AP European HistoryDecember 5-9-2016

Primary Sources due on Monday Apparently many of you will miss class because of some more stupid mandatory

testing so be sure and check out the web notes for the end of the Revolution Well, we are back on the ridiculous block schedule again on Tuesday and

Wednesday (see below) Exam Schedule:

WEDNESDAY December 14 Periods 1,3,7THURSDAY December 15 Periods 2,4,6FRIDAY December 16 Period 5 and early dismissal at 10:30AM

MONDAY (Continued from Last Week) Examine the radical phase of the French Revolution Explain why this phase led to another round of war in Europe.

Materials Strategy/Formatppt and video Lecture-discuss/Review

Introduction

Some of the material below will be familiar to 3rd-7th period as we discussed it last week. For the first time in its history, France had a constitution. Many feudal ideas were abolished which satisfied many people. Yet there were already tensions developing. One of the ways that you can tell that the new Constitution was moderate was the way that it handled citizenship. There were two types: active and

passive citizens. . Active citizenship was granted to men who were French, at least 25 years old, paid taxes equal to three days work, and could not be defined as servants. This meant that at the time of the Declaration only white, male, Christian, property owners held these rights. The deputies in the National Assembly (French Revolution) believed that only those who held tangible interests in the nation could make informed political decisions. This Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as each of these rights is related to the right to vote and to participate actively in the government. There were less than 5 million who fell into this category out of about 30 million. Passive citizens had rights but not political powers. This was almost exactly how the U.S, originally handled citizenship. The Assembly replaced the historic provinces with 83 départements, (and Paris organized into districts called arrondisments) uniformly administered and approximately equal to one another in extent and population

Revolution brought about a massive shifting of powers from the Roman Catholic Church to the state. Under the Ancien Régime, the Church had been the largest landowner in the country. Legislation enacted in 1790 abolished the Church's authority to levy a tax on crops known as the dîme, cancelled special privileges for the clergy, and confiscated Church property. To no small extent, the Assembly addressed the financial crisis by having the nation take over the property of the Church (while taking on the Church's expenses), through the law of December 2, 1789. In order to rapidly monetize such an enormous amount of property, the government introduced a new paper currency, assignats, backed by the confiscated church lands. Further legislation on 13 February 1790 abolished monastic vows. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy, passed on July 12, 1790 (although not signed by the King until December 26, 1790), turned the remaining clergy into employees of the State and required that they take an oath of loyalty to the constitution. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy also made the Catholic church an arm of the secular state

In response to this legislation, the archbishop of Aix and the bishop of Clermont led a walkout of clergy from the National Constituent Assembly. The papacy never accepted the new arrangement, and it led to a schism between those clergy who swore the required oath and accepted the new arrangement ("jurors" or "constitutional clergy") and the "non-jurors" or "refractory priests" who refused to do so. The ensuing years saw violent repression of the clergy, including the imprisonment and massacre of priests throughout France.

Another group that felt left out was women. They had already asserted their power. On October 5, 1789 the people of Paris, mainly working women, marched on Versailles in what was the Women's March on Versailles. The women were responding to their anger at the harsh economic situations they had to face such as bread shortages while the King and his court held banquets such as that for the royal guards on October 1, 1789. The King and his administration were forced to move to Paris in hopes for the poverty to be addressed. On October 6, 1789, followed by 20,000 National Guards, the King and the royal family moved from Versailles to Paris thus legitimizing the National Assembly. Oympe de Gouges, a playwright of some note in France at the time of the Revolution, spoke for not only herself but many of the women of France, when in 1791 she wrote and published the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen." Modeled on the 1789 "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" by the National Assembly, de Gouges' Declaration echoed the same language and extended it to women. This was for France the origins of feminism but the demands did not go very far. As the Revolution turned violent Olympe de Gouges became an “enemy of the state”. For asserting this equality, and repeating the assertion publicly -- for refusing to be silent on the Rights of Woman -- and for associating with the wrong side, the Girondists (more on them below), as the Revolution became embroiled in new conflicts -- Olympe de Gouges was arrested in July 1793, four years after the Revolution. She was sent to the guillotine in November of that year.

