apt-18 2018 south carolina pest management handbook

APT-18

2018SouthCarolinaPestManagementHandbook

TableofMeasurementsandConversions

StandardMeasure MetricConversionLength:1ft=12in1yd=3ft1mi=5,280ft1mph=88ft/1min

Length:1in=25.4mm=2.54cm1ft=304.8mm=30.48cm1yd=914.4mm=91.44cm=0.914m1mi=1,609m=1.61km1mm=0.03937in1cm=0.394in=0.0328ft1m=39.37in=3,281ft1km=3,281ft=0.621mi

Area:1sqin=0.007sqft1sqft=144sqin1sqyd=1,296sqin=9sqft1ac=43,560sqft=4,840sqyd

Area:1sqin=6.45sqcm1sqft=929sqcm1sqyd=8,361sqcm=0.8361sqm1ac=4,050sqm=0.405h1sqm=1,550sqin=10.76sqft1h=107,600sqft=2.47ac

Volume:1tsp=0.17floz1tbs=3tsp1floz=2tbs=6tsp1cup=8floz=16tbs1pt=2cups=16floz1qt=2pt=32floz1gal=4qt=8pt=128floz=231cuinNote:Toconvertliquidouncestogallons,multiplyby0.0078125(.008)

Volume:1floz=29.5ml=0.0295L1pt=437ml=0.437L1qt=945ml=0.945L1gal=3,785ml=3.785L1ml=0.033floz1L=33.8floz=2.112pt=1.057qt=0.264gal

Weight:1oz=0.0625lb1lb=16oz1ton=2,000lb1galofwater=8.34lb

Weight:1oz=28.35g1lb=454g=0.4536kg1ton=907kg1galofwater=3.786kg1g=0.035oz1kg=35.27oz=2.205Lb

Concentration:1partpermillion(ppm)=0.00001percent=0.013ozin100galofwater1percent=10,000ppm0.1 percent=1,000ppm0.01 percent=100ppm0.001percent=10ppm

Concentration:1partpermillion(ppm)=1milligram/liter=1milligram/kilogram1percent=10grams/liter0.1percent=1,000milligrams/liter0.01percent=100milligrams/liter0.001percent=10milligrams/liter

Temperature:ToconvertdegreesCelsius(°C)todegreesFahrenheit(°F):multiplyby1.8andadd32.Example:30degrees°C=86degrees°F.(30x1.8+32)ToconvertdegreesFahrenheit(°F)todegreesCelsius(°C):subtract32multiplyby0.56.Example:50degrees°F=10degrees°C(50‐32x0.56).Abbreviations:ac=Acre;cm=Centimeter;floz=Fluidounce;ft=FootorFeet;g=Gram;gal=Gallon;h=Hectare(1h=10,000squaremeters);in=Inch;kg=Kilogram;km=Kilometer;L=Liter;lb=Pound;mi=Mile;oz=Ounce;pt=Pint;m=Meter;mg=Milligram;min=Minute;ml=Milliliter;mm=Millimeter;qt=Quart;sq=Square;tbs=Tablespoon;tsp=Teaspoon;yd=Yard.

South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2018

2018SouthCarolinaPestManagementHandbook

ThePestManagementHandbook isasetofrecommendationsdevelopedbyClemsonUniversityExtension pestmanagement specialists and university researchers for South Carolina growers.These recommendations were derived from various sources of information available to thesecontributors at times prior to publishing this handbook and represent their current views onmanaging field crop pests based on pesticide labels, their own research or experience, and/orthroughothersources.Thechemicalrecommendationsprovidedherearebasedonpesticideactiveingredients.Pesticideproductsmentionedhereareforapplicatorconvenienceandareexamplesonly.TheinformationinthispublicationwascurrentasofJanuary16,2018andappliesonlytoSouthCarolina.Itmaynotbeappriopriateforotherstatesorlocations.The 2018 Pest Management Handbook is also available as an electronic copy on the ClemsonUniversityExtensionwebpage:http://www.clemson.edu/extension/rowcrops/

DISCLAIMERThementionisofthepesticideproductisnotanendorsementnordiscriminationagainstanyotherproductbyClemsonUniversityExtensionService.Pesticideproductsnotmentionedheremayalsobeefficaciousandtheirabsencefromtheserecommendationsdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheyare not also effective pestmanagement tools. These recommendations are notmeant to be anexhaustiverecommendation,andassociatedcomments,givenhereareinallcasesaresupersededbythepesticideproductlabels.Itisyourresponsibilityasapesticideusertoreadandfollowtheinstructionsontheproductlabelin deciding your pesticide purchases and in their use, including mix/loading of the product,application, clean‐up, and thedisposal of unwantedproduct, rinsates, and clean emptyproductcontainers.Remember:TheLabelistheLaw.Forfurtherassistance,pleasecontactyourlocalExtensionoffice.


2018TECHINCALCONTRIBUTORSMikeMarshall

ExtensionWeedSpecialist,2018PMHEditorEdistoResearchandEducationCenter

64ResearchRoadBlackville,SC29817(803)284‐[email protected]

JeremyGreene

ExtensionEntomologistEdistoResearchandEducationCenter


DavidGunter

ExtensionFeedGrainSpecialistEdistoResearchandEducationCenter


FrancisReay‐Jones

ExtensionEntomologistPeeDeeResearchandEducationCenter

2200PocketRoadFlorence,SC29506(843)662‐[email protected]

JohnMueller

ExtensionPlantPathologistEdistoResearchandEducationCenter


DanAnco

ExtensionPeanutSpecialistEdistoResearchandEducationCenter


KatieMoorePesticideSafetyEducationCoordinatorDepartmentofPesticideRegulation

511WestinghouseRoadPendleton,SC29670(803)417‐5198

[email protected]

PaulPetersonResearchPlantPathologist

PeeDeeResearchandEducationCenter2200PocketRoadFlorence,SC29506(843)307‐2966

[email protected]

JenniferTsurudaExtensionApiculturistClemsonUniversity109FBarreHall

Clemson,SC29634(864)656‐2218

[email protected]

CoryHeatonStateWildlifeSpecialist

SandhillResearchandEducationCenter900ClemsonRoadColumbia,SC29229(803)699‐3190

[email protected]

JayCrouchAreaAgronomyAgent

NewberryCountyExtensionOffice1860WilsonRoadNewberry,SC29108(803)276‐[email protected]

BrianBeer

AreaLivestockAgentLancasterCountyExtensionOffice

107SouthFrenchStreetLancaster,SC29721(803)283‐[email protected]


TABLEOFCONTENTSIntroduction

SprayerCalibration....................................................................................................................................................................1SprayDriftManagement.........................................................................................................................................................4SprayerEquipmentCleaning.................................................................................................................................................4PesticideSprayAdditivies......................................................................................................................................................6PesticideStorageandDisposal.............................................................................................................................................6PesticideResistanceManagement......................................................................................................................................7PesticideApplicationRecordkeeping................................................................................................................................9ApplicationRecordkeepingRequirementsforDicambaTolerant(DT)Crops..............................................12DicambaApplicationRecordkeepingandTrainingRequirementForm..........................................................13HoneybeeStewardship..........................................................................................................................................................14ModeofActionforHerbicides............................................................................................................................................16CropReplantandRotationGuideFollowingHerbicideApplication..................................................................18

CornWeedControlinCorn.............................................................................................................................................................23CornInsectControl..................................................................................................................................................................56

CottonWeedControlinCotton..........................................................................................................................................................78CottonInsectManagement................................................................................................................................................109CottonDiseaseControl........................................................................................................................................................123CottonNematodeControl..................................................................................................................................................127

ForagesGrassForageWeedControl...............................................................................................................................................130PastureandHayInsectManagement............................................................................................................................148

GrainSorghumWeedControlinGrainSorghum.....................................................................................................................................154GrainSorghumInsectControl..........................................................................................................................................164

PeanutWeedControlinPeanut......................................................................................................................................................172PeanutInsectControl..........................................................................................................................................................189PeanutDiseaseManagement............................................................................................................................................195PeanutNematodeControl..................................................................................................................................................206

SmallGrainsWeedControlinSmallGrains..........................................................................................................................................207SmallGrainInsectControl.................................................................................................................................................216SmallGrainDiseaseControl..............................................................................................................................................221

SoybeanWeedControlinSoybean...................................................................................................................................................224SoybeanInsectControl.......................................................................................................................................................259SoybeanDiseaseControl....................................................................................................................................................270SoybeanNematodeControl...............................................................................................................................................276

SunflowerWeedControlinSunflower...............................................................................................................................................277

TobaccoWeedControlinTobacco...................................................................................................................................................283TobaccoInsectControl........................................................................................................................................................287TobaccoDiseaseManagement.........................................................................................................................................297TobaccoNematodeManagement...................................................................................................................................306

AquaticWeedControl...............................................................................................................................................................307


