Aim: Review for the Midterm Exam

April 1, 2013

Do Now: In your notebooks, write out one question you have about the midterm material. Topics covered include toxicology and toxicity, controlled substances and other toxins, drug testing and drug identification, blood components, blood typing, and blood spatter. The exam is out of 100 points.

Exam TopicsToxicology + ToxicityControlled SubstancesDrug CategoriesDrug Overdose Symptoms and IdentificationUrinalysis LabDrug Identification LabBlood ComponentsBlood TypingBlood Spatter

Toxicology + ToxicityToxicology

The study of poisons and identification of drugs

ToxicityMeasure of how poisonous a substance is

Factors affecting toxicityDoseDurationExposure

Types of Exposure• Intentional • Treat illness or relieve pain

• Accidental • Ingested or exposed, unintentional OD

• Deliberate • Intention to harm or kill others, suicide

Poisoning and Overdose• Acute •High dose & short time

•Chronic• Low dose & long time

•Overdose • Accidental drug exposure above normal doses

Controlled Substances• Controlled Substances • Drugs whose sale, possession, and use are under legal control.• Includes both illegal and prescription drugs• Hallucinogens, Stimulants, Narcotics, Anabolic Steroids, Depressants

HallucinogensAffect perception, self-awareness,

and emotions.• Mescaline• Marijuana• Mushrooms• LSD• MDMA• PCP

Overdose Symptoms• General

• Increased Heart Rate, Hallucinations• Mescaline

• diarrhea, vomiting • MDMA

• seizures, panic attack, stroke, death• LSD

• sleeplessness, sweating• PCP

• convulsions, death, psychosis, numbness

NarcoticsReduce pain by suppressing CNS ability to relay pain signals to brain.• Heroin• Codeine• Hydrocodone (Vicodin)• Morphine• Oxycodone (OxyContin)

Narcotics Overdose• General Symptoms – difficulty

breathing, coma• Opium –confusion, weakness

• Heroin, Codeine, Morphine –constipation, vomiting, death • Oxycodone – seizures, dizziness,

small pupils

Stimulants• Increase feelings of energy and

alertness while suppressing appetite. • Depression as effects wear off.AmphetaminesCocaineCrack CocaineMethamphetamine

Stimulant Overdose• General Symptoms – rapid heart

rate, death• Amphetamines (Speed) –stroke,

seizure, coma• Cocaine/Crack –seizures, stroke,

heart attack bleeding in the brain• Methamphetamines – dilated

pupils, high BP, bleeding in the brain

Anabolic Steroids• Promote cell and tissue growth• Chemically Manufactured• Similar to testosterone• Used to treat some medical cases

Anabolic Steroid AbuseAcneIncreased body hairBaldnessSterility in malesHeart attacksCancer

Depressants• Barbiturates – relieve anxiety and produce sleep• Reduce body functions by increase of neurotransmitter GABA, causing drowsiness.

Depressant Effects•Side effects •Slurred speech•Loss of coordination

•Overdose may cause slow heart rate, coma, and death.

Organic Toxins• Substances produced by

living organisms• Absorbed and interfere

with metabolism• Venom

Alcohol• Conversion of ethanol to acetic acid causes dehydration• Side Effects - Hangover, headache, nausea• Overdose - Liver damage & Alcohol poisoning

Bacterial Toxins•Botulism – most poisonous biological substance•Destroyed by cooking

Heavy Metals and Pesticides• Metals include cyanide, arsenic, lead, and mercury• Also include gases• Hydrogen Cyanide • Carbon Monoxide

• Inhibit production of ATP

Bioterrorism AgentsRicin and AnthraxVery small amounts needed to be toxic

Effects are dependent on the exposure

Drug TestingTesting for

Drugs and their metabolitesTest hair, saliva, blood, and urine

Detection time varies from drug to drug

Urine Analysis LabPositive Control – Sample known to

contain the drug. In our experiment, this sample changed color

Negative Control – Sample known to not contain the drug. In our experiment, this sample did not change color

Why are they necessary?So we have a benchmark to compare our results to

Urine Analysis LabHow were we able to identify what samples contained the drug?

How were we able to prevent bias from interfering with our results?

Why might a scientist testing urine check the temperature of the sample?

Drug Identification LabWhat were our controls in this

experiment?What was the aim of this

experiment?How did you go about identifying

your unknown?

Drug IdentificationIn – class assignment:

You have found an unknown substance at the scene of the crime. The victim is having difficulty breathing, and is not responsive. They may be in a coma. Write out your own experimental procedure, including all controls and steps. Do not worry about writing all materials.

BloodKnow all blood components – plasma, RBC, WBC, and platelets

Blood Typing – if agglutination is occurring, that protein is present

Blood SpatterAngle of Impact = sin^-1(W/L)Point of Origin = tan(angle of impact) x D