The Factions in the National Assembly Within the National Assembly three basic factions developed. The royalists or monarchists generally

wanted to maintain the Bourbon dynasty in a position of power. Of course this did happen at first but as you will see below, Louis XIV squandered this good will. A second faction was called the Girondists or

moderates. Generally they were content to have Louis XVI in power to some degree but over time, they became less certain. The third and most radical group was called the Jacobins, named after debating societies. They mostly wanted to end the monarchy and some, as time passed believed that the king, if left alive would be a rallying point for the émigrés, nobles who left France but remained a threat. The most radical Jacobins and ultimately the rulers of France once the radical phase starts were called “the Mountain” or Montagnards.

Flight to Varennes Louis XVI, opposed to the course of the Revolution, but rejecting the potentially treacherous aid of the

other monarchs of Europe, cast his lot with General Bouillé, who condemned both the emigration and the assembly, and promised him refuge and support in his camp at Montmédy. On the night of June 20, 1791 the royal family fled the Tuileries wearing the clothes of servants, while their servants dressed as nobles. However, the next day the King was recognized and arrested at Varennes . He and his family were paraded back to Paris under guard, in the same disguises they wore in their escape.. When they reached Paris, the crowd remained silent. The Assembly provisionally suspended the King. He and Queen Marie Antoinette remained held under guard.

The Declaration of Pillnitz

On August 27 1791, was a statement issued by the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and Frederick William II of Prussia. The statement amounted to a threat against the National Assembly. Calling on European powers to intervene if Louis XVI of France was threatened, this declaration was intended to serve as a warning to the French revolutionaries not to infringe further on the rights of Louis XVI and to allow his restoration to power. The statement helped begin the French Revolutionary Wars. This was probably the death warrant for the monarchy.

By the Spring of 1792 the National Assembly decided to declare war on Austria. Prussia, it was understood would side with Austria in light of the Pillnitz Declaration. Not surprisingly the expectation was that the French would be largely unprepared to fight due to the shape of the economy and the divisions in society. The King outwardly supported the decision of the assembly to declare war. He hoped for a French defeat because he felt that this would result in his restoration to the throne. When rumors spread that he had invite a contingent of Swiss mercenaries to liberate he and family, this was the final straw. On January 20, 1793, the National Convention condemned Louis XVI to death, his execution scheduled for the next day. Louis spent that evening saying goodbye to his wife and children. The following day dawned cold and wet. Louis arose at five. At eight o'clock a guard of 1,200 horsemen arrived to escort the former king on a two-hour carriage ride to his place of execution. His manner was calm and it seemed to freak out some of his guards a bit. They had always been told that the king was a weakling and yet to see him so composed left them admiring his bravery. Ascending the scaffold to the guillotine he turned to the crowd saying "I die innocent of all the crimes laid to my charge; I Pardon those who have occasioned my death; and I pray to God that the blood you are going to shed may never be visited on France." Drums were ordered to drown out the king and with that he was beheaded.

The Reign of Terror

The war against Austria and her allies was not going well. The Convention, led by Danton demanded 300,000 men to join the French army. This was called the levèe en masse (essentially a military draft) The first revolts bloomed in the country, especially in Vendee where the peasants denounced the authority of the Convention and the idea of the Revolution. They asked for the reestablishment of the Monarchy. A real civil war took place in the French countryside, between the Vendeen and the Republican Guards. From March to September 1793, more than 100,000 people died from this opposition.

On April 6th, 1793 the Convention created the Committee for Public Safety (Comite de Salut Public). This new government, led by Robespierre took urgent measures to stop a rebellion in the Vendèe region and the

French military defeats in Belgium. A few weeks later, the Girondists, were held responsible for the military crisis. 22 representatives of the Girondins were guillotined. The original revolutionary system was breaking apart.