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INTRODUCTION

SPRAYERCALIBRATIONMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist

Accurateapplicationofpesticides is essentialto adequately control target pests, avoidexcessive crop injury, andminimize chemicalcosts andharm to the environment. This hasbecome evenmore critical in recent years assomepesticideuse ratesgo frompoundsperacre to fractions of one ounce per acre.Unfortunately, sprayer calibration is oftenneglectedoravoided.Therearemanywaystocalibrate a sprayer, somemore difficult thanothers. If you have a reliable method withwhich you are comfortable, stickwith it. Thefollowing is a guide to a straightforwardmethod.Sprayercalibrationshouldbedonewithcleanwater,notwith the chemicalmix in the spraysystem. Before you calibrate your sprayer,thoroughlycleanit.Also,besuretocheckfornozzleoutputuniformity,asdefectsorunevenwear will cause some nozzles to put outsignificantlymorethanothersofthesametype.To do this, catch andmeasure the output ofeach nozzle for a specific length of time (30seconds, 1 minute, etc.) and determine theaverage output per nozzle (total combinedoutputofallnozzlesdividedbythenumberofnozzles).Discardand replaceanynozzle thatvariesmorethan5percentfromtheaverage.1/128acremethod:This isperhapsthemost frequentlyusedandquickest method of calibration. It involvesmeasuring a specific driving distance ratherthananarea.Followthesestepstocalibratebythe1/128acremethod.

1. Measure a specific distance in a fieldaccording to table 1. Select a driving

distancewhichmatchesthenozzlespacingon your boom (for broadcast sprays) orrow spacing you use (for bandapplications). The distance should bemeasuredinafieldtypicalofthoseyouwillbespraying,ratherthanasmoothsurface.

2. Selectagearandenginespeedcombinationwhichwillallowyoutocomfortablydriveacross your fields and develop adequatespraypressurefortheselectednozzlesonyour rig. Drive the measured distance atyour preselected gear and engine speedcombinationandrecordthetimerequiredtodrivethedistanceinseconds.Toimproveprecision, you may want to time two ormoreseparaterunsandtaketheaverageoftworuns.

Table1.DistancecalibrationtableforsprayersNozzleorRowspacing(inches)

Distancetotimefor

calibration(feet)

NozzleorRowspacing(inches)

Distancetotimefor

calibration(feet)

40 102 26 15738 107 24 17036 113 22 18534 120 20 20432 127 18 22730 136 16 25528 146 14 291

3. Park the sprayer and, using ameasuringcuporbucket,catchthesprayoutputfromasinglenozzleforthelengthoftimeittookyoutodrivethemeasureddistanceinstepone.Besurethatthesprayerisrunningatthesameenginespeedandspraypressure.Note:Forbandingrigswhereyouusedrowspacingtodeterminethedistanceinstep1and where more than one nozzle is


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directedtotherow,catchtheoutputforallnozzlesdirectedtoasinglerow.

4. The total amount of water, measured inounces,collectedpernozzleorrowinstep3equalsgallonsperacre(GPA).

Determininghowmuchherbicideproducttoaddtothespraytank:Nowthatyouhavesuccessfullycalibratedyoursprayer, the next step is to determine howmuch chemical you need to add to the tank.

1. Dividethetankcapacitybygallonsperacretoget thenumberofacresa full tankcanspray:

[Tankcapacity(gallons)÷GPA]=Number

ofacrescoveredbyonefulltank

2. Multiply the recommended pesticide ratefromthelabel(pt/A,oz/A,lb/A,etc.)bythenumber of acres covered by a full tank(fromstep1.)

3. Note:Allpesticide rates in thishandbook

are given as broadcast rates. For bandapplications,youmustadjusttherateusingthe following formula:

[BandWidth×BroadcastRate]÷RowWidth=BandRateExamplesofcalibration&howmuchtoputinthetank.BroadcastApplication:Youplantospraygenericglyphosateherbicide,plusanonionicsurfactantforburn‐downpriortoplantingcotton.Yoursprayerhasauniformnozzle spacing of 18 inches. You havethoroughlycleanedyoursprayerandreplaced

all non‐uniform nozzles (and yes there weresome!)

1. FromTable1,notethatthedistancetodriveis227feet.Measurethisdistanceinthefieldtobesprayed.

2. Setyourthrottleanddrivethe227feetfor several runs. Let’s say that it tookyouanaverageof39secondstodrivethisdistance.

3. Now, at the sameengine speedand atyourdesired spraypressure, andwithyour sprayer standing still, catch theoutput in ounces for 39 seconds fromanyonenozzle,theaveragetimeittookyourrigtotravelthe227feet.Youcatch20 ounces during the 39 second timeperiod.Therefore,yoursprayeroutputis20GPA.

4. After reading the generic glyphosatelabel and the weed controlrecommendations for cotton, youdecide to spray glyphosate at 1 qt/A,plusanonionicsurfactantat1qt/100gallonsofspraymix.Let’sassumeyouhave a 500‐gallon spray tank.How many acres will one tank loadcover?

[500galtank÷20GPA]=25acrescovered

byonetankloadSo,1qt/A×25acres=25quarts(~6.25gallons)ofglyphosatepertankload

Whataboutthesurfactant:

500gal×(1qt/100gal)=5qts.surfactantperspraytankload.

BandApplication:You plan to apply Staple herbicide plusnonionic surfactant ina19 inchband on38inch rows. Your banding rig is set up withthreenozzlesdirectedtothebandoneachrow.


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Yoursprayerhasbeenthoroughlycleaned,andthe nozzles are uniform in output, afterreplacingthoseoutofrange.

1. Usingthechartagain,thedistancetotravelfora38inchrowis107feet.Youmeasureyour course drive it several times. Let’sassumeittookanaverageof18seconds.

2. Park the sprayer and at the same enginespeed and your desired pressure, collecttheoutputofeachofthethreenozzlesfor18seconds.Ifthecombinedtotaloutputofthe three nozzle band cluster is, forexample,25ounces,thesprayerisapplying25gallonsperacre.

3. Now, let’s say your sprayer has a 200gallontank.ThebroadcastrateforStapleis2.2floz/A,andnonionicsurfactant istobeaddedat1qt/100gal.ofspraymix.

[200galtank÷25GPA]=8acrescoveredpertank

4. Now,reducetheratefora19inchband:[19inchband÷38inchbroadcast]×2.2oz/AStapleproduct=1.1oz/AStaple

Therefore:8acres×1.1floz/A=8.8floz

Stapleneededpertank

Surfactantneededpertankis,200gallontank×(1qtsurfactant/100gallonspray).=2

qts.nonionicsurfactantpertankNote: the surfactant rate in this example iscalculatedbasedonamountpervolumeofspraymix, rather than amount per acre, it iscalculated the same as for broadcastapplications.Post‐DirectedandHoodApplications:Youplantouseahoodedsprayertomakepost‐directed and hooded applications in your38inch row cotton. Given, the gallon per acre

(GPA)underthehoodneedstomatchascloseas possible to the GPA of your post‐directedband. The hooded rig is set up to use twonozzlespost‐directingona13inchbandandhasthreenozzlesunderthehoodsprayinga25inchband.Scenario1:Onepumpapplyingonetankmix.

1. Thedistancetotravelfora38inchrowis107 feet (Table 1). You measure yourcourseanddriveit.Let’sassumeittookanaverageof18seconds.

2. Park the sprayer and at the same enginespeed and at the desired pressure, andcollect the output of the three nozzlesunder the hood for 18 seconds. Combinethe output of the three nozzles andmeasure.The combined total, forexample20 ounces, equals the application rate inGPA.Inthiscaseyourhoodsareapplyingat20GPA.

3. Next, with your sprayer running at thesameenginespeedandpressure,collecttheoutputofthetwopost‐directingnozzles.Combine the output from these twonozzlesandmeasure.Thecombinedtotal,for example 13 ounces, equals theapplicationrateinGPA.Inthiscasethepostdirectingnozzlesareapplyingat13GPA.

4. Remember, youwant the application ratetobethesameforboththepost‐directedandhooded application. To accomplish this,decide which application rate fits yourneeds.Inthisexample,wewillassumethat13GPApost‐directedisideal.Togetyourhoodedapplicationtobe13GPA,insteadof20 GPA, reduce the size of the spray tipsunderthehoodandre‐runthecalibrationprocedure.Continuethisprocessuntilyourhoodedapplicationrateandpost‐directedapplicationratearesimilar.

Scenario 2. Two (2) pumps applyingseparatetankmixes.


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1. FromTable1, thedistanceto travel fora38 inch row is 107 feet. Your course ismeasuredandyoudriveit.Let’sassumeittook 18 seconds.

