Annotated Answers Unit Test Progressivism Form A

Periods 1,2

Questions 1-3 relate to the passage below“Meat scraps were also found being shoveled into receptacles from dirty floors where they were left to lie until again shoveled into barrels or into machines for chopping. These floors, it must be noted, were in most cases damp and soggy, in dark, ill-ventilated rooms, and the employees in utter ignorance of cleanliness or danger to health, expectorated at will upon them. In a word, we saw meat shoveled from filthy wooden floors, piled on tables rarely washed, pushed from room to room in rotten box carts, in all of which processes it was in the way of gathering dirt, splinters, floor filth, and the expectoration of tuberculosis and other diseased workers.”

The Neill-Reynolds Report, June 4, 1906.

1. Which writer using a fictional work brought home the realities of filth in the meat packing industry?a. Upton Sinclair b. Sinclair Lewis c. Davis Sinclair d. Jacob Riis

He wrote The Jungle

2. A new Progressive influence resulted from investigations such as this report. What other consumer protection legislation also was passed in this era?

a. The Hepburn Act b. The Mann Actc. The Pure Food and Drug Act d. The Mann-Elkins Act

This was the origin of the Food and Drug Admin. (FDA)

3. In the 1960s another wave of legislation was passed protecting the American consumer. Which of the following best fits this category?

a. The Truth in Labeling Actb. The Environmental Protection Agency Actb. The Truth in Lending Actd. The Mann-Elkins Act

Passed by LBJ this was also an important consumer protection law. The other selections do not equal consumer protection

Questions 4 - 7 relate to the passage below“I believe in providing for direct nominations by the people, including therein direct presidential primaries for the election of delegates to the national nominating conventions. . . . I believe in the election of United States senators by direct vote. Just as actual experience convinced our people that presidents should be elected (as they are now in practice, although not in theory) by direct vote of the people instead of by indirect vote through an untrammeled electoral college, so actual experience has convinced us that senators should be elected by direct vote of the people instead of indirectly through the various legislatures.”

Speech by Theodore Roosevelt, February 22, 1912.

4. The passage above was most likely a political platform idea of which party?a. The Socialist Party of America b. The Democratic Partyc. The Republican Party d. The Progressive Party

This was actually part of the so-called Bull Moose platform of 1912

5. Which progressive political idea is being expressed by Roosevelt as being the most democratic method of election?

a. The Initiative b. The Direct Primaryc. The Referendum d. Recall

This was yet another Progressive reform that has led to our modern day method of the parties selection their candidates every four years.

6. Roosevelt is comparing Presidential Elections with which progressive amendment?a. The 16th Amendment b. The 17th Amendmentc. The 18th Amendment d. The 19th Amendment

7. Which of the following would have been least supportive of Roosevelt's position?a. Robert LaFollette b. Tom Johnsonc. Hazen Pingree d. Joseph Cannon

He was the ulta-conservative Republican Speaker of the House

Questions 8- 10 Relate to the passage below“New York is, I firmly believe, the most charitable city in the world. Nowhere is there so eager a readiness to help. When it is known that the help is worthily wanted; nowhere are such armies of devoted workers, nowhere such abundance of means ready to the hand of those who know the need and how rightly to supply it. Its poverty, its slums, and its suffering are the result of unprecedented growth with the consequent disorder and crowding, and the common penalty of metropolitan greatness.…The Day Nurseries, the numberless Kindergartens and charitable schools in the poor quarters, the Fresh Air Funds, the thousands and one charities that in one way or another reach the homes and the lives of the poor with sweetening touch…”

Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890

8. Much of the urban reform described above was carried out bya. middle-class women challenging their prescribed “place.”b. industrialists interested in changing the socioeconomic structure.c. wealthy urban women who enjoyed abundant leisure time.d. labor unions dedicated to addressing urban problems.

Women, many of whom now held degrees in sociology, became part of the Progressive movement even thoughThe “cult of domesticity” was still dominant.

9. Which 19th-century reform movement was most closely associated with the activities described above?a. Conservation b. Social Darwinism c. The Social Gospel d. Populism

The Social Gospel movement was an effort of many Protestant and Catholic Churches to minister to poor urban immigrants. The muckrakers like Riis aptly illustrated the horrors of life in the tenements.

10. Which of the following would have been instrumental in working with immigrant women during this period?a. Jane Addams b. Margaret Sangerc. Jeanette Rankin c. Ida Tarbell

She was the founder of the famous Hull House, a sociological model for improving the lives of immigrant women.