Another major event of the French Revolution was the death of one of its most radical figures, Jean Paul Marat. Marat, friend of Robespierre, Jacobin deputy to the Convention, and editor-in-chief of L'Ami du Peuple,(The Friend of the People) was a fiery orator; he was also a violent man, quick to take offense. Some saw him as an intransigent patriot; for others he was merely a hateful demagogue. On July 13, 1793, a young Royalist from Caen, Charlotte Corday, managed, by a clever subterfuge, to gain entry into his apartment. She claimed to have a list of enemies of the revolution knowing that Marat would love to see it.

In September 1793, the "Reign of Terror" spread all over the country. This was a cruel period when France was killing its people by hundreds in a frightening movement of rage and decadence. People were arrested and executed without trial if they were accused of being enemies of the revolution. It is estimated that about 40,000 people died during this 15 month period. Marie Antoinette was executed in October 1793. She died because she represented the King's heritage and was the perfect illustration of the fear that reigned at this time.

Blaming the war and Vendee insurrection, the Declaration of the Rights of Man was suspended. Robespierre became a tyrant, who thought anything was justified when it came to the revolution's rights. He changed his views on the death penalty, saying it was justified against enemies of the Republic (He said "to make an omelet one must break a few eggs"). He reinstalled censorship, especially in the press and acted for a secular state. To this effect, he changed the calendar and in November 24th, 1793 he set the Revolutionary calendar as the new benchmark. It was once said that "a revolution always eats its young."Quickly, Danton himself became the victim of the Terror at the order of Robespiere. He was considered "too moderate" and then, arrested and executed in April 1794

The Great Terror

One of the darkest periods in French history soon ensued. The Great Terror began in June 1794. Robespierre and the Comittee of Public Safety launched a new wave of executions. He was strongly supported by the Montagnards and the Sans-Culottes. Robespierre was in a mission against the counter revolutionaries and against the Church. Thousands of people who were suspected to be anti-revolutionists were executed savagely. A campaign of de-Christianization took place all over the country.

On May 8th, 1794 the Assembly introduced the "Culte de l'Être Supreme" (The cult of Supreme Being), as form of deism. On June 8th, 1794 Robespierre, the so called "President" of the Convention and ordered the establishment of a new civic religion called the Cult of the Supreme Being. He then ordered a suspension in executions to celebrate a new holiday "Fête de l'Etre Supreme" (Supreme Being celebration) in Paris. However, these celebrations were mocked by the Parisians and Robespierre lost his credibility when he appeared before the crowd on top of a paper machè mountain wearing a Roman toga.

Conclusion: Robespierre's Demise

A major turn of events took place in July 1794. Robespierre was now set to launch yet again another wave of attacks and many in the room felt that they themselves would be the next victims. He was accused of dictatorship and tyranny and evicted from the Convention. The members voted for his simultaneous eviction and execution, without allowing him to defend himself. Robespierre and several associates were arrested but he actually attempted to kill himself but succeeded in only blowing off his own jaw! Robespierre was beheaded to an ovation by the people of Paris. His death was the symbol of the Reign of Terror's end. However as we will see it also marked the end of the democratic movement at the same time.

HomeworkQuia.com Quiz on the French Revolution Due by Friday!!!!

TUESDAY/WEDNESDAY Examine the Thermodorian Reaction and the Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte Midterm Review Opportunity

Materials Strategy/FormatPPT and Video Lecture-discussion

Introduction: The Thermodorian Reaction 1794-95 Last week we discussed the death of Robespierre and the conclusion of the Reign of Terror and the so-

called Great Terror. The expression, “Revolutions always eat their young” saw its fruition. Most of the radical Jacobin leaders were now dead. Murat, Danton, and Robespierre all meet the guillotine that they so fervently advocated.

The Convention at this point was still the government of France and one of the major steps of the Thermodorian Reaction was the dismantling of the oppressive committees (CPS and CGS). In addition to this the Jacobin Clubs were all outlawed and most political prisoners (most of whom were awaiting their deaths) were released from jails. The Convention then set about drafting a new constitution for France.