2. Park the sprayer and at the same enginespeed and desired pressure, collect theoutputofthethreenozzlesunderthehoodfor18seconds.Combinetheoutputofthethreenozzlesandmeasure.Thecombinedtotal, for example 18 ounces, equals theapplication rate in GPA. In this case thehoods are applying at 18 GPA.

3. Next,withthesprayerrunningatthesameenginespeedanddesiredpressure,collectthe output of the two post‐directingnozzles. Combine the output from thesetwo nozzles and measure. The combinedtotal, for example 15 ounces, equals theapplicationrateinGPA.Inthiscasethepostdirectingnozzlesareapplyingat15GPA.

4. Remember,youwanttheapplicationratetobe the same forboth thepost‐directedandhooded application. To accomplish this,decide which application rate fits yourneeds.Inthisexample,wewillassumethat15GPApost‐directedisideal.Togetyourhoodedapplicationtobe15GPAinsteadof18GPA,youhavetwo(2)options.a) First reduce the pressure for the pumpapplyingunderthehood.Caution:Besurethatafterreducingthepressurethespraytip still produces an acceptable spraypattern. Repeat the calibrationprocedure.Continue this process until your hoodedapplication rate and post‐directedapplicationratearesimilar.b) The second option is to change to asmaller spray tip size under the hood toreduce the application rate to 15 GPA.Repeatthecalibrationprocedure.Continuethisprocessuntilyourhoodedapplication

rateandpost‐directedapplicationratearesimilar.

SPRAYDRIFTMANAGEMENTMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist

A variety of factors including weatherconditions (e.g., wind direction, wind speed,temperature, and relative humidity) andmethodofapplication(e.g.,ground,aerial,andairblast) can influence pesticide drift. Theapplicatormustevaluateallfactorsandmakeappropriate adjustments when applyingpesticides.

READ the PESICIDE LABEL for guidelinesonpreventingdrift!

Select a nozzle that maximizes productperformance(i.e.,smalldropletsforcontactherbicides, such as paraquat) andminimizesspraydriftpotential (i.e.,ultra‐coarse droplets for auxin type herbicides,suchasdicamba).

Use recommended spray pressureaccording to the nozzle manufacturerguidelines.

Don’t apply pesticides under windy orgustyconditions(donotspraywhenwindspeedsaregreaterthan15mph).

Usetheminimumboomheightaccordingtonozzle manufacturers recommendations.Spray drift increases as boom heightincreases.

Useahand‐heldanemometertodeterminewindspeedanddirectionattheapplicationsite.

Don’t spraywhen thewind is less than 3mph to avoid spraying in temperatureinversionswhereverticalmixingoftheairislimited.

Maintain required buffer zones accordingthelabelinstructions.

Utilize drift control/reduction agents inyourtankmix.


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If possible, don’t spray when thetemperatureisabove90–95OF.

Before spraying, document yoursurroundings, especially the location,direction,anddistanceofsusceptiblecropsand sensitive sites relative to the treatedsite.

Asanapplicator,YOUareresponsibleforwherethechemicalsfromyoursprayriggo!

SPRAYEREQUIPMENTCLEANINGMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist

Residuesofpesticidesolutions left insprayertankorlinescancauseseveredamagelaterifapplied to susceptible crops. For example,traces of growth regulator type herbicidesused for burndown and/or pasture weedcontrol, including 2,4‐D amine/ester, cancreateseriousproblemsifaccidentlyappliedtosusceptiblebroadleafcropsincludingtobacco,cotton,tomatoesfruitingvegetables,andothersusceptible plants. Most of these herbicides,particularlytheoilbasedformulationsof2,4‐DandCrossbow,aredifficulttothoroughlywashout of a sprayer. Therefore, we recommendusing a dedicated sprayer for application ofgrowthregulatortypeherbicides.The sulfonylureas and imidazolinonesherbicides, including Accent, Classic, Exceed,Staple,andScepter,havealsocreatedsprayercleaning challenges. These herbicides have ahighunit activity (a small amountofproductthatisleftinthesprayerisveryactiveonaperacre basis). Tiny amounts of these drymaterials can cause severe damage to non‐target,susceptiblecrops.Somepesticideshavespecificclean‐outinstructionsoutlinedonthelabel and should be followed explicitly topreventsubsequentcontaminationandinjuryof the next sensitive crop sprayed by theapplicator.

Yourtankisonlyonepartofthesprayer.Youcandoanexcellentjobofcleaningthetank,butif chemical residues are left in the hoses,strainers,andpump,seriouscropdamagecanstilloccur.Pesticidescanbeabsorbedintothelines,inadditiontopolyethyleneorfiberglasstanks,wheretheycanremainforalongtime.Some dry flowable and wettable powderformulations can precipitate out of solutionand accumulate on the bottom of the spraytankandsuctionline,particularlyinsprayerswithpooragitation.The longeraspraymix isleft in the system, the greater is the potentialcontamination problem the next time you usethesprayerunit.Sprayersshouldbecleanedas soon as possible and pesticide spraymixtures (especially dry pesticideformulations suspended inwater) shouldneverbeallowedtodryinthesprayer.Personal protective equipment that isrecommeded on the pesticide label for thatproduct should be worn during clean‐up.Donotcleansprayersnearwells,sinkholes,creeksor other surface water, or near desirablevegetation.Many herbicide labels have specific sprayercleanupproceduresonthelabel.Forexample,Valor product label recommends a specifictank mix cleaner product (i.e., Valent tankcleaner) after each use of a flumioxazincontaining product. Other pesticidesrecommend adding household ammonia at 1gallon of ammonia for each 100 gallons ofwater. Ammonia is also useful for removing2,4‐Desterresiduesleftinthesprayerbecauseammoniachangesthelesssolubleesterintoamorehighlywater‐soluble ammonium salt of2,4‐D. Many commercial tank cleaners areavailable and most do an excellent job, ifproperlyused,ofcleaningasprayertankandcomponents.Theyarejustlikeammoniainthatplenty of water and proper procedure arerequired.


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Sprayercleaningprocedureforpesticides1. Afterspraying,drainthesprayer,boomand

lines in an area appropriate for rinsatedisposal.Donotallowthespraysolutiontoremaininsprayboomlinesovernightpriortoflushingthesystem.

2. Flush the tank, hoses, boom, and nozzleswith clean water. Open boom ends andflushifappropriate.

3. Inspectandcleanallstrainers,screens,andfilters.

4. Prepare a commercial detergent, sprayercleaner, or ammonia according to themanufacturer’sdirections.

5. Take care to wash all parts of the tankincluding the inside top surface. Startagitation in the sprayer and thoroughlyrecirculatethecleaningsolutionforatleast15 minutes. All visible deposits must beremovedfromthesprayingsystem.

6. Flushhoses,spraylines,andnozzlesforatleast1minutewiththecleaningsolution.

7. Repeatthepreviousstepsfor2additionaltimes to accomplish an effective triplerinse.

8. Removenozzles,screens,andstrainersandclean separately in the cleaning solutionafter completing the above procedures.Drainthesump,filter,andlines.

9. Rinse the complete system with cleanwater.

10. Cleanandwashofftheoutsideoftheentiresprayerandboom.

11. Disposeofrinsatefromallthestepsabovein an appropriate manner that complieswithallapplicable local,state,andfederalrequirements,laws,andregulations.

SprayercleaningprocedureforXtendimax,Engenia, FeXapan, Enlist One, Enlist Duoherbicides:

1. Completely drain the spray systemincludingpumps,lines,andsprayboomforatleast5minutes.

2. Fill the spray tankwith cleanwater to atleast 10% of the total tank volume andcirculate the solution through the entiresystem so that all internal surfaces arecontacted for at least 15 minutes tocomplete the first rinse of the applicationequipment. Spray the solution from thetankoutthroughtheboom.

3. Completely drain the spray systemincludingpumps,lines,andsprayboomforatleast5minutes;removeandcleanfiltersandstrainers.

4. During the second rinse, fill the containerwithcleanwatertoatleast10%ofthetotaltankvolume.Theadditionoftankcleaningagentsmaybeusedat themanufacturer’srecommendedrates.Circulatethesolutionthroughtheentiresystemforatleast15to20 minutes. Let the solution stand forseveral hours or overnight. Spray thesolutionoutofthetankthroughtheboom.

5. Completely drain the spray systemincludingpumps,lines,andsprayboomforatleast5minutes.

6. Fill the spray tankwith cleanwater to atleast 10% of the total tank volume andcirculate the solution through the entiresystem so that all internal surfaces arecontacted for at least 15 minutes tocompletethethirdrinseoftheapplicationequipment. Spray the solution out of thetankthroughtheboom.

7. Completelydrainthespraysystem,removenozzles tips and strainers and clean themseparately.

8. Cleanandwashofftheoutsideoftheentiresprayerandboom.

9. Disposeofrinsatefromallthestepsabovein an appropriate manner that complieswithallapplicable local,state,andfederalrequirements,laws,andregulations.

