apsimoryza - icrisat

APSIM-‐ORYZA

CSIRO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FLAGSHIP

Perry Poulton John Hargreaves

18 March 2013

APSIM Soil

ORYZA

Crop growth and development

ORYZA follows a daily calculation scheme for the rate of dry matter production of the plant organs and for the rate of phenological development. (Bouman and Laar, 2006)

Gross daily growth rate: Gp = (Ad × (30/44) – Rm f (CO2 Assimilation - respiration + retranslocation from reserve) Ad is the daily rate of gross CO2 assimilation) Rm is the maintenance respiration) Rt is the amount of available stem reserves for growth Q is the assimilate requirement for dry matter

CO2 assimilation is calculated from daily incoming radiation, temperature, and leaf area index (LAI).

(Bouman and Laar, 2006)

Response to increased CO2 concentration (Bouman and Laar, 2006)

Response to temperature and nitrogen (Bouman and Laar, 2006)

f (temperature and biomass)

f (biomass growth)

Maintenance respiration requirements are subtracted from the gross assimilation rate to obtain net daily growth


Carbohydrates is partitioned to roots, leaves, stems, and panicles as a function of development stage

<FSHT>0.00 0.43 1.00 2.50 </FSHT> <FSH>0.50 0.80 1.00 1.00 </FSH>  <FLVT>0.00 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.20 2.50 </FLVT> <FLV>0.50 0.50 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 </FLV>  <FSTT>0.00 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.01 1.20 2.50 </FSTT> <FST>0.40 0.40 0.35 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 </FST>  <FSOT>0.00 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.20 2.50 </FSOT> <FSO>0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 1.00 1.00 </FSO>

APSIM-ORYZA: Oryza.xml •  Allocation of assimilate to roots leaf stem panicle

Consider data requirements…..

!

The growth of the rice plant is divided into three phases: •  vegetative (germination to panicle initiation); •  reproductive (panicle initiation to flowering); and •  ripening (flowering to mature grain)

Tbase = 8 °C, Topt = 30 °C, and Thigh = 42.5 °C.

<IR58 cultivar="yes"> <DVRJ description="Development rate in juvenile phase (oCd-1)">.000873 </DVRJ> <DVRI description="Development rate in photoperiod-sensitive phase (oCd-1)">.000738 </DVRI> <DVRP description="Development rate in panicle development (oCd-1)">.000710 </DVRP> <DVRR description="Development rate in reproductive phase (oCd-1)">.001765 </DVRR> <MOPP description="Maximum optimum photoperiod (h)">11.50 </MOPP> <PPSE description="Photoperiod sensitivity (h-1)">0.0 </PPSE> </IR58> <cigeulis cultivar="yes"> <DVRJ description="Development rate in juvenile phase (oCd-1)">.000600 </DVRJ> <DVRI description="Development rate in photoperiod-sensitive phase (oCd-1)">.000570 </DVRI> <DVRP description="Development rate in panicle development (oCd-1)">.000884 </DVRP> <DVRR description="Development rate in reproductive phase (oCd-1)">.001580 </DVRR> <MOPP description="Maximum optimum photoperiod (h)">11.50 </MOPP> <PPSE description="Photoperiod sensitivity (h-1)">0.0 </PPSE> </cigeulis>

APSIM-ORYZA: Oryza.xml •  Phenology parameters

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Phe

nolo

gica

l sta

ge ()

Days after sowing (days)

Observed Phenological stage Predicted phenological stages

Fl#PI#

PM#b.#

Observed and predicted phenological stages in development stage units (DVS) for panicle initiation (PI), flowering (Fl) and physiological maturity (PM) for variety, Sen Pidao (110 days).

Leaf area growth includes a source- and sink-limited phase. •  LAI < 1.0 - exponential growth in LAI •  LAI > 1.0 - limited by the amount of carbohydrates available


At transplanting: •  LAI and all biomass values are reset based on the plant density after

transplanting relative to the plant density in the seedbed.

•  Crop growth resumes only after a ‘‘transplanting shock’’ has elapsed.


The transplanted seedlings need/require about 9 days to recover from the shock of uprooting during transplanting after which new roots appear.