Questions 11- 13 Relate to the Passage Below“When I first saw Yosemite, and read the notices posted by the State Commissioners, forbidding the cutting or marring the beauty in any way of the trees and shrubs, etc., I said, ‘How fine it is that this grand valley has been made a park, for the enjoyment of all the world! Here we shall have a section of the wonderful flora of the mountains of California….’ But instead of enjoying special protection…it has suffered special destruction, for lack of the extraordinary care that so much trampling travel in it required. Therefore, now, instead of being most preciously cared for as the finest of all the park-gardens, it looks like a frowzy, neglected backwoods pasture. The best meadows are enclosed for hay-fields by unsightly fences, and all the rest of the floor of the valley is given up to the destructive pasturage of horses.”

John Muir, Speech to the Sierra Club, 1895

11. The point of view expressed in the passage above is most consistent with the sentiments of which of the following groups?

a. Nativists b. Modernists c. Preservationists d. Corporatists

12. Which of the following most often stood in the way of attempts to achieve the broader goals suggested in the excerpt above?

a. Corporate interests b. Government corruptionc. American Indians d. Supreme Court decisions

13. Which of the following would have most challenged the views expressed by John Muir?a. Richard Ballinger b. William Howard Taftc. Gifford Pinchot d. Theodore Roosevelt

These all relate to the environmentalist issue. Muir, a friend of TR, inspired him to pass the Antiquities Act protecting millions of acres. Question 15 once again relates to the Ballinger -Pinchot Affair

Questions 14 - 17 Relate to the Passage Below

“Wilson’s arrival in the White House in 1913 was a perfect instance of Victor Hugo’s saying, ‘Nothing is more powerful than an idea whose time has come.’ Since the Civil War, the United States had become by far the world’s richest country, with an industrial economy which made all others on earth seem small, and it had done so very largely through the uncoordinated efforts of thousands of individual entrepreneurs. The feeling had grown that it was time for the community as a whole, using the resources of the United States Constitution, to impose a little order on this new giant and to dress him in suitable clothes, labeled ‘The Public Interest.’ Theodore Roosevelt had already laid out some of these clothes, and Wilson was happy to steal them.”

Paul Johnson, A History of the American People, 199714. In the early 1900s, which of the following groups most supported the political changes described in the excerpt above?

a. Large corporations b. Imperialistsc. Progressives d. Recent migrants from southern and eastern Europe

15. Many of those who supported Wilson’s efforts to “impose a little order on this new giant” were also eager toa. preserve the social dominance of rural America.b. strengthen the power of the states in the face of growing federal power.c. keep all levels of government from getting involved in any social problems facing Americans.d. see an expansion of democratic principles throughout the government

16. Which Wilson policy probably best exemplifies the philosophy of the above passage?a. The Keating-Owen Act b. The Adamson Actc. The Federal Reserve Act d. The Seventeenth Amendment

17. Which of the following events represents a continuation of the actions described in the passage above?a. Franklin Roosevelt’s efforts to bolster regulation of the banking system in the 1930sb. Lyndon Johnson’s support of the Civil Rights Act of 1964c. Harry Truman’s attempt to contain communism following World War IId. Ronald Reagan’s attempt to shrink “big government” in the 1980s

Both 16-17 should have been pretty obvious and 18 is a synthesis question about the New Deal and FDR’s creation of the SEC, Glass-Steagal Act, and the FDIC

Questions 18 - 20 Relate to the Image Below

18. The point of view of the cartoon was a. That Taft would simply follow Roosevelt's policies b. That Taft was more progressive than was TR c. That Taft would likely reject Roosevelt's foreign policy d. That Taft would not continue TR's policies

19. The policy that would most support the point of view of the political cartoon would have been a. Corporation regulation b. Labor relations through active arbitration c. Environmental causes d. Banking Reform

20. The most divisive departure from Roosevelt's policies would have involved: a. Corporation regulation b. Labor relations through active arbitration c. Environmental causes d. Civil Service ReformTaft was a much better corporate regulator busting up double the number of trusts. However, Taft’s slow response to the Ballinger-Pichot affair soured the two men’s relationship and helped drive a

wedge in the Republican Party.