Important: Remember to clean all otherassociated application equipment. Personalprotectiveequipment,asprescribedonthelabel,shouldbewornduringtheclean‐upprocessand


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do not clean sprayers near wells, sink holes,creeksorothersurfacewater,orneardesirablevegetation.

PESTICIDESPRAYADDITIVESMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist

SprayAdditivesAsprayadditiveisanysubstanceaddedtoanherbicide tank mix to enhance performance.Adjuvants are classified based on their useratherthanchemistry.Adjuvantstypesincludesurfactants, emulsifiers, wetting agents,stickers, de‐foamers, compatibility agents,cropoils,anddriftcontrolagents.TypesofSprayAdditives:Surfactants (surface‐active‐agent): Are usedtoimproveemulsifying,dispersing,spreading,wetting,orothersurfacemodifyingpropertiesof a liquid. Three types of surfactants areemulsifiers,wettingagents,stickers.Chooseanon‐ionic surfactantbasedon composition.Asurfactant with 80% or greater activeingredientisadesirablechoice.Emulsifiers: Substances that promotesuspensionofone liquid inanother.Theyaremostcommonlyusedtodisperseoilinwater.These are usually contained in the herbicidepackageformulation.Wetting agents: Reduce interfacial tensionsbetween surfaces that would normally repeleach other. These allow a spray solution tospread and adhere better towaxy cuticles ofplants.Nonionicsurfactants(NIS)arethetypeusuallyadded toa spray tank.Theyaregooddispersing agents, stable in cold water, andhavelowtoxicitytoplantsandanimals.Stickers:Adjuvantsthatpromoteadherenceofherbicides to the plant foliage. They reducerunoff potential during application andwash

offbyrainfall.Theseareusuallyblendedwithwettingagentstoprovidebettercoverageandarecalledspreader‐stickers.AntifoamingAgents:Thesematerialsreducefoaming tendency of some pesticides in asprayersystemsothatpumpsandnozzlescanoperateeffectively.Compatibility Agents: Aid in holdingherbicides in solution when mixed withpesticidesorfertilizers.Crop Oils: These are non‐phytotoxic lightpetroleum or vegetable oils that containsurfactants. Crops oils are used much like asurfactant; but they tend to temporarly burncrop foliage. Choose crop oil which contains80%orgreateroil,andtherestassurfactantsoremulsifiers.DriftControlAgents:Materialsusedtoreducethe number of fine particles in the spraypatternwhichcouldmovefromtheapplicationsiteandresultindriftdamage.

PESTICIDESTORAGEANDDISPOSAL

MikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialistStore pesticides in a cool and dry place,preferably in a locked, detached structure, intheir original container with intact andreadablelabels.Also,pesticidesshouldnotbestored with seed, gasoline, fuels, and otherflammablesolvents.Thepropercontainerrinseprocedurerequiresthatyouplanaccordingly:

Readandfollowlabeldirections! Wear the required protective clothing andequipment.

Rinse containers immediately afteremptying because pesticides will dry orsolidify quickly and become difficult toremove.


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Consider the volume of the rinsate whenfillingthesprayertank.Leaveenoughroomin the sprayer tank to accommodate therinsatebeforefillingthetank.

Have back‐flow protectionwhen filling thesprayertankandrinsingthecontainer.

Therearetwoacceptablewaystorinseemptypesticidecontainers:1)Triple‐rinsingor2) Pressure‐rinsing (jet‐rinsing)usinganEPA approved device specificallymanufacturedtowashcontainerinteriors.

Triple‐rinsecontainerinstructions: Allow empty pesticide container to drain

into the sprayer tank for at least 30seconds.

Fill container one‐quarter full of cleanwater or appropriate spray rinse diluent.Replace cap securely and roll, swirl andshake the contents vigorously for at leastonefullminutetorinseallsurfaces!

Remove container cap and empty rinsateintothespraytank.Allowthecontainertodrainforatleast30seconds.

Repeatthefill,shakeanddrainproceduretwo(2)moretimes,usingcleanwater.

Properly dispose of the rinsed containersas soon as possible. Dispose of capswiththecontainersunlessrecycling.

Plastic and plastic‐lined bags can betriple‐rinsed.Forpaperandfiberbagsandsimilar containers, completely empty thecontents into the tank.Openbothendsofthe container to remove any remainingpesticideandtopreventreuse.

Howtopressure‐rinsecontainers: Allow the empty pesticide container to

drain into thesprayertank forat least30seconds.

Hold the container upside down over thesprayer tank opening so that rinsate willrun into the sprayer tank. For ease andsafety, puncture through the bottom of

metal containers and through the side ofplasticcontainerswithappropriatetoolorpressure‐rinsing nozzle‐follow specificmanufacturerdirections.

Thoroughly rinse the empty container forthe time interval recommended by thepressure‐rinsenozzlemanufacturer,butnoless than30seconds,usingat least40psiwaterpressure.

Properlydisposeofyourrinsedcontainersas soon as possible. Dispose of capswithcontainers,unlessrecycling. Capsarenotrecyclable.

PESTICIDERESISTANCE

MANAGEMENTMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist

Repeateduseofanypesticides–herbicides,insecticides, fungicides, nematicides,rodenticides, and others ‐ can lead to theselection of individuals or biotypes that areresistant to that pesticide. Applicators areencouraged to rotate products with differingmodes of action within a crop year. Manypesticidelabelsnowgivedetailedguidance.Resistance may be defined as “a heritablechange in the sensitivity of a pestpopulationthat is reflected in the repeated failure of aproducttoachievetheexpectedlevelofcontrolwhen used according to the labelrecommendationforthatpestspecies”.Resistancearisesthroughtheover‐useand/ormisuseofapesticideagainstapestspeciesandresultsfromtheselectionofresistantbiotypesofthepestandtheresultingevolutionofpestpopulationsthatareresistanttothatpesticideand its mode of action (MOA). Pesticides doNOTcausethemutationsforresistance.Inmostcases,notonlydoesresistancerendertheselectingcompoundmuchlesseffectivebutitoftenalso confers cross‐resistance toother


9

chemically related compounds. Cross‐resistance occurs when resistance to onepesticide confers resistance to anotherpesticide, even where the pest has not beenexposedtothelatterproduct.The objective of successful PesticideResistance Management is to delay theevolutionofpestresistancetopesticides,ortohelp regain susceptibility in pest populationsinwhichresistancehasalreadyarisen.Because many pest populations are usuallypresent in large numbers and quicklyreproduce(especiallymites,manyinsectsandmostplantpathogens), there is always a riskthat pesticide resistance may evolve quickly,especiallywhenpesticidearemisusedorover‐used.Ifyouobtainlesscontrolofapestwithagivenpesticide than you are accustomed to, orbelieveisreasonabletoexpect,firstchecktobesure that you applied the pesticide properlyaccordingtothelabelinstructions.Ifyoumadeyour application properly, next consider ifthere were any extreme environmentalconditions–veryhot,verycool,heavyrain,etc.Ifnoneoftheseconditionsexisted,orarenotbelieved to influence the product’sperformance, then pesticide resistance is apossibility.Doing everything you can to delay pesticideresistance is important for the obviousreasons. Currently, there are few to no newmodes‐of‐action being developed in thepesticidemarket.Thislackofnewalternativesgives us few choices when it comes toswitching to a different pesticide whenresistancearises.Forinstance,therehavenotbeen any significantnewmodes‐of‐action forherbicidesinaboutthreedecades.Whilenewherbicide products are coming onto themarket, often in conjunction with herbicideresistant crop varieties, the herbicides

themselves are someof theoldest herbicideswehave,forinstance2,4‐D.There are several ways to delay pesticideresistance. The best is to use Integrated PestManagement(IPM)andtouseeconomicinjurythresholds to determine when to apply apesticide(s). Other methods include rotatingcrops to prevent buildup of the same pestpopulations over time, to use the lowesteffective rate or rate recommended by thepesticidelabeloraknowledgeableexpert,andmakespotorperimeterapplicationsonsmallor defined pest populations. When usingpesticides,rotatepesticidemodesofactionbyrotatingpesticidechemicalfamilies.For most growers, however, knowing whatpesticides to use to do this has beendifficultbecause of a lack of knowledge of the manydifferent modes of action. Until recentlypesticide labels did not provide muchinformationtoassistinthesedecisions.Tohelpgrowersandotherscombatpesticideresistance several national and internationalresistance action committees have beenformedbythepesticideindustryandotherstoaddress the problem of pesticide resistance.These committees are based on the differentmajorpesticidegroups.So,forherbicidesthereis an Herbicide Resistance Action Committee(HRAC), an Insecticide Resistance ActionCommittee(IRAC)forinsecticides,aFungicideResistance Action Committee (FRAC) forfungicides,andsoon.Thesecommitteeshavestudied themodesof actionof the respectivepesticide families and developed a system tohelp growers and others better selectpesticides from different pesticide chemicalfamiliestoallowuserstoeffectivelyrotatethemodes of action and thus combat pesticideresistance in their pests. This information isnowappearingonpesticidelabels.Inadditionto the system developed by the respectiveActionResistanceCommittees,manypesticide


