume v

/nu.‟mɛ/ learn

Ng nga pn

/ŋa/

you

ngawng n

/ŋawŋ/

worm

ngay adj

/ŋaj/

true

(subject)

matter matter,be of

importance

tsranten v

meaning ral n

medusa (animal) fpxafaw n

meeting ultxa n

message 'upxare n

middle,midpoint kxam n

mighty fkeu adj

mind ronsem n

model,represent,exe

mplify

kenong v

moment swaw n

mommy sa'nu n

more nì'ul adj

moron skxawng n

mother sa'nok n

mountain banshee ikran n

move,shift position rikx v

much nìtxan adj

music pamtseo n

must zene v

N

need kin v

need tìkin v

never kawkrr adv

news

news,something to

fmawn n

20

ngenga pn

/‟ŋɛ.ŋa/

you you (honorific

form)

ngop v

/ŋop/

Create

O oe pr

/‟o.ɛ/

I

oeng pr

/‟o.ɛŋ/

We two (you and I)

ohe pr

/‟o.hɛ/

I (deferential or

ceremonial form)

olo‟ n

/‟o.loʔ/

clan

olo'eyktan n

/‟ol.o.‟ʔɛjk.tan/

clan leader

Omatikaya n

/om.a.ti.‟kaj.a/

Blue Flute Clan

omum v

/‟o.mum/

know

ontu n

/‟on.tu/

nose

P pähem v

/‟pæ.hɛm/

arrive

pak i

/pak/

particle for surprise or

exclamation

pa'li n

/‟paʔ.li/

Direhorse

palulukan n

/‟pa.lu.‟lu.kan/

Thanator Dry Mouth

Bringer of Fear

(Thanator)

pam n

/pam/

sound

pamtseo n

/‟pam.ʦɛ.o/

music

pänutìng v

/pæ.‟nu.tɪŋ/

promise (a thing to

someone) promise (a

thing to someone)

pätsì n

/pæ.‟ʦɪ/

badge

report

night txon n

no kehe adv

no no (before a

noun)

kea adj

no one kawtu pn

nose ontu n

not ke adv

nothing ke'u n

now set adv

O

offence,insult zoplo n

one fko adj

one number 'aw n

one one (person) 'awpo pn

only nì'aw adj

or fu conj

other lahe adj, pn

other other one

(person or thing)

lapo pn

outside wrrpa adj

P

part hapxì n

particle for surprise

or exclamation

nang i

particle for surprise

or exclamation

pak i

particle used in full te pa

21

pawm v

/pawm/

ask

pe pn, adv

/pɛ/

what what (before a

noun)

pehem pn, adv

/‟pɛ.hɛm/

what what (action)

pehrr adv

/pɛ.‟hr/

when

pelun adv

/‟pɛ.lun/

why

peng v

/pɛŋ/

tell

peseng adv

/‟pɛ.sɛŋ/

where

pesu pn

/‟pɛ.su/

who

peu pn, adv

/‟pɛ.u/

what what (thing)

pey c, v

/pɛj/

wait

peyfa adv

/‟pɛj.fa/

how

pizayu n

/‟pi.za.ju/

ancestor

plltxe v

/pl:.‟t‟ɛ/

speak

po pn

/po/

he,she

poan pn

/po.‟an/

he

poe pn

/po.‟ɛ/

she

pongu pn

/‟poŋu/

group of people,party

Px pxan adj

/p‟an/

worthy

pxasul adj

/‟p‟a.sul/

fresh fresh,appealing as

food

pxay adj, pn

/p‟aj/

many

pxel pr

/p‟ɛl/

like,as

names

pass (a test) emza'u v

passionately,with all

heart

nìftxavang adv

path, way fya'o n

pattern renu n

peel fkarut v

People the People

(name for

themselves)

Na'vi n

perhaps,maybe kxawm adv

person tute n

place tseng(e) n

Plant species

(Warbonnet)

Eyaye n

please rutxe v

poison txum n

pretty sevin adj

promise (a thing to

someone) promise

(a thing to someone)

pänutìng v

proper,fair,right muiä adj

protect,shelter hawnu v

protection tìhawnu n

pull za'ärìp v

Q

quiet quiet ("be

quiet!")