Questions 21 - 24 Relate to the Passage Below"To be sure, much of the progressivism was exclusionary. Yet we can now recognize not a singular political persuasion but rather a truly plural set of progressivisms, with workers, African-Americans, women and even Native Americans-along with a diverse and contentious set of middling folk-taking up the language of and ideas of what was once conceived of as an almost entirely white male, middle class movements. As for the dreams of democracy from the period: despite the frequent blindness of those who embodied them, they remain bold, diverse, and daring. It is for this reason that the democratic political theorists…have looked so longingly at the active citizenship of the Progressive Era, seeking ways to rekindle the democratic impulse of a century ago."

Paul Johnson, historian, The Possibilities of Politics, 2011

21. Which of the following interpretations of progressivism most likely supports this passage?a. Progressives were mostly conservatives in disguiseb. Progressives were almost entirely white, middle class, and urbanc. Progressives were educated modernizersd. Progressives were a diverse group who supported various reforms

22. Which would most directly support the argument that Progressives were exclusionary?a. Rural agrarian reformers played little role in the movementb. Women's movements were sidelined by male-dominated governmentsc. Progressives did little to end racial segregationd. Most Progressives wanted to keep immigrants and laborers from voting

23. Which of the following Progressive reforms most directly promoted "active citizenship?"a. City manager laws b. Breaking up trusts and monopoliesc. The Direct Election of Senators d. Civil Service Commissions

24. Which of the following would most likely have agreed that Progressivism represented an "exclusionary nature?"a. Ida B. Wells b. Theodore Rooseveltc. William Howard Taft d. Robert Lafollette

Question 21 is essentially asking who tended to be Progressive. Question 22 relates to the fact that Progressivism was weaker in the South but also b/c some believed in Social Darwinism. Question 23 related to the 17th Amendment and finally Ida B. Wells saw the bad side of Progressives when Wilson resisted passage of an anti-lynching law.

Questions 25 - 28 Relate to the map below

25. Which of the following was the name of the collective policy ideas of the 1912 election winner?a. The New Nationalism b. The Square Dealc. The New Freedom d. The Great Society

26. Which issue most split the Republican Party allowing a sweeping victory by Woodrow Wilson?a. The Ballinger-Pinchot affair split preservationists from conservationistsb. The Underwood-Simmons Tariff split conservatives from Progressivesc. The Payne-Aldrich Tariff split conservatives from Progressivesd. The decision to exclude a civil rights plank angered Progressive Republicans

27. From which region of the nation did Wilson quite unexpectedly win several key statesa. The New South b. The New England Statesc. The Southwest and Texas d. Several Mid-Atlantic States

The 1912 election allowed Wilson (The New Freedom) to win easily as the Republicans had become fatally split on the tariff. While the Ballinger affair split TR and Taft, the Progressive Party formed as a breakaway over the tariff issue. For years to come the South would be a bastion of the Democratic Party.

Questions 28 - 31 Relate to the Political Cartoon Below

28. In the cartoon Roosevelt is seen to be wrestling with which trust?a. The Mining Industry b. The Railroad Industry c. The Utilities d. Big Tobacco

29. The Political Cartoon is likely a reference to the assault on trusts culminating in which Supreme Court Case?a. Lochner v. New York (1908) b. Muller v. Oregon (1908)c. Northern Securities v. U.S. (1903) d. Plessey v Ferguson (1898)

30. The Progressive view of trusts and monopolies could best be summarized by which statement?a. All trusts and monopolies must be eradicated as threats to capitalismb. Some trusts were good but the bad ones must be eradicated.c. Most trusts are acceptable except those such as utilities which involve the "public good"d. Regulating trusts is a slippery slope toward socialism.

31. The attack on trusts and monopolies declined by 1920 for all of the following reasons EXCEPTa. There were no monopolies left to destroy as TR and Taft had been so successfulb. The Federal Trade Commission had assumed federal oversight regarding mergers.c. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act was far more explicit in describe illegal actions of trusts.d. The First World War had encouraged monopolies in war related industries and 1920s Republicans were less inclined to bring anti-monopoly charges.