Constitution of the Year III (1795)

When you look at the new constitution one can see a slight return to conservatism but generally speaking the new document can be considered more liberal in some respects than the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen 1789a. Citizenship: The old document created two types of citizenship. Active citizens were those with

property or the equivalent of three days provable wages. No women were active citizens. The number of active citizens did rise and church lands were redistributed and sold. But generally the power in France was narrowly distributed relative to the population. Now, all males over 21 were eligible to vote for electors if they paid taxes. Women still were shut out of the process.

b. Organization of the government: The 1789 Constitution had created separate branches with legislative and the king as the executive branch. Then, following the deposition of the king, executive power was in theory, dismantled and the National Convention ruled the nation. Of course as the war intensified the Reign of Terror had created committees that acted above the law. The Constitution of the Year III allowed the popularly elected “electors” to form a bicameral government (the Assembly of 500 and the Assembly of Ancients). An executive branch was returned, known as the Directory but it was strictly separated from the legislature. The Directory was a five man executive council chosen by the Assembly of 500. Each branch had veto powers on certain levels.

c. In the matter of religion, a return to more conservative values is evident. Under the old Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the church was an organ of the government and priest were state paid employees. Then of course during the de-Christianization process there was an attempt to remove priests from society as a whole. Under the new government a separation of Church and State were once again instituted.

Problems Develop

The new government of France almost immediately ran into trouble. One might say that there was too much democracy because there were elections each year of the whole government. The high turnover rate, while it might sound good as a way to limit corruption, also limited continuity. The government was rather unpopular also because they strictly controlled local government in a stringent federal republican system. Also, the Convention dissolved in 1795 with most power resting the hands of largely incapable Directors. This is the last phase of revolutionary governments. Henceforth this usually just known as the Directory.

In the fall of 1795 a rebellion once again erupted in Paris led by Gracchus Babeuf. He claimed that the government was headed toward dictatorship. Babeuf’s revolt was one of the first examples of the Paris Commune and it is seen as one of the seed germs of socialism and communism. The rebellion and subsequent demonstration was largely quelled due to the swift response of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Two more years of disquiet occurred despite the fact that France was doing well militarily. Spain signed a treaty with France (Treaty of San Ildefonso which by the way gave Spain control of Louisiana Territory).

Britain was unable to aid its allies on the continent and Northern Italy fell to Napoleon and was made independent of Austria (though basically a client state of France).

The 18th of Fructitor was a coup d’état against the Convention (September 1797). This resulted in a state of military dictatorship. For the next two years attempts to restore republican rule failed largely due to corruption. Another major area of concern was the seeming return to influence of the Jacobins, some of whom had been implicated with the Reign of Terror.

The 18th of Brumair (November 1799) saw the final act of the French Revolution. The Directory and the French Revolution itself came to an end with the coup d'état of 18th of Brumaire (9 November 1799) in which General Napoleon overthrew the Directory and replaced it with the Consulate.

In November 1799, France was suffering the effects of military reverses brought on by Bonaparte's adventurism in the Middle East. The looming threat of opportunistic invasion by the 2nd Coalition had provoked internal unrest, with Bonaparte stuck in Egypt. A return to Jacobin ideas seemed possible.

The coup was first prepared by the Abbe Sieyes (yep, the same guy from 1789), then one of the five Directors. Bonaparte returned from Egypt a hero to the public despite his reverses. Sieyès believed he had found the general indispensable to his coup. However, Bonaparte promptly began a coup within the coup. Ultimately, the coup brought to power Bonaparte, not Sieyès.

Conclusion While some believe that the French Revolution did not end with Napoleon because he extended values and ideas born of the revolution, truly the new Consulate government created in 1799-1800 was no more than a military dictatorship with Napoleon at the reigns. He would continue to use the term First Consul but next unit we will see that this was merely an illusion.

HomeworkContinue the quia.com quiz on the French Revolution (due by Friday)

THURSDAY Examine the Consulate Period 1800-1804 Examine the origins of the Imperial Period of Napoleonic France

Materials Strategy/Formatppt, and video assessment/lecture-discussion

Introduction Before the ice storm interrupted us we were discussing the Consulate Period and Napoleon's rise to power

by using power point and video. We will continue this today but also we will venture into the imperial period as well. As has happened frequently this year, interruptions sometimes throw off the web notes but we should catch up nicely.