10

manufacturers are beginning to supplyinformation on resistance management ontheir labels in sections titled “ResistanceManagement”.Todate,genericpesticideproductstendnottohave as much information as brand namepesticideproducts.When you want to rotate modes of actionagainst your pests, first make sure thatwhatever pesticide you select is labeled foryour intended use. Next, look for a pesticidegroup number on the label, or a statementindicating the pesticide group. Using thesepesticide groupnumbers, youdonothave toknow or understand the complex modes ofactionof thesechemicals,youshouldselectaproduct(s)withadifferentgroupnumberthatis labeled for your pest management need.Examplesofgroupnumberswhentheyappearon pesticide labels are usually in the upperright‐handcornerofthelabel,looklikethis:

GROUP 4A INSECTICIDE

GROUP 3 HERBICIDE

GROUP 11 FUNGICIDE

PESTICIDEAPPLICATION

RECORDKEEPINGKatieMoore,PesticideSafetyCoordinator

CertifiedPrivateApplicatorsarerequiredtokeeprecordsoftheirapplicationsofRestrictedUse Pesticides (RUPs). This federalrequirementisadministeredbytheUSDAand

in South Carolina is enforced by theDepartmentofPesticideRegulation.Theinformation–“dataelements”–requiredtobekeptareminimal.PrivateApplicatorswilllikely want to record more information ontheirapplications,alltheirapplications,tohelpwith their present and future pestmanagement efforts. Good records help youtrouble‐shoot application problems andduplicatepestmanagementsuccesses.

The data elements required to be kept oneachRUPapplicationare: The brand/product/trade name of the

pesticide EPAproductRegistrationNumber Totalamountofpesticideproductapplied Sizeofareaorthenumberofunitstreated CroporSiteappliedto Actuallocationoftheapplication Dateofapplication:Month,Day,Year Certified applicator name and license

number

Recordsmustbemadewithin14daysofeachapplication of an RUP. Records must bemaintained for a minimum of two (2) yearsfromthedateoftheapplication.Spottreatments:Spotapplicationsaresmallapplicationswhichtotallessthan1/10thofanacre,andtheyaremadeinthesameday.Spot


11

applications do not apply to nurseries orgreenhouses.ForSpottreatments,youmustrecord: Dateofapplication‐month,day,year Brandorproductname EPARegistrationNumber Totalamountofpesticideapplied Location of the pesticide application,

designated as “spot application” with abriefdescription.

Recordkeepingtips:Record all three (3) identifiers for yourRUP.They’reallonthelabel! TheProductorBrand(Trade)name The Common Chemical name of the

activeingredients TheEPARegistrationNo.KeepadditionalinformationthatwillhelpYOUbetter achieve YOUR pest and pesticide

managementobjectives.Forinstance,amountof water used, spray pump pressure, boomheight, nozzle spacing tipused, tractor speedor rpms, other equipment settings, andweather information such as temperature,rainfallthe24hoursbeforeand24hoursafterthe application, wind speed (recorded at thesite of the application at the time of theapplication), notes on any applicationproblems, and any other information thatwouldbeusefultoyou.Youarerequiredtokeeprecordsofanyworkeror handler pesticide safety training youconduct or have conducted for your agemployees.


12

APPLICATIONRECORDKEEPINGREQUIREMENTSFORDICAMBATOLERANT/XTEND(DT)CROPSMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist

Applicatorsmustkeepthefollowingrecordsforaperiodoftwoyears,recordsmustbegeneratedwithin14daysofapplicationofaDICAMBAproductinaDTcrop,andarecordmustbekeptforeveryindividualapplication.RecordsmustbemadeavailabletoStatePesticideControlOfficial(s),USDA,andEPAuponrequest.ThefollowinginformationmustberecordedandkeptasrequiredbytheFederalPesticideRecordKeepingProgram,7CFRPart110(Formlocatedonpgxxx):1. Fullnameofcertifiedapplicator2. Certification number of certifiedapplicator3. Productname4. EPAregistrationnumber5. Totalamountapplied6. Applicationmonth,day,andyear7. Locationoftheapplication8. Crop or site receiving theapplication9. Sizeofthetreatedarea10. Training requirement*: Proof thatthe applicator completed a dicamba specifictrainingcourse.11. Application Timing: Whether theapplicatorappliedthisproductpreemergenceor, the number of days after planting ifapplicator applied this productpostemergence.12. Receipts of purchase: Receipts forthepurchaseofthisproduct.13. ProductLabel:Acopyoftheproductlabel(s),andanystatespeciallocalneedslabelthatsupplementsthislabel.14. Sensitive Crop Awareness:Document that the applicator checked anapplicable sensitive crop registry; ordocument that the applicator surveyedneighboring fields for any sensitive areas orsensitive crops prior to application. Atminimum, records must include the date ofapplicator consulted the speciality cropregistry or surveyed neighboring fields, andthenameof the speciality crop registry thatapplicatorconsulted.

15. Spray System Cleanout: Documentthat the applicator compliedwith the SpraySystemCleanoutsectionoftheproductlabel.Ataminimum,recordsmustincludethedatethe applicator performed the cleanout, andcleanoutmethodthattheapplicatorfollowed.16. Tank Mix Products: A list of allproducts (pesticides, adjuvants, and otherproducts)thattheapplicatortankmixedwiththisproductforeachapplication.IncludeEPAregistration numbers in the case of anypesticides.17. StartandFinishTimes:Thetimetheapplicatorbeginsandthetimetheapplicatorcompletesapplicationsoftheproduct.18. NozzleSelection:Whichspraynozzletheapplicatorusedtoapplythisproduct,andthe nozzle pressure the applicator set thesprayertoperform.19. Air Temperature: The airtemperature at boom height at the time theapplicator starts and finishes applicationsofthisproduct.20. WindSpeedandDirection:Thewindspeed at boom height at the time theapplicator starts and finishes applicationsofthis product, and the wind direction at thetime the applicator starts and finishesapplicationsofthisproduct.*TrainingRequirements:Priortoapplyingadicamba product in a DT crop, ALLAPPLICATORSmustattendadicambatrainingcourseprovidedbyClemsonExtensionandyourCountyAgent.


13

U.S.EPADICAMBARESTRICDEUSEPESTICIDEAPPLICATIONRECORDKEEPINGANDTRAININGREQUIREMENTFORM

Applicatorsmustkeepthefollowingrecordsforaperiodoftwoyears,recordsmustbegeneratedwithin14daysofapplicationofaDICAMBAproductinaDICAMBATOLERANTcrop,andarecordmustbekeptforeveryindividualapplication.RecordsmustbemadeavailabletoStatePesticideControlOfficial(s),USDA,andEPAuponrequest.ThefollowinginformationmustberecordedandkeptasrequiredbytheFederalPesticideRecordKeepingProgram,7CFRPart110:

FullNameofCertifiedApplicator ApplicatorName(ifdifferentfromCertifiedApplicator) StateCertification#

Pre‐Application

ProductName: EPAReg#

Ihavethepurchasereceipts(checkforyes)

Ihaveacopyoftheproductlabelandanystatespeciallocalneedslabels(checkforyes)

Dateofsensitivecropregistryconsultation: Registry: ‐OR‐Dateneighboringfieldsweresurveyedforsusceptiblecrops1: Dateofdicambatrainingcompletion2: Provider:

Application

DateofApplication: Crop: LocationoftheApplication:

Howwastheproductapplied? Preemergence Postemergence IfPostemergence,howmanydaysafterplanting?