Question 28 shows a locomotive in the image and once again the Northern Securities case is referenced. Since TR agreed that some monopolies were good, not all were broken up (questions 30-31)

Questions 32- 34 Relate to the excerpt below

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That no producer, manufacturer, or dealer shall ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, any article or commodity the product of any mine or quarry situated in the United States, in which within thirty days prior to the time of the removal of such product there from children under the age of sixteen years have been employed or permitted to work, or any article or commodity the product of any mill, cannery, workshop, factory, or manufacturing establishment, situated in the United States, in which within thirty days prior to the removal of such product there from children under the age of fourteen years have been employed or permitted to work, or children between the ages of fourteen years and sixteen years have been employed or permitted to work more than eight hours in any day, or more than six days in any week, or after the hour of seven o'clock postmeridian, or before the hour of six o'clock antemeridian: Provided, That a prosecution and conviction of a defendant for the shipment or delivery for shipment of any article or commodity under the conditions herein prohibited shall be a bar to any further prosecution against the same defendant for shipments or deliveries for shipment of any such article or commodity before the beginning of said prosecution.

The Keating-Owen Act 1916

32. The above legislation dealt with the issue ofa. The 8 Hour workday in factories and mines b. The Issue of women in the workplacec. Implementation of plan safety regulations d. Curtailing child labor

33. The Keating-Owen Act 1916 relied upon which legal concept for its regulatory powera. The Interstate commerce clause b. The Elastic Clausec. Federal oversight in defense industries d. The Compact Theory

34. Similar Federal oversight would later be used to deal with which issue?a. Equal rights for women b. Regulation of immigration from Asiac. Segregation cases d. Implementation of plan safety regulations

The Keating-Owen Act involved stopping child labor and the Federal government curtailed it using the interstate commerce clause (federal regulation). This same situation will be used later to attack Jim Crow laws during the 1950s-1960s

Questions 35- 40 Relate to the passage Below"My interest in good roads is not merely an interest in the pleasure of riding in automobiles, it is not merely an interest in the very much more important matter of affording the farmers of this country and the residents in villages the means of ready access to such neighboring markets as they need for the economic benefit, but it is also the interest in weaving as complicated and elaborate a net of neighborhood and state and national opinions together as it is possible to weave. It is of the most fundamental importance that the United State should think in big pieces, should think together, should think ultimately as a whole. ...I believe that it is the proper study of the statesman to bind communities together and open their intercourse so that it will flow with absolute freedom and facility."

Woodrow Wilson, 1916

35. President Wilson's quote was most likely a reference to which New Freedom legislation?a. The Federal Highway Act b. The Adamson Actc. The Keating-Owen Act d. The Clayton Act

36. What Federally funded building project would have resembled the above legislation a hundred years before?a. The construction of the Brooklyn Bridgeb. The development of the Erie Canalc. The renovation of the New York Port Authorityd. The construction of the Natchez Trace Parkway

37. Which leader from the past would have applauded Wilson's signing of the above legislation into law?a. Henry Clay b. Andrew Jackson c. Martin Van Buren d. John C. Calhoun

38. What Republican legislation from fifty years before would have been most synonymous with this legislation?a. The Homestead Act b. The Morrill Act

c. The Dawes Severalty Act d. The Pacific Railroad ActQuestion 35 A is the only choice and the passage literally discusses roads. 36-38 are synthesis questions related to federal funding of transportation.

Question 39-41 Relate to the passage belowLittle by little as the public began to realize the compactness and harmony of the Standard organization, the ability of its members, the solidity of the qualities governing its operations, they began to forget its history…they began to accept the Standard’s explanation that the critics were indeed "people with a private grievance," "moss-backs left behind in the march of progress." It looked more and more to the outsider as if henceforth Mr. Rockefeller was going to have things his own way, for who was there to interfere with him, to dispute his position? No one, save that back in Northwestern Pennsylvania, in scrubby little oil towns, around greasy derricks, in dingy shanties, by rusty deserted oil stills, men still talked of the iniquity of the railroad rebate, the injustice of restraint of trade, the dangers of monopoly; still rehearsed with tiresome persistency the evidence by which it had been proved that the Standard Oil Company was a revival of the South Improvement Company.

Ida Tarbell, A History of Standard Oil, 1904

39. The above excerpt would most likely have appeared in which publication?a. Life Magazine b. McClure's c. Harper's Weekly d. The New York Times

40. The journalists of the era reputed for their often scathing exposès were known asa. Muckrakers b. Merry Pranksters c. The Pugilists d. The Moonwalkers

41. All of the following used this style of writing to expose the ills of society EXCEPTa. Ray Stannard Baker b. Upton Sinclair c. Mary Lease d. Lincoln Steffens

Questions 39-40 were related to McClures, the main journal for muckrakers and Lease was a Populist

