AP US History Unit TestCivil War and Reconstruction

Form B

Questions 1 – 2 Relate to the Passage Below"With all my devotion to the Union and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home. I have therefore resigned my commission in the Army, and save in defense of my native State, with the sincere hope that my poor services may never be needed, I hope I may never be called on to draw my sword. I know you will blame me; but you must think as kindly of me as you can, and believe that I have endeavored to do what I thought right."

Robert E. Lee, Letter to his Sister upon his resignation from the Army, June 1861

1. Which of the following marked the historical context of the above excerpt?a. The South Carolina Ordinance of Secessionb. The Election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860c. Lincoln's request for Congressional appropriations for an expansion of the Armyd. The rejection of the Crittenden Compromise

2. Robert E. Lee made his decision to resign from the Army immediately following which event?a. The Firing on Fort Sumter by the South Carolina militiab. The State of Virginia's passage of the Ordinance of Secession.c. The State of South Carolina's passage of the Ordinance of Secessiond. The Election of Jefferson Davis as the President of the Confederate States of America

Lee was very hesitant toward leaving the army and was still in the army when Ft. Sumter was fired upon. Lincoln’s “call up” forced the last 4 states (including his home state of VA)Questions 3 – 5 Relate to the Passage Below“GENTLEMEN: I have your letter of the 11th, in the nature of a petition to revoke my orders removing all the inhabitants from Atlanta. I have read it carefully, and give full credit to your statements of the distress that will be occasioned by it, and yet shall not revoke my orders.…We must have peace, not only at Atlanta but in all America. To secure this we must stop the war that now desolates our once happy and favored country. To stop war we must defeat the rebel armies that are arrayed against the laws and Constitution, which all must respect and obey.…You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty and you cannot refine it.…But you cannot have peace and a division of our country.…We don't want your negroes or your horses or your houses or your lands or anything you have, but we do want, and will have, a just obedience to the laws of the United States.…I want peace, and believe it can now only be reached through union and war, and I will ever conduct war with a view to perfect an early success. But, my dear sirs, when that peace does come, you may call on me for anything. Then will I share with you the last cracker, and watch with you to shield your homes and families against danger from every quarter.”

Letter from General William T. Sherman to the Atlanta Mayor and City Council, 1864

3. The message in the letter above best reflects which of the following continuities in U.S. history?a. The application of effective economic and industrial strategies to warfareb. Arguments over the proper relationship between the federal government and the statesc. Debates over how to properly interpret the Constitutiond. A popular commitment to advancing democratic ideals

4. Which of the following most directly resulted from the excerpt above?a. The Confederacy was prevented from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers.b. President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.c. The South’s environment and infrastructure was increasingly destroyed.d. The Confederacy faced considerable home front opposition to the mobilization of their society to wage the war.

5. The excerpt above would be most useful to historians analyzing thea. initiative and daring of Confederate leadership in the war.

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b. ways that the purposes of the Civil War changed over time.c. strategies and leadership of the Union Army.d. Northern idea of national identity and national purpose.This all relates to Sherman’s ideas of “total war”

Questions 6 -7 Relate to the excerpt below“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.…It is for us, the living…to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us…that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

President Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, July 1863

6. Which of the following actions of the Lincoln administration best exemplified the belief expressed in the quotation above?

a. The altering of the power relationships between states and the federal governmentb. The waging of war even while facing considerable home front oppositionc. The decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamationd. Their efforts to prevent the Confederacy from gaining diplomatic support from European powers

He made it clear that the war would end states’ rights to secede

7. The passage above best serves as evidence of which of the following?a. Union victory in the Civil Warb. The mobilization of the Union economy and society to wage the warc. Unresolved questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rightsd. The changing purpose of the Civil War

The Emancipation took place soon after this turning point battleQuestions 8 – 10 Relate to the Passage below“Section 1. Be it ordained by the police jury of the parish of St. Landry, that no negro shall be allowed to pass within the limits of said parish without special permit in writing from his employer…Section 3… no negro shall be permitted to rent or keep a house within said parish…Section 4…Every negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said negro…Section 7…No negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry fire-arms, or any kind of weapons, within the parish…Section 11…It shall be the duty of every citizen to act as a police officer for the detection of offences and the apprehension of offenders, who shall immediately be handed over to the proper captain or chief of patrol.”

The Louisiana Black Code, 1865 Senate Executive Document No. 2, 39th Cong., 1st Sess.

8. The excerpt above is best understood in the context ofa. a Northern idea of American identity.b. altered power relationships between the states and the federal government in the post-Civil War period.c. the temporary rearrangement of relationships between white and black people in the South.d. Southern resistance to Radical Republicans’ efforts to change Southern attitudes.