fnu v, c

22

pxi adj

/p‟i/

sharp

pxun n

/p‟un/

arm

pxuntil n

/‟p‟un.til/

Elbow

R rä'ä v

/‟ɾæ.ʔæ/

do not negative (do not)

ral n

/ɾal/

meaning

ralpeng v

/‟ɾal.pɛŋ/

interpret

Ralu n

/‟ɾa.lu/

child's name

rawke n

/ɾaw.‟kɛ/

alarm cry

renu n

/‟ɾɛ.nu/

pattern

rey v

/ɾɛj/

live

rikx v

/ɾik‟/

move,shift position

rim adj

/ɾim/

yellow

rina' n

/‟ɾi.naʔ/

seed

riti n

/ɾiti/

stingbat

rol v

/ɾol/

sing

ronsem n

/‟ɾon.sɛm/

mind

rutxe v

/ɾu.‟t‟ɛ/

please

S san n

/san/

saying; quote

sa'nok n

/‟saʔ.nok/

mother

sa'nu n

/‟saʔ.nu/

mommy

sänume n

/sæ.‟nu.mɛ/

teaching,instruction

R

rain tompa n

ready alaksì adj

release,let go lonu v

remain,stay 'ì'awn v

remembrance 'ok n

request ätxäle n

rhythm kato n

ride makto v

ride out kämakto v

rock,stone tskxe n

run tul v

S

sacred swok n

sacred place swotu n

safe place,refuge zongtseng n

save zong v

saying; quote san n

see (physical sense) tse'a v

See (spiritual sense) kame v

seed rina' n

Seeds of the great

tree

atokirina' n

seem,appear lam v

send fpe' v

service kìte'e n

23

sat pn

/sat/

that that (after ftu only)

sempu n

/‟sɛm.pu/

daddy

sempul n

/‟sɛm.pul/

father

set adv

/sɛt/

now

sevin adj

/sɛvin/

pretty

seyri n

/sɛjɾi/

lip

seze n

/‟sɛ.zɛ/

blue flower

sì conj

/sɪ/

and

si v

/si/

do,make

sìk v

/sɪk/

unquote

sìlronsem adj

/sɪl.‟ɾon.sɛm/

clever clever (thing)

sìltsan adj

/sɪl.‟ʦan/

good

ska'a v

/‟ska.ʔa/

destroy

skxawng n

/skʔawŋ/

moron

slä conj

/slæ/

but

slu v

/slu/

become

sngä'i v

/‟sŋæ.ʔi/

begin,start

sngä'ikrr n

/‟sŋæ.ʔi.kr/

beginning,start time

snumìna adj

/‟snu.mɪ.na/

dim dim (of a person)

som adj

/som/

hot

spe'e v

/spɛ.‟ʔɛ/

capture

spe'etu n

/spɛ.‟ʔɛ.tu/

captive

srak(e)

/sɾak(ɛ)/

marker for yes-no

seven kinä n, adj

sharp pxi adj

she poe pn

show wintxu v

sibling tsmuk,tsmuktu n

sign,omen aungia n

sing rol v

sister tsmuke n

sixteen vofu n, adj

sky taw n

Sky Person Tawtute n

Slinger Slinger

(predatory creature)

Lenay'ga n

small hì'i adj

smell faheu v

smile lrrtok v

so so (or "in that

case")

ha conj

so that fte conj

so that not,lest fteke conj

son 'itan n

song tìrol n

song way n

songchord waytelem n

soon ye'rìn adv

sound pam n

speak plltxe v

24

questions

srane adv

/‟sɾa.nɛ/

yes

sreu v

/‟sɾɛ.u/

dance

srung n

/sɾuŋ/

help help,assistance

steftxaw v

/stɛf.‟t‟aw/

examine

stum adv

/stum/

almost

sutx v

/sut‟/

track,lock up

swaw n

/swaw/

moment

swirä n

/‟swi.ɾæ/

creature

swizaw n

/‟swi.zaw/

arrow

swok n

/swok/

sacred

swotu n

/‟swo.tu/

sacred place

syaw v

/sjaw/

call

T ta pr

/ta/

from from (various uses)