SprayNozzleType: SprayPressure:

TankMixes

ProductName: EPAReg# ProductName: EPAReg#

(Listallpesticides,adjuvants,andotherproducts–EPAReg#onlyrequiredforpesticides)

Spraying

Conditions

Rate(flozs./A) x AcresTreated(A) = TotalAmountApplied(flozs./A)

StartTime: EndTime:

AirTemperature(atboomheight): F AirTemperature(atboomheight): F

WindSpeed(atboomheight): mph WindSpeed(atboomheight): mph

WindDirection WindDirection

Cleanout SprayerCleanoutProcedure

Date MethodofCleanout

BeforeApplication

AfterApplication


14

HONEYBEESTEWARDSHIPJenniferTsuruda,ExtensionApiculturist

Honeybeesareourmostbeneficialinsect.TheestimatedvalueofhoneybeepollinationintheUSis$19billion.ManycommerciallygrowncropsinSouthCarolinaareheavilydependentonhoneybeesfor good pollination. Annual farm cash receipts of crops harvested in South Carolina that aredependent on honey bees for pollination are estimated at $25 million. This does not includehomegrown vegetables and fruits and plants forwildlife that are highly dependent on bees forpollination.Someofthefruitsandvegetablesthatarehighlydependentonbeesforpollinationareapples,cantaloupes,cucumbers,squash,strawberries,andwatermelon.Useintegratedpestmanagementrecommendationswheneverpossibletominimizeharmfuleffectstoourbeneficialinsects.Manypesticidesareextremelytoxictobees.Thosepesticidesthataretoxicorhighly toxic tobeeswillhaveabeeprotectionwarningstatementon the label.Thepesticideapplicatorshouldalwaysreviewtheproductlabeldirectionscarefullybeforeeachuseandfollowtheguidelinestoprotectourpollinators,whichincludenativebeesaswellashoneybees.Keepinmindthatevenherbicidesandfungicidescanhavenegativeeffectsoninsectpollinatorsandcanhavesynergisticeffectswhencombinedwithotherpesticides.Itisnotonlytheformulationofthechemicalpesticidethatisimportant,applicatorsmustalsobeawareoftheproperdose.Pesticidesshouldbeusedonlywhennecessary,especiallyiffloweringplantsarepresentornearbyandareattractivetobees.Selecttheleasttoxicpesticidetogetthejobdone when possible and use the least hazardous method of application. Granular pesticideformulationsaresafest.Directedspraysappliedwithgroundequipmentarethenextsafestmethodforapplyingpesticidestoprotectbees.Aeriallyapplieddustsorspraysarethemostlikelytocontactbeesandcauseproblems.Applypesticideswhenairiscalmtoreducedriftintoareaswherebeesmaybeforagingornesting.Ifapesticideapplicationisnecessary,applyintheeveningwhenbeesarenotpresent.Ifmanagedbeecoloniesarepresent,itisbesttogivethebeekeeperplentyofnotice(3‐4daysifpossible)ofyourintentions.Thebeekeeperhastheoptiontorelocatetheirbeehivesifadjacentfieldsaretobesprayed.Iftherearemanybeehivesorhivesthatcannotbemovedonshortnotice,thebeekeepermaycovertheirbeehiveswithwetburlapfornolongerthan2days.Itwillbenecessaryforthebeekeepertospraycoveredhiveswithwaterandkeeptheburlapwet,especiallyinhotweather.Beekeepers are advised to cooperate with growers in the area to help protect bees and areencouragedtohaveacontractwiththelandowner.Beekeepersshouldscouttheareabeforebeecolonyplacement to gain a goodunderstanding of local farming practices, especially theuse ofhighlytoxicpesticides.Beekeepersareilladvisedtoplacetheircoloniesinhighpestdensityareas,as theymay requiremultiplepesticide applications.An example is cotton‐growing areaswherevarious pests are expected. Beekeepers should post their name and contact information in theapiary or on colonies for identification purposes. Information on the relative toxicities andenvironmentalimpactsofspecificpesticidestohoneybeesandnaturalenemiesmaybefoundatwww.ipm.ucdavis.eduandnysipm.cornell.edu/eiq.Mosquito abatement programs should take into consideration the protection of our insectpollinators.Manyofthepesticidesusedtokillmosquitoeswillalsokillhoneybees.Beekeepersare


15

urgedtocontactcountyofficialswhomanagemosquitoabatementprogramstoinformthemofthelocationoftheirapiaries,sotheirhoneybeescanbeprotected.ClemsonUniversityhasstartedabeestewardshipprogramtofacilitatecommunicationbetweenbeekeepersandpesticideapplicatorsandpreventaccidentalpoisoningofhoneybees.Beekeeperscanmaptheirhivelocationsandlicensedpesticideapplicatorscanaccessthisinformationwhentheyhaveanapplicationplanned.Theapplicatorcanthencontactthebeekeepersintheareaoravoidapplyingpesticidesnearthehives. Interested individuals frombothsidesof this issueareencouragedtoreadmoreabouttheprogramontheClemsonUniversityBeekeepingwebsite.Tosignup,pleaseusetheappropriatelinkbelow.Forpesticideapplicators:http://www.kellysolutions.com/clemson/pesticideapplicationnotifications/Forbeekeepers:http://www.kellysolutions.com/clemson/beekeepers/


16

MODEOFACTIONFORHERBICIDESMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist

MODEOFACTION(MOA)FORHERBICIDEFAMILIESSiteofActionGroup

MOA ChemicalFamily(ies)

Howitkillstheplant ProductExamples

1 ACCaseInhibitors

Arloxyphenoxypropionate(FOPS)

Blocks the first step in fatty acid synthesis ingrasses, broadleaves are naturally resistant tothefopsanddimsduetoaninsensitiveACCaseenzyme.

FOPS:Assure II,FusiladeDX

Cyclohexanedione(DIMS)

DIMS:SelectMAX, PoastPlus

2 ALSInhibitors Sulfonylurea(SU) Blockstheproductionofbranchedchainaminoacids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine) in theplant. Plant death occurs due to insufficientbranchedchainaminoacidlevelsatthegrowingpoints.

SU:Accent,Classic,Beacon

Imidazonlinone(IMI) IMI:Cadre,Raptor,Scepter

Pyrimidines(PM) PM:Staple

3 MicrotubuleProteinInhibitor

Dinitroaniline(DNA) Interferes with the alignment of the spindleapparatusduringmitosisandpreventsnormalcelldivisioninroottissue.

DNA:Prowl,Treflan,Sonolan

4 SyntheticAuxins

Phenoxy(PX) Synthetic auxins mimic the natural planthormoneIAA.Theseherbicidesaffectcellwallplasticity and nucleic acid metabolism whichleadstoinhibitedcelldivisionandgrowthinthemeristemregions(growingpoints).

PX:2,4‐D,2,4‐DB

BenzoicAcid(BA) BA:Clarity,Banvel,Status

CarboxylicAcid(CA) CA:Stinger,Milestone

5 PhotosystemIIInhibitor

Triazine(TZ) PS II herbicides inhibit photosynthesis bybindingtotheQB‐bindingsiteontheD1proteinof the photosystem II complex in thechloroplast. ItblockselectronflowfromQAtoQBandstopsCO2fixationandproductionofATPand NADPH2 which is the energy needed forplant growth and development. Plant deathoccursduetoexcessfreeradicalsdestroyingcellmembranes.

TZ:Atrazine,Simazine,Caparol

Triazinone(TN) TN:Sencor

6 Nitriles(NT) NT:Buctril

Benzothiadiazinones(BZ)

BZ:Basagran

7 Ureas(UR) UR:Lorox,Direx,Cotoran

8 FattyAcid/LipidBiosynthesisInhibitor

Thiocarbamate(TB) Mostsusceptibleplantsfailtoemergefromthesoil.Germinationisnotinhibitedbutgrowthofgrass coleoptiles/broadleaf epicotyls ceasesbelowsoilsurface

TB:Tillam

9 EPSPSynthaseInhibitor

Glycines(GC) Glycines inhibit EPSP synthase enzyme whichleads to the depletion of the aromatic aminoacidstryptophan,tyrosine,andphenylalanine.

GC:Glyphosate


17

MODEOFACTION(MOA)FORHERBICIDEFAMILIES(cont)SiteofActionGroup

MOA ChemicalFamily(ies)

Howitkillstheplant ProductExamples

10 GlutamineSynthesisInhibitor

PhosphinicAcids(PA)

Phosphinicacidsinhibittheactivityofglutamine synthetase which convertsglutamateandammoniatoglutamine.Accumulation of ammonia to lethallevelsdestroysplantcellsandtissue.

PA:Liberty

12 PhytoeneDesaturaseInhibitor

Pyridazinone(PZ) Pyridazinone inhibits the phytoenedesaturase enzyme in the carteniodbiosynthesispathwayIsoxazolidinone inhibits the 1‐deoxy‐D‐xyulose 5‐phosphate synthase(DOXP),akeycomponentintheplastidisoprenoidbiosynthesispathway.Pyrazoleand triketones inhibit the4‐hydroxyphenyl‐pyruvate dioxygenase(4‐HPPD) which affects carotenoidbiosynthesis.These herbicide families deplete thecarotenoid (accessory pigments inphotosynthesis) pool that protectschlorophyll in theplantwhichresultsinacharacteristicbleaching(white)oftheplanttissue.

PZ:Solicam,Zorial,Brake

13 DOXPsynthaseInhibitor

Isoxazolidinone(IA)

IA:Command

28 HPPDinhibitor

Pyrazole(PA) PA:Balance,Corvus

Triketone(TE) TE:Callisto,Impact,Laudis

14 PPOinhibitors

Diphenylether(DE)

These herbicides inhibit thephotoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO),an enzyme that is responsible forchlorophyll and heme biosynthesis.PPO inhibition leads to accumulationof PPIX (protoporphyrin IX) whichcreates free radicaloxygen in thecellanddestroyscellmembranes.