Transplant shock

APSIM-Pond simulates anaerobic and flooded systems

Bulk of soil becomes anaerobic

-Different soil organisms dominate in anaerobic conditions

-Methane produced as a product of ammonification

Slow decomposition of crop residues and organic

materials

Denitrification will see disappearance of NO3 in saturated profile, and

nitrification stops

Volatilisation of Ammonia

N fertiliser broadcast into floodwater, not

onto soil

Diffusion & mass flow determine the flow of nutrients between pond and soil

Growth of algae and photosynthetic aquatic

biomass

Aerobic Floodwater

Anaerobic soil layers

Aerobic soil layer Bulk of soil becomes

anaerobic

-Different soil organisms dominate in anaerobic conditions

-Methane produced as a product of ammonification

Slow decomposition of crop residues and organic

materials

Denitrification will see disappearance of NO3 in saturated profile, and

nitrification stops

Volatilisation of Ammonia

N fertiliser broadcast into floodwater, not

onto soil

Diffusion & mass flow determine the flow of nutrients between pond and soil

Growth of algae and photosynthetic aquatic

biomass

Aerobic Floodwater

Anaerobic soil layers

Aerobic soil layer

Two Papers recently published on APSIM performance Gaydon, D.S., Probert, M.E., Buresh, R.J., Meinke, H., Suriadi, A.., Dobermann, A., Bouman, B.A.M., Timsina, J., 2012. Rice in cropping systems - Modelling transitions between flooded and non-flooded soil environments, European Journal of Agronomy 39, 9-24.

R2 = 0.81

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Measured

Simulated

Rice crops

R2 = 0.91

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 2 4 6 8 10

Measured

Simulated

Other crops in rotation with Rice

Soybean

Wheat/Barley R2 = 0.81

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Measured

Simulated

Rice crops

R2 = 0.91

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 2 4 6 8 10

Measured

Simulated

Other crops in rotation with Rice

Soybean

Wheat/Barley

Figure 1. Simulated vs average observed grain yields for 121 rice crops, all as diverse cropping sequences, together with modelled performance of other crops in rotation with rice.

Datasets from Indonesia, Philippines and Australia

Currently “paper of the month” for EJA

Two Papers

Gaydon, D.S., Probert, M.E., Buresh, R.J., Meinke, H., Timsina, J., 2012. Capturing the role of algae in rice crop production and soil organic carbon maintenance, European Journal of Agronomy 39, 35-43.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

0 360

Annual Fertiliser Application (kgN/ha)

Ave

rage

Ric

e Yi

eld

(kg/

ha/c

rop)

a.

a.

b.

b.

obs.

obs.Figure 2. Simulated vs

average observed grain yields (over 33 years) for two fertilizer treatments (zero and 360 kgN ha-1 yr-1) in the IRRI Long Term Continuous Cropping Experiment (LTCCE).

a.  Without algal inputs included

b.  With algal inputs

Consider the key features of an agricultural production system……

Establishment

Leaf area / biomass production

Harvest

Residue

Root growth

Flowering/grain production

Climate Transpiration

Soil water & solutes

Redistribution

Soil Organic Matter / Nutrients

Leaching

Management

Evaporation Runoff/ Erosion

Decomposition/ Incorporation

Water uptake

Nutrient uptake

Manure

Livestock

Drainage

Drainage

APSIM structure……

APSIM – Plug-in / Pull-out modularity

Clock

Report

Met

Manager

field1 Soilwat

SoilN

Residue

ORYZA

field2 Soilwat

SoilN

Residue

Wheat

farm

Now Multi-point Water Supply Water Supply

• Native pasture (GRASP) • Navybean • Rice (ORYZA)A

• Cotton (OZCOT)B

• Peanut • PigeonpeaC

• Sorghum • Soybean • Stylo pasture • Sugarcane • Sunflower • Weed • Wheat • Hemp

• Barley • Bambatsi • Canola • Chickpea • Cowpea • E. GrandisD

• Faba bean • Fieldpea • Grape (VineLogic) B

• Lablab • Lucerne • Lupin • Maize • MilletC • Mucuna • Mungbean

Ain association with Uni. Wageningen & IRRI B by arrangement with CSIRO Plant Industry C in association with ICRISAT D In association with CSIRO L&W

• Mucuna • Navybean

Crop, pasture and tree modules

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