ta'em pr

/‟ta.ʔɛm/

from above

täftxu v

/tæ.‟ft‟u/

weave

täftxuyu n

/tæ.‟ft‟u.ju/

weaver

takuk v

/‟ta.kuk/

strike

talioang n

/‟tal.i.‟o.aŋ/

sturmbeest

tam v

/tam/

suffice suffice,"do"

tangek n

/‟taŋ.ɛk/

trunk trunk (of a tree)

tanhì n

/tan.‟hɪ/

star

spear tukru n

species of fruit or

vegetable

kì'ong n

species of fruit or

vegetable

kxener n

spin kìm v

spiral 'ìheyu n

spirit tirea n

spirit animal tireaioang n

spirit path tireafya'o n

spread,proliferate virä v

stand kllkxem v

star tanhì n

stingbat riti n

stop ftang v

stopping tìftang n

straight yey adj

strength tìtxur n

strike takuk v

stringed instrument i'en n

strong txur adj

study ftia v

sturmbeest talioang n

suffice suffice,"do" tam v

sun tsawke n

T

tail kxetse n

25

taron v

/‟ta.ɾon/

hunt

taronyu n

/‟ta.ɾon.ju/

hunter

taw n

/taw/

sky

tawng n

/tawŋ/

duck

tawng v

/tawŋ/

dive

Tawtute n

/‟taw.tu.tɛ/

Sky Person

te pa

/tɛ/

particle used in full

names

telem n

/‟tɛ.lɛm/

cord

tengfya adj, conj

/‟tɛŋ.fja/

as as (= same way as)

tengkrr conj, pr

/tɛŋ.‟kr/

while (= same time as)

terkup v

/‟tɛɾ.kup/

die

teswotìng v

/tɛ.‟swo.tɪŋ/

grant

teya adj

/tɛja/

full

teylu n

/tɛj.‟lu/

beetle larva(e)

tìfmetok n

/tɪf.‟mɛ.tok/

test

tìftang n

/tɪ.‟ftaŋ/

stopping

tìhawnu n

/tɪ.‟haw.nu/

protection

tìkawng adj

/tɪ.‟kawŋ/

evil

tìkenong n

/tɪ.‟kɛ.noŋ/

example

tìkin v

/tɪ.‟kin/

need

til n

/til/

joint,hinge

tìng mikyun v

/tɪŋ „mik.jun/

listen

take,bring munge v

take/consume time krrnekx v

teacher karyu n

teaching,instruction sänume n

tell peng v

territory kllpxìltu n

test fmetok n

test tìfmetok n

than; comparative

mark

to conj

Thanator Dry

Mouth Bringer of

Fear (Thanator)

palulukan n

thank you irayo n, i

that tsnì pn

that that (action) tsakem pn

that that (after ftu

only)

sat pn

that that (as object) tsat pn

that that (thing tsa'u pn

that that person tsatu pn

then then,at that

time

tsakrr pn

there there,that

place

tsatseng adv

they ayfo pn

they fo pn

they (those two) mefo pn

thirty-two thirty-two tsìvol n, adj

26

tìng nari v

/tɪŋ „na.ɾi/

look

tìng v

/tɪŋ/

give

tìngay n

/‟tɪŋ.aj/

truth

tìran v

/tɪ.‟ɾan/

walk

tirea n

/ti‟ɾɛ.a/

spirit

tireafya'o n

/tiɾ.‟ɛ.a.‟fja.ʔo/

spirit path

tireaioang n

/ti.‟ɾɛ.a.i.‟o.aŋ/

spirit animal

tìrey n

/tɪ.‟ɾɛj/

life

tìrol n

/tɪ.‟ɾol/

song

tìtxur n

/tɪ.‟t‟uɾ/

strength

to conj

/to/

than; comparative mark

tok v

/tok/

be at,occupy a space

toktor n

/tok.‟tor/

doctor

tokx n

/tok‟/

body

tompa n

/‟tom.pa/

rain

toruk n

/‟to.ɾuk/

great leonopteryx last

shadow (great

leonopteryx)