9. Which 19th-century group would most likely oppose the regulations in the legislation above?a. New international migrants b. The Supreme Courtc. Republican Party members d. Supporters of Social Darwinism

10. Black Codes like the one in the passage were designed to circumvent thea. The 13th Amendment b. The 14th amendment c. The 15th Amendment d. The 16th Amendment

Questions 11 – 12 Relate to the Image

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11. Which of the following statements best reflects the point of view of the cartoon to the left?a. The Civil War was successful in bridging the gap between blacks and whites. b. The Freedmen’s Bureau was successful in reuniting black families.c. The Black Codes were effective in limiting civil rights of freedmen.d. The Democratic Party had abandoned the rights of freedmen.

12. The cartoon could most effectively be used by which of the following groups? a. Radical Republicans who supported Congressional Reconstruction b. Moderate Republicans who supported Presidential Reconstruction. c. Southern Democrats who believed civil rights were best protected by states d. Liberal Republicans who believed that Reconstruction was completed and Federal Troops should be

removed.

Questions 13 – 15 Relate to the Passage Below“Now therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States by virtue of the power in me vested as commander and chief…and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing rebellion do…order and designate as the states and parts of states wherein the people thereof respectively are this day in rebellion against the United States the following… I order and declare that persons held as slaves within said designated states and parts of states are henceforward shall be free…I order and declare that persons of suitable condition will be received into armed service of the United States…”

Abraham Lincoln, The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863

13. President Lincoln delayed issuing the above statement because of his concern that it would

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a. increase foreign support for the Confederacy b. cause the Border States to secedec. Decrease the power of the cotton industry d. Free slaves before they were ready

14. To issue an Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln felt that he needed which of the following.a. A military victory b. Supreme Court approvalc. Republican approval d. A Constitutional Amendment

The battle of Antietam15. Which of the following would have been a place where slaves would have been freed by the above proclamation in 1863?

a. Georgia b. Arkansas c. Kentucky d. MarylandKY and MD were border states and GA was as yet unconquered

Questions 16 – 18 Relate to the Passage Below“We drift fast towards war with Britain but I think we shall not reach that point. The shopkeepers who own England want to do us all they can and give possible aid and comfort to our slave-breeding and women-flogging adversary, for England has degenerated into a trader and banker, and has lost all the instincts and sympathies that her name suggests…She cannot ally herself with slavery as she inclines to do, without closing a profitable market, exposing her commerce to Yankee privateers and diminishing the supply of Northern breadstuffs on which her operatives depend for life. On the other side however, is the consideration that allowing piratical Alabamas (vessels being built for the Confederacy) to be built in her ports is making her a great deal of money.”

George Templeton Strong, New York, Diary, 1863

16. Strong’s statement that the British feared “diminishing the supply of breadstuffs explains why he thinks:a. would benefit from less trade with the U.S. in generalb. would eventually give diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy and trade exclusively with themc. depended more on the slave trade than most Americans fathomedd. depended as much on trade with the Union as with the Confederacy

17. Who would have advocated for the immediate and uncompensated release of all slaves held in the United States? a. William Lloyd Garrison b. Abraham Lincoln c. John C. Calhoun d. Henry Clay

18. Southern critics of slavery most often asserted that a. slavery was immoral.b. the plantation economy made the South a colony of the North.c. mass insurrection by slave populations was only a matter of time.d. global demand for cotton was so great that the Southern economy would remain profitable with white wageworkers in the fields.

Questions 19 – 21 Relate to the Passage Below“Thomas J. Ross agrees to employ the Freedmen to plant and raise a crop on his Rosstown Plantation…on the following Rules, Regulations and Remunerations. The said Ross agrees to furnish the land to cultivate,and to give unto said Freedmen…one half of all the cotton, corn and wheat that is raised on said place for the year 1866 after all the necessary expenses are deducted out that accrues on said crop. Outside of the Freedmen’s labor in harvesting, carrying to market and selling the same the said Freedmen…agrees to and with said Thomas J. Ross that for and in consideration of one half of the crop before mentioned that they will plant, cultivate, and raise under the management control and Superintendence of said Ross, in good faith, a cotton, corn and oat crop under his management for the year 1866.…We furthermore bind ourselves to and with said Ross that we will do good work and labor ten hours a day on an average, winter and summer.…We furthermore bind ourselves that we will obey the orders of said Ross in all things in carrying out and managing said crop for said year and be docked for disobedience. All is responsible for all farming utensils that is on hand or may be placed in care of said Freedmen for the year 1866 to said Ross and are also responsible to said Ross if we carelessly, maliciously maltreat any of his stock for said year to said Ross for damages to be assessed out of our wages.”

