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APSY 214: Unit 3 1

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Admin No office hours this Friday 2

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Todays goals At the end of the today, you should be able to Distinguish between the major structures and hormones involved in the regulation of gonadal hormones Explain the process involved in the regulation of gonadal hormones, starting with the hypothalamus and its hormones Explain how sexual differentiation occurs for: Gonads Internal reproductive ducts External reproductive organs 3

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Todays goals At the end of the today, you should be able to Describe the hormonal changes that occur during puberty and the effect they have on the body Explain the aromatization hypothesis Summarize what we understand about sexual differentiation in the mammalian brain, including Aromatization hypothesis and humans Key findings in the area 4

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Sample test question Sry protein triggers the development of: a) the testes. b) a Mllerian system. c) the penis. d) ovaries. 5

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Sample test question The aromatization hypothesis states that: a) Testosterone is directly responsible for masculinizing the brain b) Male and female brains are not differentiated (i.e. there are no sex difference in brain development) c) estradiol created in the brains of developing males from circulating testosterone masculinizes their brains. d) estradiol created in the brains of developing females from circulating testosterone feminizes their brains. 6

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Regulation of gonadal hormones Hypothalamus Gonadotropin releasing hormone (via veins) Anterior pituitary Gonadotropins Gonads Estrogens, androgens, progestins Body tissue 8

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Goal review You should now be able to Distinguish between the major structures and hormones involved in the regulation of gonadal hormones Explain the process involved in the regulation of gonadal hormones, starting with the hypothalamus and its hormones 9

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Male or female? How do we become male or female? What role do sex hormones play? ? 11

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Think about it A normal genetic female receives injections of testosterone throughout fetal development. She will be born with: a) ovaries. b) male internal reproductive ducts. c) undeveloped female reproductive ducts. d) male external reproductive organs. e) all of the above 12

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Think about it A normal genetic female receives injections of testosterone throughout fetal development. She will be born with: a) ovaries. b) male internal reproductive ducts. c) undeveloped female reproductive ducts. d) male external reproductive organs. e) all of the above 1:00 13

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Think about it A normal genetic female receives injections of testosterone throughout fetal development. She will be born with: a) ovaries. b) male internal reproductive ducts. c) undeveloped female reproductive ducts. d) male external reproductive organs. e) all of the above :30 14

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Activity 2 A normal genetic female receives injections of testosterone throughout fetal development. She will be born with: a) ovaries. b) male internal reproductive ducts. c) undeveloped female reproductive ducts. d) male external reproductive organs. e) all of the above 4:00 15

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Activity 2 A normal genetic female receives injections of testosterone throughout fetal development. She will be born with: a) ovaries. b) male internal reproductive ducts. c) undeveloped female reproductive ducts. d) male external reproductive organs. e) all of the above 3:00 16

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Activity 2 A normal genetic female receives injections of testosterone throughout fetal development. She will be born with: a) ovaries. b) male internal reproductive ducts. c) undeveloped female reproductive ducts. d) male external reproductive organs. e) all of the above 2:00 17

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Activity 2 A normal genetic female receives injections of testosterone throughout fetal development. She will be born with: a) ovaries. b) male internal reproductive ducts. c) undeveloped female reproductive ducts. d) male external reproductive organs. e) all of the above 1:00 18

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Activity 2 A normal genetic female receives injections of testosterone throughout fetal development. She will be born with: a) ovaries. b) male internal reproductive ducts. c) undeveloped female reproductive ducts. d) male external reproductive organs. e) all of the above :30 19

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Activity 2 A normal genetic female receives injections of testosterone throughout fetal development. She will be born with: a) ovaries. b) male internal reproductive ducts. c) undeveloped female reproductive ducts. d) male external reproductive organs. e) all of the above Times up! 20

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Activity 2 - Answer A normal genetic female receives injections of testosterone throughout fetal development. She will be born with: a) ovaries. b) male internal reproductive ducts. c) undeveloped female reproductive ducts. d) male external reproductive organs. e) all of the above 21

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Activity 2 - Recap Lets walk through typical sexual development There are three components. Differentiation of the: 1. Gonads Testes and ovaries 2. Internal reproductive ducts Male includes vas deferens Female inclues uterus, fallopian tubes 3. External reproductive organs Male penis, scrotum Female clitoris, labia 22

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Activity 2 - Recap Gonads 6 weeks after fertilization Both sexes Primordial glands Males Sry gene (Y chromosome) -> Sry protein -> primordial gonads -> testes Females No Sry gene (no Y chromosome) -> no Sry protein -> primoridal gonads -> ovaries Add testosterone? 23

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Activity 2 - Recap Internal Reproductive Ducts 6 weeks after fertilization Both sexes Wolffian and Mllerian systems Male Testes -> androgens -> development of Wolffian Testes -> Mllerian-inhibiting substance -> degeneration of Mllerian system Female No testes -> no androgen -> no development of Wolffian Add testosterone? 24