trr n

/tr/

day

tukru n

/tuk.‟ɾu/

spear

tul v

/tul/

run

tung v

/tuŋ/

allow

tupe adv

/tu.‟pɛ/

who

tute n

/‟tu.tɛ/

person

(octal: 40)

this this (action) fìkem pn

this this (thing) fì'u pn

this this one (person

or thing)

fìpo pn

this this way,like

this

fìfya pn

this, here here,this

place

fìtseng(e) pn

thread kìng n

Thundering

rocks,Stairway to

Heaven (floating

mountains)

Iknimaya n

time krr n

to (direction) ne pr

to the others

(contraction of

aylaberu)

aylaru conj

together 'awsiteng adv

too too,excessively nìhawng adv

touch 'ampi v

track,lock up sutx v

training,exercise tskxekeng n

tree utral n

Tree of Voices Utral Aymokriyä

n

true ngay adj

truly nìngay adv

trunk trunk (of a tangek n

27

tutean n, adj

/tu.tɛ.‟an/

male male (person)

tutee n, adj

/tu.tɛ.‟ɛ/

female female (person)

Ts tsahaylu n

/ʦa.‟haj.lu/

bond (neural

connection)

tsahìk n

/‟ʦa.hɪk/

matriarch

tsakem pn

/‟ʦa.kɛm/

that (action)

tsakrr conj

/ʦa.‟kr/

then, at that time

tsam n

/ʦam/

war

tsampongu n

/‟ʦam.poŋ.u/

war party

tsamsiyu n

/‟ʦam.si.ju/

warrior

tsap'alute n

/ʦa.‟p‟a.lu.tɛ/

apology

tsat pn

/ʦat/

that that (as object)

tsatseng adv

/‟ʦa.ʦɛŋ/

there there,that place

tsatu pn

/‟ʦat.u/

that that person

tsa'u pn

/ʦa.‟ʔu/

that that (thing

tsawke n

/‟ʦaw.kɛ/

sun

tsawl adj

/ʦawl/

big big (in stature)

tse'a v

/‟ʦɛ.ʔa/

see (physical sense)

tseng(e) n

/ʦɛŋ(ɛ)/

place

tsengpe conj

/‟ʦɛŋ.pɛ/

where

tseo n

/‟ʦɛ.o/

art

tsìng n, adj

/ʦɪŋ/

four

tsìvol n, adj

/‟ʦɪ.vol/

thirty-two thirty-two

tree)

truth tìngay n

try fmi v

turn mìn adj

two mune n, adj

U

understand tslam v

unfold,blossom 'ong v

unquote sìk v

V

valid kangay adj

viperwolf

Caniferratus

costatus or “striped

armored wolf.”

nantang n

vision äie n

voice mokri n

W

wait pey c, v

walk tìran v

want neu v

war tsam n

war party tsampongu n

warrior tsamsiyu n

wash yur v

watch out,be careful nari si c, v

we (exclusive) ayoe pn

28

(octal: 40)

tsko n

/ʦko/

bow bow (weapon)

tsko swizaw n

/ʦko „swi.zaw/

bow and arrow

tskxe n

/ʦk‟ɛ/

rock,stone

tskxekeng n

/‟ʦk‟ɛ.kɛŋ/

training,exercise

tslam v

/ʦlam/

understand

tsleng adj

/ʦlɛŋ/

false

tslolam i

/‟ʦlo.lam/

Got it. I understand.