Labor Contract, Shelby County, Tennessee, 1866

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19. The practices described in the excerpt above most directly led toa. the judicial principles of the Civil War Amendments.b. the abolition of slavery.c. freed blacks’ development of cultures that reflected their interests and experiences.d. the progressive stripping away of the rights of African Americans.These contracts were aimed at keeping a work force in check beyond slavery

20. The excerpt above would best serve as evidence of which of the following?a. The social and economic continuities that characterized the antebellum and post-Civil War Southb. The wartime destruction of the South’s environment and infrastructurec. The short-term successes brought about by Reconstructiond. The opening up of leadership roles to former slaves

This related to maintaining a cheap and subjugated work force21. The contract displayed above would have most resembled which of the following labor styles of the past?

a. The encomienda system of the 16th centuryb. The origins of slave labor codes such as the Code of Barbadosc. Indentured service agreements of the mid-17th centuryd. The contract between the London Company of Virginia and settlers in Massachusetts Bay

Similar to indentured service in colonial VA b/c of tobacco

Questions 22 – 24 Relate to the Map Below

22. How did the outcome of the 1876 election affect American society and the nature of Reconstruction?a. African-American men played a greater role in politics.b. The Fourteenth Amendment was passed.c. Sharecropping in the South was greatly diminished.d. African-American struggles for civil rights increased

Because the removal of Federal troops ended all protections of freedmen

23. Which of the following most strongly motivated the Southern Democrats to compromise on this disputed election?

a. Republicans agreed to end military “bayonet rule” of the Southb. It would strengthen the Presidential electoral processc. Hayes agreed to name Tilden as his Vice President

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d. To fully integrate freedmen into southern societyThis was the true impact of the election

24. Which of the following was a direct result of the 1876 election results?a. Reconstruction efforts soon collapsed.b. The Democrats regained the White Housec. Radicals in Congress created military districts in the Southd. The Democratic Party was fatally split on the issue of civil rights

Questions 25 –26 Relate to the Image Below

25 Which of the following best expresses the tone of Nast’s political cartoon?a. It advocated the military control of the South.b. It was critical of southern support of the KKKc. It was critical of northern opportunists and their exploitation of the South.d. It glorified northern Republicans like Carl Schurz

This was an unbiased accusation b/c Nast was a northerner himself

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26. The term “carpet bagger” is synonymous witha. The freed black population who now voted Republicanb. White Democrats who abandoned the Democratic Partyc. The Union Army that served as a police forced. White northerners who moved to the post war South

They were hated b/c they seemed to be taking advantage of the prostrate southerners

Questions 27 – 31 Relate to the Passage Below“WHEREAS, in and by the Constitution of the United States, it is provided that the President “shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment;” andWhereas, a rebellion now exists whereby the loyal state governments of several states have for a long time been subverted, and many persons have committed, and are now guilty of, treason against the United States; andWhereas, with reference to said rebellion and treason, laws have been enacted by congress, declaring forfeitures and confiscation of property and liberation of slaves, all upon terms and conditions therein stated, and also declaring that the President was thereby authorized at any time thereafter, by proclamation, to extend to persons who may have participated in the existing rebellion, in any state or part thereof, pardon and amnesty, with such exceptions and at such times and on such conditions as he may deem expedient for the public welfare; and Whereas, the congressional declaration for limited and conditional pardon accords with well-established judicial exposition of the pardoning power; and Whereas, with reference to said rebellion, the President of the United States has issued several proclamations, with provisions in regard to the liberation of slaves; and Whereas, it is now desired by some persons heretofore engaged in said rebellion to resume their allegiance to the United States, and to re-inaugurate loyal state governments within and for their respective states:

Therefore– I, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States, do proclaim, declare, and make known to all persons who have, directly or by implication, participated in the existing rebellion, except as hereinafter excepted, that a full pardon is hereby granted to them and each of them, with restoration of all rights of property, except as to slaves, and in property cases where rights of third parties shall have intervened, and upon the condition that every such person shall take and subscribe an oath, and thenceforward keep and maintain said oath inviolate; and which oath shall be registered for permanent preservation, and shall be of the tenor and effect following, to writ:–

“I,….. , do solemnly swear, in presence of Almighty God, that I will henceforth faithfully support, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States and the Union of the States thereunder; and that I will, in like manner, abide by and faithfully support all acts of congress passed during the existing rebellion with reference to slaves, so long and so far as not repealed, modified, or held void by congress, or by decision of the supreme court; and that I will, in like manner, abide by and faithfully support all proclamations of the President made during the existing rebellion having reference to slaves, so long and so far as not modified or declared void by decision of the supreme court. So help me God.”