When we left Napoleon last week he had proclaimed himself pro-consul for life in 1802. This was accepted by plebiscite and he had brought a remarkable turn of good fortune for France. His Concordat of 1801 had restored the Catholic Church to some power, the economy had been placed in a firm footing, the Napoleonic Code had wiped away all vestiges of feudalism. In the realm of foreign policy Europe was at peace for the first time in a decade.

The Treaty of Lunéville was signed in February 1801, under which the French gains of the Treaty of Campo Formio were reaffirmed and increased; the British signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, which set terms for peace, including the division of several colonial territories.

However, the peace between France and Britain was uneasy and short-lived. There were several tensions that led to an end of the peace. The monarchies of Europe were reluctant to recognize a republic, fearing that the ideas of the revolution might be exported to them. In Britain, the brother of Louis XVI was welcomed as a state guest although officially Britain recognized France as a republic. Britain failed to evacuate Malta and Egypt as promised, and protested against France's annexation of Piedmont.

In 1803 Bonaparte faced a major setback when an army he sent to reconquer Haiti and establish a base was destroyed by a combination of yellow fever and fierce resistance led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. Recognizing that the French possessions on the mainland of North America would now be indefensible, and facing imminent war with Britain, he sold them to the US—the Louisiana Purchase —for less than three cents per acre ($7.40 per square kilometer). A dispute over the island Malta provided the pretext for Britain to declare war on France in 1803 to support French royalist. This was an important Mediterranean outpost and Britain realized that a future war with France would probably involve control of this area.

The Imperial Period Begins

At the beginning of 1804 a sign of Napoleon’s plans for the future revealed themselves. In January 1804, Bonaparte's police uncovered an assassination plot against him, ostensibly sponsored by the House of Bourbon. In retaliation, Bonaparte ordered the arrest of the Duke d'Enghien, in a violation of the sovereignty of Baden. After a hurried secret trial, the Duke was executed on March 21. Bonaparte then used this incident to justify the re-creation of a hereditary monarchy in France, with himself as emperor, on the theory that a House of Bourbon restoration would be impossible once the Bonapartist succession was entrenched in the constitution.

In 1804 Napoleon decided to take the next step in consolidating his power. Bonaparte crowned himself emperor on December 2, 1804, at Notre Dame de Paris. Claims that he seized the crown out of the hands of Pope Pius VII during the ceremony in order to avoid subjecting himself to the authority of the pontiff are apocryphal; in fact, the coronation procedure had been agreed upon in advance. After the Imperial regalia had been blessed by the Pope, Napoleon crowned himself before crowning his wife Josephine as Empress (though really a fictional event the moment depicted in Jacques Louis David's famous painting, illustrated at right). The Pope had expected Italy in return, and was frustrated when Napoleon insisted on being crowned king of Italy with the Iron Crown of Lombardy at Milan's cathedral on May 26, 1805

Napoleon was clearly planning to expand his power by annexing Piedmont in northern Italy and killing the Duke of Enghien in Baden and establishing a client state there. A Third Coalition (to be called the Fourth Coalition later when Prussia joins) was now formed in Europe to stop Napoleon. Austria, Sweden, and Russia formed an alliance and Britain once again reluctantly got involved.

Initially Napoleon had planned to first strike against Britain with an invasion. He reasoned that defeating the British would take the weaker powers of the coalition out from the start. However, he hoped that a combined Spanish and French fleet could take down the Royal Navy. He was destined to be disappointed once again by Horatio Nelson as he had been in Egypt. The Battle of Trafalgar was one of the most epic sea battles in history. So, in the fall of 1805 Britain had secured control of the seas and to some degree checked the advance of French power. Napoleon, like Hitler in 1941 realized an invasion of Britain was impossible without naval (or later air superiority). Both dictators then turned their armies to the east.