tsmuk,tsmuktu n

/ʦmuk/ /‟ʦmuk.tu/

sibling

tsmukan n

/‟ʦmuk.an/

brother

tsmuke n

/‟ʦmuk.ɛ/

sister

tsnì pn

/ʦnɪ/

that

tspang v

/ʦpaŋ/

kill

tsranten v

/‟ʦɾan.tɛn/

matter matter,be of

importance

tsteu adj

/‟ʦtɛ.u/

brave

tsun v

/ʦun/

can,be able

tswayon v

/‟ʦwaj.on/

fly

tsyal n

/ʦjal/

wing

Tx txan adj

/t‟an/

great,much,many great

(in quantity); much

txantslusam adj

/‟t‟an.ʦlu.sam/

wise wise,much-

knowing

txe'lan n

/‟t‟ɛʔ.lan/

heart

we (inclusive) ayoeng pn

we we two

(exclusive)

moe pn

we we two (you and

I)

oeng pn

weak meyp adj

weave täftxu v

weaver täftxuyu n

well nìltsan adv

well-being, peace fpom n

what (thing) 'upe n

what what (action) kempe pn

what what (action) pehem pn, adv

what what (before a

noun)

pe pn, adv

what what (thing) peu pn, adv

when krrpe adv

when pehrr adv

where peseng adv

where tsengpe conj

which, that a adj

while (= same time

as)

tengkrr conj, pr

who pesu pn

who tupe adv

why lumpe adv

why pelun adv

wind hufwe n

29

txele v

/‟t‟ɛ.lɛ/

matter matter (subject)

txen adj

/t‟ɛn/

awake

txep n

/t‟ɛp/

fire

txey v

/t‟ɛj/

halt

txìm n

/t‟ɪm/

butt,rear end

txìng v

/t‟ɪŋ/

leave,abandon

txo conj

/t‟o/

if

txoa n

/‟t‟o.a/

forgiveness

txokefyaw conj

/‟t‟o.kɛ.fjaw/

if not if not,or else

txon n

/t‟on/

night

txopu n

/‟t‟o.pu/

fear

txum n

/t‟um/

poison

txur adj

/t‟uɾ/

strong

U ulte conj

/‟ul.tɛ/

and

ultxa n

/‟ul.t‟a/

meeting

unil n

/‟un.il/

dream

Uniltaron n

/‟un.il.ta.ɾon/

Dream Hunt

uniltìrantokx n

/un.il.tɪ.‟ɾan.tok‟/

avatar; dreamwalker

body

uniltìranyu n

/un.il.tɪ.‟ɾan.ju/

dreamwalker

Utral Aymokriyä n

/‟u.tɾal

aj.‟mok.ɾi.jæ/

Tree of Voices

utral n

/‟u.tɾal/

tree

wing tsyal n

wise wise,much-

knowing

txantslusam adj

with with

(accompaniment)

hu adj

with with (by means

of)

fa pr

word lì'u n

World spirit guiding

force and deity

(equivalent to

Gaia); Eywa PN

Eywa n

world world

(physical,solid)

kifkey n

worm ngawng n

worst 'e'al adj

worthy pxan adj

Y

year zìsìt n

yellow rim adj

yes srane adv

you aynga pn

you nga pn

you you (honorific

form)

ngenga pn

30

V virä v

/‟vi.ɾæ/

spread,proliferate

vofu n, adj

/vo.‟fu/

sixteen

vrrtep n

/‟vr.tɛp/

demon

vul n

/vul/

branch branch (of a tree)

W way n

/waj/

song

waytelem n

/‟waj.tɛ.lɛm/

songchord

wintxu v

/win.‟t‟u/

show

wrrpa adj

/‟wr.pa/

outside

wutso n

/‟wut.so/

dinner dinner,served

meal

Y Yerik n

/‟jɛ.ɾik/

hexapede,hexapod

ye'rìn adv

/‟jɛʔ.ɾɪn/

soon

yey adj

/jɛj/

straight

yìm v

/jɪm/

bind

yol adj

/jol/

long (period of time)

yom v

/jom/

eat

yomtìng v

/‟jom.tɪŋ/

feed

yur v

/juɾ/

wash

Z za'ärìp v

/zaʔ.‟æ.ɾɪp/

pull

zamunge v

/za.‟mu.ŋɛ/

bring

za'u v

/‟za.ʔu/

come

31

zekwä n

/zɛk.‟wæ/

finger

zene v

/‟zɛ.nɛ/

must

zìsìt n

/‟zɪ.sɪt/

year

zong v

/zoŋ/

save

zongtseng n

/zoŋ.‟ʦɛŋ/

safe place,refuge

zoplo n

/‟zo.plo/

offence,insult