DE:Flexstar,Reflex,Blazer,Cobra

N‐phenylphthalimide

(NP)

NP:Resource,Valor

Arytriazinone(AT)

AT:Spartan,Aim,Cadet

15 VLFAinhibitors

Chloroacetamide(CA)

Acetamidesareherbicidesthatinhibitvery long chain fatty acid synthesis(VLFA) in shoot tissue duringgerminationofsensitiveplants.

CA:DualMagnum,Intrro,Warrant,Outlook,Parrlay,Zidua

22 PhotosystemIInhibitor

Bipyridyliums(BP)

Bipyridyliums are herbicides thatcaptureelectrons fromphotosystemIcomplex in the chloroplast and arereduced to form herbicide freeradicals. These free radicals destroycellmembranes.

BP:Gramoxone,Reward


18

CROPREPLANTGUIDELINESFOLLOWINGHERBICIDEAPPLICATIONMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist

1Fieldcornmaybeplanted4monthsafterAuthorityMTZwasappliedat14oz/Aorless;2Grainsorghummaybeplanted12monthsafterAuthorityMTZwasappliedat20oz/Aorless;3Rotationis7dayswhenratesof10oz/AofAxiomorlesshavebeenapplied;otherwise,wait4monthstoplantwheat;4Clearfieldcorn,sunflower,andwheat;5Non‐Clearfieldcorn,sunflower,andwheat.

Corn

Cotton

Grain

Sorghum

Peanuts

Soybeans

Sunflow

er

Tobacco

Wheat

M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationAatrex 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringAcuron 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 18M 18M 4MAccent/Q 0D 10M 10M 10M 15D 10M 10M 4MAchieve 30D 106D 30D 106D 106D 106D 106D 30DAim 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 12M 0DAnthem 0D 4M 18M 4M 0D 4M 18M 4MAnthemATZ 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringArmezon 0D 9M 9M 9M 9M 9M 18M 3MAssureII 120D 0D 120D 120D 0D 0D 120D 120DAuthorityMAXX 10M 12M 10M 9M 0D 18M 10M 4MAuthorityMTZ 10/41M 12M 18/122M 12M 0D 12M 12M 4MAxialXL 90D 90D 90D 90D 90D 90D 90D 0DAxiom 0D 8M 12M 12M 0D 12M 12M 7D/4M3BalanceFlexx 0D 10M 6M 11M 6M 6M 18M 4MBanvel 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120DBasagran ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐Beacon 14D 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 3MBeyond 0D4/8.5M5 9M 9M 9M 0D 0D4/9M5 9M 0D4/3M5BicepIIMagnum 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringBoundary 4M 8M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 4.5MBrake≤16floz/A17‐21floz/A22‐32floz/A

10M12M18M

0D0D0D

10M12M18M

8M8M8M

2M4M12M

18M18M18M

18M18M18M

8M8M12M

Breakfree 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MBreakfreeATZ 0D Spring Spring 15M Spring 15M 15M 15MBuctril 30D 30D 30D 30D 30D 30D 30D 30DBullet/Lariat 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringCadet 0D Spring Spring Spring 0D Spring Spring SpringCadre 9M 18M 18M 0D 9M 26M 9M 4MCallisto 0D 10M 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 120DCanopy 10M 10M 10M 8M 0D 18M 10M 4MCaparol Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringCapreno 0D 10M 10M 11M 10M 18M 12M 4MCinch 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D Spring 4.5MCinchATZ 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringClarity8floz/A16floz/A24floz/A25‐64floz/A

0D0D120D120D

21D120D120D120D

15D120D120D120D

120D120D120D120D

14D28D120D120D

120D120D120D120D

120D120D120D120D

15D30D45D120D

Classic 8M 7M 9M 6M 0D 18M 9M 3MCobra None None None None None None None None


19

CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)

1DIREXUSEPATTERN1=BandedDIREXPreemergenceorPostemergenceapplicationonly;2DIREXUSEPATTERN2=BandedDIREXPreemergenceand Postemergence or Broadcast DIREX Preemergence (and preplant) or Broadcast DIREX preemergence plus Banded DIREX postemergenceapplications;3Xtendcotton/soybeanvarieties;4non‐Xtendcotton/soybeanvarieties;5Reducedtillageproduction;6Conventionaltillageproduction;7Afieldbioassaymustbeconductedforcropsnotlistedonthelabel.Toconductafieldbioassay,plantstripsofthecropyouwanttogrowtheseasonfollowingherbicideapplicationandmoniterforcropsafety;8STStolerantsoybeansonly.

Corn

Cotton

Grain

Sorghum

Peanuts

Soybeans

Sunflow

er

Tobacco

Wheat

M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationCommand 9M 0D 9M 9M 0D 12M 0D 12MCorvus 0D 10M 17M 11M 9M 17M 17M 4MCotoran 8M 0D 9M 8M 9M 12M 12M 3MCrusher 0D 1M 10M 1.5M 1M 10M 10M 3MDawn 10M 0D 18M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MDefine 0D 4M 12M 12M 0D 12M 12M 12MDegree 0D Spring 0D Spring 0D Spring 0D SpringDegreeXtra 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MDevrinol 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 0D 180DDirex/DiuronUSEPATTERN11USEPATTERN22LAYBY

4MSpringSpring

4MSpringSpring

4MSpringSpring

4M12M12M

4M12M12M

4M12M12M

4M12M12M

4M12M12M

Distinct 30D 30D 30D 120D 30D 120D 120D 30DDual8E 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MDualMagnum 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MDualIIMagnum 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MEngenia≤6.4floz/A9.6floz/A12.8floz/A

000

03/21D403/28D403/42D4

14D21D28D

120D120D120D

03/14D403/21D403/28D4

120D120D120D

120D120D120D

14D21D28D

EnlistDuo 0D/7‐14D 0D/30D ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 0D/30D ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐EnlistOne 0D/7‐14D 0D/30D ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 0D/30D ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐Envive 8M 10M 12M 8M 0D 18M 10M 4MEnvoke 7M 7M 7M 7M 7M 18M 7M 3MET/ETX 0D 0D 30D 30D 0D 30D 30D 0DEvik 11M 11M 11M 11M 11M 11M 11M 3MExpert 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringExpress 14D 14D 14D 45D 14D 45D 45D 0DFierce3.0oz/A3.75oz/A

7D5/1M630D

30D5/45D6

2M

18M18M

4M4M

0D0D

4M4M

18M18M

30D2M

Finesse 14M Spring7 Spring7 Spring7 6M8 Spring7 Spring7 4MFirestorm 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0DFirstRate 9M 9M 9M 9M 0D 30M 18M 4MFirstShot 14D 14D 14D 45D 7D 45D 45D 0DFlexstar 10M 0D 10M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MFlexstarGT/GT3.5 10M 0D 10M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MFulTimeNXT 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MFusiladeDX 60D 0D 60D 0D 0D 0D 0D 60DFusion 60D 0D 60D 0D 0D 0D 0D 60DGangster 9M 9M 9M 9M 0D 30M 30M 3M


20


Corn

Cotton

Grain

Sorghum

Peanuts

Soybeans

Sunflow

er

Tobacco

Wheat

M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationGlyphosate 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 1M 0DGoal/GoalTender 10M 7D 10M 60D 7D 60D 60D 10MGramoxoneSL 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0DGuardsmanMax 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring 24M SpringHalexGT 0D 10M 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 120DHarmonyExtra 21D 21D 21D 45D 14D 45D 45D 0DHarmonyGT/XP 0D 7D 0D 45D 0D 45D 45D 0DHornetWDG 0D 18M 12M 18M 10.5M 18M 18M 4MHuskie 9M Spring10 4M Spring 4M 9M Spring1 1MImpact 0D 9M 9M 9M 9M 9M 18M 3MImpactZ 0D 9M 9M 9M 9M 9M 18M 9MInstigate 0D 10M 10M 18M 10M 10M 18M 4MInterline 0D 0D 180D 180D 0D 180D 180D 70DIntrro ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐KeystoneNXT 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MLaudis 0D 10M 10M 18M 8M 18M 18M 4MLaybyPro20‐0.6lbai0.61‐1.0lbai1.01‐1.6lbai1.61‐2.2lbai