Question 42- 45relate to the image below

42. The photograph to the left would have been synonymous with all of the following EXCEPT a. Victorian middle class values b. A glorification of feminine beauty c. Illustrative of the "New Woman" d. An affirmation of the "cult of domesticity

43. Which was the first decade would see the first movement of women disavowing the idea and the image of the Gibson Girl? a. The 1950s b. The 1890s c. The 1920s d. The 1970s

44. In the Progressive Era women gained which of the following: a. Suffrage b. Economic parity b. Land ownership rights d. Equal protection under the law

45. The first woman to hold a seat in the U.S. Senate was a. Jeanette Rankin b. Ida B. Wells c. Shirley Chisholm d. Barbara Boxer The “New Woman” was a reference to feminism and attempts to break with the Gibson Girl image. This was a product of the same period as the Gibson girl and the battle has been waged ever since

Questions 46- 48 Relate to the Document Below“In Los Angeles the housing problem centers largely in the cleaning up or demolition of the Mexican "house courts," which have become the breeding ground of disease and crime, and which have now attracted a considerable population of immigrants of other races. It is estimated that approximately 2,000 Mexicans are living in these "house courts." Some 15,000 persons of this race are residents of Los Angeles and vicinity. Conditions of life among the immigrants of the city, which are molded to a certain extent by Mexican standards, have been materially improved by the work of the Los Angeles Housing Commission.... However, the Mexican quarter continues to offer a serious social problem to the community....

In conclusion it should be recognized that although the Mexicans have proved to be efficient laborers in certain industries, and have afforded a cheap and elastic labor supply for the southwestern United States, the evils to the community at large which their presence in large numbers almost invariably brings may more than overbalance their desirable qualities. Their low standards of living and of morals, their illiteracy, their utter lack of proper political interest, the retarding effect of their employment upon the wage scale of the more progressive races, and finally their tendency to colonize in urban centers, with evil results, combine to stamp them as a rather undesirable class of residents.”

Samuel Bryan, "Mexican Immigrants in the United States," The Survey, December 1912

46. The line implying that Mexican’s low standard of living compared poorly to other “progressive races” is based upon what concept?”

a. Social Darwinism b. The Social Gospel c. The Gospels of Wealth d. the Utilitarianism

47. The writer Madison Grant would have considered which of the following “more progressive based upon his book the Passing of the Great Race?

a. Russian b. Japanese c. Scandinavian d. French

48. In the antebellum period which of the following would have most compared with the authors views on Mexicans?

a. Chinese b. Germans c. Greeks d. IrishThe author’s use of “more progressive races” is a clue to his social Darwinist views. Scandinavians = blue, eyed, blond haired Nordic types…Ja, der Master race! Clearly in question 40 you had to be attentive to time frame.

Questions 49-50 Relate to “Appalling situations revealed every day indicate all too plainly that in cases where women's disease is affected by pregnancy, the medical institutions and clinics of New York State are accomplishing nothing to relieve those disease conditions. Where the disease is tuberculosis, syphilis or some other organic malady which is aggravated by pregnancy, women appeal in vain for instruction concerning contraceptives. Physicians are willing to perform abortions where they are pronounced necessary, but they refuse to direct the use of preventives which would make the abortions unnecessary. Personally, I object to the so-called "unlimited bill." My objection, however, is not the usual one, that it would increase immorality. I do not believe that a universal knowledge of contraceptives would lead to immorality. On the other hand, I do believe that when instruction in the use of contraceptives is given, it should be given by the kind of persons best suited by training and experience to give it scientifically and accurately. If everyone is permitted to impart information, those who receive it have no guaranty [sic] that it is correct or suitable to the individual's physical requirements. Incorrect, unscientific information may bring good results in some cases, but it is more likely to cause a vast amount of disappointment and anxiety in others..”

Margaret Sanger, Shall we Break the Law?, 1919

49. Sanger’s arguments over reproductive rights were women was finally ruled upon by the Supreme Court in which case?

a. Roe v. Wade (1972) b. Muller v Oregon (1908)c. Lochner v. New York (1905) d. Plessey v. Ferguson (1898)

50. Victorian sensibilities over sex was reflected by which of the following, an act “white slavery” and sex trafficking. It additionally allowed the post office to open suspect personal mail?

a. The Comstock Law b. The Granger Lawsc. The Progressive cases d. The Insular cases

Obviously the abortion issue, at the heart of the Roe case is still relevant today as it was in Progressive period. The Comstock Law reflected Victorian concerns over morality