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Activity 2 - Recap External reproductive organs 2 nd month of pregnancy Both sexes biopotential precursor Males Testosterone -> male external genitalia Females No testosterone -> female external genitalia Add testosterone? 25

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Put it all together. A normal genetic female receives injections of testosterone throughout fetal development. She is born with will be born with: a) ovaries. b) male internal reproductive ducts. c) undeveloped female reproductive ducts. d) male external reproductive organs. e) all of the above 26

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Puberty Secondary sexual characteristics Develop during puberty Distinguish males and females Not directly involved in reproduction For example Facial hair, deep voice, breasts Hormonal changes Anterior pituitary -> growth hormone Anterior pituitary -> gonadotropic and adrenocorticotropic hormones -> maturation of genitals 27

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Goal review You should now be able to Explain how sexual differentiation occurs Gonads Internal reproductive ducts External reproductive organs Describe the hormonal changes that occur during puberty and the effect they have on the body 28

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Sample test question Sry protein triggers the development of: a) the testes. b) a Mllerian system. c) the penis. d) ovaries. 29

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Male vs. female brains 31

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Think about it Defend/refute: The differences between the male and female brains in humans are explained by the presence or absence of testosterone during development. 1:00 32

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Think about it Defend/refute: The differences between the male and female brains in humans are explained by the presence or absence of testosterone during development. :30 33

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Activity 3 Defend/refute: The differences between the male and female brains in humans are explained by the presence or absence of testosterone during development. Prepare at least two arguments in support of your decision (i.e. two reasons why you chose to defend/refute this statement) 3:00 34

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Activity 3 Defend/refute: The differences between the male and female brains in humans are explained by the presence or absence of testosterone during development. Prepare at least two arguments in support of your decision (i.e. two reasons why you chose to defend/refute this statement) 2:00 35

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Activity 3 Defend/refute: The differences between the male and female brains in humans are explained by the presence or absence of testosterone during development. Prepare at least two arguments in support of your decision (i.e. two reasons why you chose to defend/refute this statement) 1:00 36

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Activity 3 Defend/refute: The differences between the male and female brains in humans are explained by the presence or absence of testosterone during development. Prepare at least two arguments in support of your decision (i.e. two reasons why you chose to defend/refute this statement) :30 37

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Activity 3 Defend/refute: The differences between the male and female brains in humans are explained by the presence or absence of testosterone during development. a) Defend b) Refute Prepare at least two arguments in support of your decision (i.e. two reasons why you chose to defend/refute this statement) Times up! 38

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Activity 3 - Recap Defend/refute: The differences between the male and female brains in humans are explained by the presence or absence of testosterone during development. a) Defend b) Refute Presence/absence of testosterone plays a role, but it is far from the whole story 39

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Activity 3 - Recap Males have higher levels of androgens, including testosterone (T) Does T act directly on brain to cause changes? No 40

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Activity 3 - Recap Aromatization hypothesis proposes that: T is converted into estradiol (aromatization) Causes masculinization Evidence for aromatization theory Early estradiol injections -> masculinize brain If T present, but aromatization blocked -> no masculinization of brain 41

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Activity 3 - Recap BUT.. Most of this research was focused on the hypothalamus.. of rats! Why? 42

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Activity 3 - Recap Aromatization hypothesis is not sufficient Much more complicated Aromatization only critical in certain brain areas Substantial variation between species Variation in different developmental periods within species Sex chromosomes exhibit unique, independent effects Estradiol also plays an active role 43

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Activity 3 - Recap Take home message Aromatization hypothesis is not sufficient Much more complicated Cause of differentiation varies based on part of brain, species and stage of development Presence/absence of androgens is not the only important factor 44

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Hormones and behavior How do hormones affect behavior? Most of this research is on rodents Study reproductive behavior T in females - masculinizes and defeminizes sexual behavior No T in males demasculinizes and feminizes sexual behavior Much more complicated in humans 45

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Masculinization and feminization Two separate dimensions NOT opposites Masculine behavior Male typical behaviors Feminine behavior Female typical behaviors Can have both at once or neither 46

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Goal review You should now be able to Explain the aromatization hypothesis Summarize what we understand about sexual differentiation in the mammalian brain, including Aromatization hypothesis and humans Key findings in the area 47

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Sample test question The aromatization hypothesis states that: a) Testosterone is directly responsible for masculinizing the brain b) Male and female brains are not differentiated (i.e. thereare no sex difference in brain development) c) estradiol created in the brains of developing males from circulating testosterone masculinizes their brains. d) estradiol created in the brains of developing females from circulating testosterone feminizes their brains. 48

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Male vs. female? INDIVIDUAL ICA Each person should turn in their own answer (make sure to put your name on it!) Consider what youve learned in your reading (including the three case studies at the end of your reading for today pp. 340 342) and in lecture today How has this influenced your opinion of what makes us male or female? Do you think male and female are two distinct separate categories? Why or why not? There is no correct answer, but make sure to support your opinion with a well-reasoned argument based on class material Put in team folder or bring to front of class. 50