Abraham Lincoln, Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, December 1863

27. In the proclamation Lincoln promises that anyone accepting his pardon will have property rights restored except in what situation?

a. If they were a member of the Confederate Congressb. If they were known to have supported the rebellionc. If they held property is still rebellion statesd. If they hoped to claim that slaves were property

Lincoln’s plan made clear that return was not possible w/o ending slavery28. Which statement best explains the relative leniency of Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction?

a. The war was still raging and Lincoln hoped amnesty might sway some to cease fighting.b. He hoped to weaken the strength of radical in his own party.c. He hoped to bring loyal Democrats back into the Union.d. He hoped to get Federal funding to rebuild the South

His plan was December of 1863 only months after Gettysburg29. All of the following were reasons why Lincoln’s Plan cause tensions with Congress EXCEPT?

a. Many believed that “Lincoln governments” would simply empower former CSA politicians.b. Many in Congress were bent on revenge wanting Confederates to be punished.c. Some were concerned that there were not specific protections for freedmen.

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d. Some worried that groups like the KKK would become bolder.This was before the KKK was founded

30. Which of the following was NOT a state that was temporarily reconstructed under Lincoln’s “10 Percent Plan?”a. Arkansas b. Tennessee c. Virginia d. Louisiana

Still many bloody battles to go in VA, last surrender of Lee was there

31. A notable addition to Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction plan wasa. Johnson demand ¾ of the 1860 electorate to pledge allegiance.b. He demand anyone with $20,000 had to be personally pardoned by him.c. Former CSA generals all should die a traitor’s death.d. Only Democrats had to receive a pardon.

This would relate to the southern leadership and planter class. He ended up pardoning nearly all of them

Question 32 – 33 Relates to the Passage Below“I am not willing to fight for anything less than what the white man fights for. If a white man cannot support his family on $7 a month, then neither can I. Give me my rights, the rights that this government owes me, the same rights that a white man has. The ignorant Irish come to this country and gain rights and they cannot appreciate them.”

Corporal John H.B. Payne, African-American soldier, 1864

32. Payne’s attitude toward Irish soldiers can best be characterized as a. Sympathetic b. Nativist c. Progressive d. Liberal

33. Which of the following was the context for the excerpt above?a. Women who served in the Union Army were paid more than African-American men.b. The Irish were taking jobs away from Americans.c. Even in the Union Army racism was rampant.d. Lincoln’s assassination caused a surge in African-American enlistments.

Questions 34 – 36 Relate to the Statistical Information Below

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34. Which of the following was the long-term cause of the trends evident on the graphs?a. The South had remained primarily agricultural in the years before the war.b. Southerners did not count their slaves in terms of population.c. Northern politicians had barred the South from producing industrial goodsd. The North received wartime aid from Britain and France

35. Which of the following contributed to the imbalance in population between North and South?a. The North tended to have larger extended families.b. The geographic area of the North was larger.c. the life expectancy was much lower in the Southd. immigration was demographically larger in the North

36. Despite the statistical imbalance in most categories which was a shortage that the South did not seem to face?a. Weapons and ammunition b. Railroads and canalsc. Finished home goods d. The number of industrial workers

Questions 37 – 40 relate to the Image Below

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37. The “first Votes” occurred as a result of thea. Thirteenth Amendment b. Fourteenth Amendment c. Fifteenth Amendment d. Sixteenth Amendment

38. Extending voting rights to African-Americans was controversial becausea. Free Blacks in the North felt that they were more educated than freedmenb. Women’s suffrage was still being deniedc. African-Americans tended to vote Democratd. Westerners demanded the same suffrage for native-Americans

39. The voters in the image above most likely cast their vote fora. Black Codes b. Republicansc. Southern Democrats d. Northern Democrats

Questions 40 – 45 Relate to the Map Below

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Harper’s Weekly, “First Vote” November 1872

40. Based upon the map and your knowledge of the Civil War where were the earliest major battles fought?a. In the eastern theatre in the Chesapeake area b. In the Far Westc. Near the Florida-Georgia Line d. In mountainous areas

Virginia was the location of the earliest battles like Bull Run41. The Union Blockade of the South was aimed primarily to

a. Deprive the Confederacy of European aid b. Stop the entry of slave shipsc. Inhibit construction of the CSA navy d. Obstruct the movement of CSA troops

42.The result of the early Civil War battles convinced the Union thata. The war was going to be long and bloody b. The Confederacy was unbeatablec. The CSA military leaders were less skilled d. Richmond would fall quickly

43. Which of the following allowed the Union to gain full control of the Mississippi River?a. The Battle of Vicksburg b. The Fall of Memphisc. The fall of New Orleans d. The Battle of Shiloh

44. What was the purpose of Sherman’s “March to the Sea?”a. To cut off any hope of Lee’s forces retreating deeper into the South

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b. To Demoralize the civilian populationc. To put direct pressure on Jefferson Davis to negotiated. All of the above

These all were by-products of Sherman’s March but A was his reason45. Why did the Confederates abandon their earlier strategy and invade Maryland in 1862?

a. They hoped to put pressure on Lincoln to negotiate an end to the war.b. They hoped to inspire Maryland to secede from the Union and join the CSAc. They hoped a victory would inspire Britain to recognize the Confederacyd. All of the above

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