4M4M4M8M

4M4M4M8M

4M4M4M8M

4M8M12M12M

4M8M8M12M

4M12M12M12M

4M8M8M12M

3M4M8M12M

Leadoff 0D 1M 10M 10M 1M 10M 10M 3MLiberty280SL 0D 0D 180D 180D 0D 180D 180D 70DLinex/Lorox 0D 0D 0D 4M 0D 4M 4M 4MLumax/Lexar 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 18M 18M 4.5MMarksman 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring 24M 10MMCPA None None None None None None None NoneMicro‐Tech None None None None None None None NoneMSMA None None None None None None None NoneNIC‐IT 0D 10M 18M 18M 15D 10M 18M 8MNimble 21D 21D 21D 45D 14D 45D 45D 0DOptill 8.5M 18M 18M 4M 0‐1M3 18M 9.5M 4MOption 7D 60D 60D 60D 14D 60D 60D 60DOsprey 12M 90D 10M 90D 90D 30D 10M 7DOutlook 0D Spring Spring 0D 0D Spring Spring 4MParallelPCS 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MParazone 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0DPeak 1M 10M 1M 10M 10M 22M 18M 0DPoast/PoastPlus 30D 0D 30D 0D 0D 30D 0D 30DPowerFlex/HL 9M 9M 9M 9M 5M 9M 12M 30DPrefix 10M 1M 18M 10M 0M 18M 18M 4.5MPrincep 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 24M SpringProwl/ProwlH2O Spring 0D 10M 0D 0D 0D 0D 4M

1Afieldbioassaymustbeconductedforcropsnotlistedonthelabel.Toconductafieldbioassay,plantstripsofthecropyouwanttogrowtheseasonfollowingherbicideapplicationandmoniterforcropsafety;2CroprotationintervalsarebasedonthecumulativeamountofDIURONinLAYBYPROappliedtoasiteinthepreceding12months;3Usethelongerintervalwithintherangeslistedforcropsgrownoncoarsetexturedsoilswithorganicmatterlessthan2.0%.


21


Corn

Cotton

Grain

Sorghum

Peanuts

Soybeans

Sunflow

er

Tobacco

Wheat

M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationPursuit 8.5M 18M 18M 0D 0D 18M 9.5M 4MPython 0D 18M 12M 4M 0D 18M 9M 4MRaptor 8.5M 9M 9M 9M 0D 9M 9M 3MQuelex 3M 3M 3M 9M 3M 3M 15M 0DReflex 10M 0D 10M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MRealmQ 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 4MReportExtra 181M 18M 181/42M ‐‐‐ 63/181M ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 04/45MResicore 0D 18M 10.5M 18M 10.5M 18M 18M 4MResolveDF1.0oz/A2.0oz/A

0D0D

10M10M

10M18M

18M18M

10M10M

10M10M

18M18M

3M3M

ResolveQ/Q(mp)1.25oz/A2.5oz/A

0D0D

1M10M

10M18M

10M18M

10M10M

10M10M

10M18M

3M3M

ResolveSG1.0oz/A2.0oz/A

0D0D

1M10M

10M18M

18M18M

10M10M

10M10M

18M18M

4M4M

Resource 0D 30D 30D 30D 0D 30D 30D 30DRevulinQ 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 4MRhythm 8M 0D 18M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MSandea 1M 4M 2M 6M 9M 18M 36M 2MScepter 9.5M 18M 11M 11M 0D 18M 9.5M 3MSentrallas 0D 120D 0D 120D 120D 120D 120D 0DSelect/SelectMAX None None None None None None None NoneSequence 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D Spring Spring 4.5MSharpen1.0oz/A2.0oz/A3.0oz/A

0D0D0D

1.5M3M4M

0D0D0D

4M5M6M

0‐1M61‐2M62‐3M6

4M5M6M

4M5M6M

0D0D0D

Solida1.0oz/A2.0oz/A

0D0D

1M10M

10M18M

18M18M

1M10M

10M10M

18M18M

3M4M

Sonalan Spring Spring Spring 0D 0D 0D Spring SpringSonic 10M 12‐18M7 12M 12M 0D 30M 30M 4MSpartan 10M 12M 10M 12D 0D 0D 0D 4MSpartanCharge 4M 12M 10M 4M 0D 0D 0D 4MStanza 0D 18M 12M 18M 10.5M 18M 18M 4MStapleLX 10M 0D 24M 10M 10M 10M 10M 6MStatus 7D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120DSteadfast 0D 10M 10M 18M 15D 10M 18M 4MSteadfastQ 0D 10M 10M 18M 15D 10M 18M 4MSteadfastATZ 10M 10M 10M 18M 10M 10M 18M 8MStinger 0D 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 0D

1Applicationratesabove0.4oz/A;followthe18‐monthrotationintervalforgrainsorghum,non‐STStolerantsoybeans,andfieldcorn;2Applicationrates0.2to0.4oz/A;followthe4‐monthrotationintervalforgrainsorghum;3Applicationrates0.2to0.5oz/A;followthe6‐monthrotationifplantingSTStolerantsoybeans;4Applicationrates0.2to0.4oz/A;nowaitingintervalforwheat;5Applicationrates0.5oz/A;followingthe4‐monthrotationintervalforwheat;6Usethelongerintervalwithintherangeslistedforreplantingsoybeans(i.e.,2monthsforcoarsetexturedsoilswithorganicmatterlessthan2.0%anda1monthforcoarsetexturedsoilswithorganicmattergreaterthanorequalto2.0%);7Cottonmaybeplantedafter12monthswhereSONICwasappliedatratesof5oz/Aorlessandmeetthefollowingconditions:medium/finesoils;pH<7.2;andrainfallorirrigationexceed15inchesafterapplication.


22


Corn

Cotton

Grain

Sorghum

Peanuts

Soybeans

Sunflow

er

Tobacco

Wheat

M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationStorm 100D 100D 100D 100D 100D 100D 100D 40DStout 0D 10M 10M 18M 15D 10M 18M 4MStrongarm 18M 10M 18M 0D 0D 30M 18M 4MSuprend 7M 7M 7M 7M 7M 18M 7M 3MSureStartII 0D 26M 12M 26M Spring 18M 26M 4MSurpass 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MSurpassNXT 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MSurveil 9M 9M 9M 9M 0D 30M 30M 3MSynchronyXP 7M 8M 9M 30M 0D 30M 9M 3MTillam None None None None None None None NoneTopNotch 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MTreflan 5M 0D 5M 0D 0D 0D 5M 5MTrivence 10M 18M 18M 18M 0D 18M 18M 4MUltraBlazer 100D 100D 100D 0D 0D 100D 100D 40DValorSX/ValorEZ1.0oz/A1.5‐2.0oz/A2.1‐3.0oz/A

7‐30D17‐30D114‐30D1

7‐28D27‐28D22M

30D30D30D

0D0D0D

0D0D0D

30D30D2M

30D30D2M

30D30D2M

ValorXLTSoilpH<7.0SoilpH>7.0

10M18M

10M30M

10M18M

18M30M

0D0D

10M30D

10M18M

4M4M

Verdict10‐12oz/A13‐15oz/A

0D0D

SpringSpring

0D0D

SpringSpring

1M3‐2M42M3‐3M4

SpringSpring

SpringSpring

4M4M

Warrant 0D 0D 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring 4MWideMatch 0D 18M 12M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 0DXtendimax/FexapanUpto33floz/A34‐88floz/A

15‐45D120D

0D5/15‐45D60D5/120D6

15‐30D120D

120D120D

0D5/15‐45D60D5/120D6

120D120D

120D120D

15‐45D120D

Yukon 30D 4M 2M 6M 9M 18M ‐‐‐‐ 2MWideMatch 0D 18M 12M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 0DZest 0D 10M 18M 10M 15D 11M 10M 4MZidua1.0oz/A2.0oz/A3.0oz/A4.0oz/A

0D0D0D0D

1M2M4M4M

6M6M10M12M

4M4M4M4M

0D0D0D4M

4M4M4M4M

18M18M18M18M

1M1M4M6M

ZiduaSC1.75floz/A3.25floz/A5.00floz/A6.50floz/A

0D0D0D0D

1M2M4M4M

6M6M10M12M

1M2M4M4M

0D0D0D4M

1M2M3M3M

18M18M18M18M

1M1M4M6M

ZiduaPRO 8.5M 18M 18M 4M 30D 18M 18M 4M2,4‐D Onlyreplantinthesamegrowingseasonwithcropsregisteredfor2,4‐Duse2,4‐DB Onlyreplantinthesamegrowingseasonwithcropsregisteredfor2,4‐DBuse

1Forcorn:Plantaminimumof14days(minimumorstrip‐till)or30daysafterVALORSX(conventionaltillagesystem);2Forcotton:AfterValorSX(2.0oz/Aorless)application,conductstriptilloperationaminimumof7daysbeforeplanting(regardlessofcropresiduelevels).Afterconductingstrip‐tilloperation,applyValorSXherbicideaminimumof28daysbeforeplanting(<30%cropresiduelevels)or21daysbeforeplanting(>30%cropresiduelevels);3Forcoarsetexturedsoilswithlessthan2%organicmatter;4Allothersoiltypes;5Xtendcottonorsoybeanvarietiesonly;6Non‐Xtendsoybeanandcottonvarieties.

apt-18 2018 south carolina pest management handbook

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