The Highpoint of Napoleon’s Power Napoleon fame as a general was gained when he won a series of major victories in the Battles of Ulm and

Austerlitz(1805), Jena(1806), and Friedland(1807) against an alliance of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. The resulting Treaties of Tilsit (1807) and the Treaty of Schönbrunn (1809) left most of Europe from the English Channel to the Russian border either part of the French Empire, controlled by France, or allied to it by treaty.

Similar to our discussions of how and why France was able to hold off against all contenders during the French Revolution Napoleon also had several advantages. The Grand Armèe was so good for several reasons. First, because of the previous levee en masse, he could put more men on to the field than any other army. His use of cannon was superior as he developed the ability to rapidly reposition them (called flying cannon). His army developed the first ambulance corps and this helped get men back into the fight. Napoleon once said that "an army travels on its stomach" This shows his mastery of logistics. His army was always well provisioned (until the Russian campaign) and this added to morale. He had better tactics with the box formation of Greco-Roman times adapted to modern weaponry. Finally because of nationalism and Napoleon’s leadership, his men were highly motivated and this grew with each victory.

The Treaty of Tilsit (1807) The Treaty of Tilsit was one of the most far reaching treaties of all time. Napoleon made agreements that

France signed with France and with Prussia (respectively) at Tilsit, northern Prussia after Napoleon's victories over the Prussians at Jena and at Auerstädt and over the Russians at Friedland

Under the terms of the treaty, France and Russia became allies and divided Europe between them, reducing Austria and Prussia to helplessness. Napoleon wanted to completely eradicated Prussia from the map. It was only because of Czar Alexander I that this did not happen. Czar Alexander of Russia accepted the reduction of Prussia from 89,120 to 46,032 square miles; the creation from the Polish provinces detached from Prussia of a new Grand Duchy of Warsaw for Napoleon’s ally, the king of Saxony; and the establishment of the Kingdom of Westphalia in northern Germany. Westphalia, too, was in part composed of former Prussian lands. Napoleon’s hegemony in western and central Europe was thus established. Prussia was to be occupied by French troops until a war indemnity (reparations to use the later WWI term), fixed at 120,000,000 francs, had been paid.

In secret provisions Napoleon agreed to help Russia “liberate” most of Ottoman held Europe if Turkey rejected French mediation in its conflict with Russia. Napoleon once derisively called Britain "a nation of shopkeepers. But lacking the navy to invade Britain he set about using economic warfare. Czar Alexander was compelled to join the Continental System against British trade if Britain rejected Russian mediation in its conflict with France. Russia was given a free hand to conquer Finland from Sweden. Prussia was forced to join the Continental System and close its ports to British trade. This is also known as the Berlin Decrees. This will later be followed by the Milan Decrees disallowing any British trade on the continent.

ConclusionThe Treaties of Tilsit came so close to creating a continental blockade that excluded British trade, Napoleon sought in the next few years to enlarge and enforce the blockade. This led to the collapse of the peace on the continent. The period of Franco-Russian collaboration lasted until Dec. 31, 1810, when the czar , finding that the alliance to the Continental System seriously hurt Russian trade, opened Russian ports to neutral ships (interestingly the U.S. was one of the first to try and take advantage of this). The threat to Russia from Napoleon’s satellite, the Duchy of Warsaw, on Russia’s border, also contributed to the eventual failure of the Franco-Russian alliance. Napoleon invaded Russia in June 1812

HOMEWORKFinish the Quia.com quiz on French Revolution

FRIDAY (Book and Notes Optional) Review activity for the midterm exam

Materials StrategyBook/Notes/Review packet Review activity

Instructions Today we will do a very long review activity for the Mid-term exam. This will be a high value assignment

and when I call it "old school" that means the way that I had to review in high school: fill in the blank with no word bank!

Basically you will get a list of questions: people, places, events, and concepts to complete. It is hoped that your knowledge is the first line of defense and then looking up stuff will come next.

This is NOT a partner review and it is due in class complete or not!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

HomeworkOpen Review for the Midterm exam!