1918-1941

Harlem RenaissanceAuthors – Langston Hughes, McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, Countee CulletPraise expression of black culture of the time

National Origins Act1924 – Reduced quota, reduced numbers from Eastern and Southern Europe, Asians banned, Canadians and Latin Americans exempt

Cultural Isolation

18th, 19th, 20th, 21st Amendments18 th : Established Prohibition in the United States; only amendment to the Constitution that has been repealed19 th : Prohibits each state and the federal government from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's sex20 th : Establishes the beginning and ending of the terms of the elected federal offices21 st : Repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which mandated nationwide Prohibition

Andrew MellonSecretary of the treasuryIntroduced the “trickle-down” economics theory in order to promote business and increase money available for speculation

Neutrality ActsLaws that were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War IIWere spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts

Albert FallA United States Senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding, infamous for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal

John L. LewisAn American leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1920 to 1960

HoovervillesThe popular name for shanty towns built by homeless people during the Great DepressionNamed after President Herbert Hoover because he allegedly let the nation slide into depression

Back to Africa Movement AKA Colonization MovementOriginated in the United States in the nineteenth century, and encouraged those of African descent to return to the African homelands of their ancestors

Spirit of St. LouisThe custom-built single engine, single seat monoplane that was flown solo by Charles Lindbergh on May 20–21, 1927, on the first non-stop flight from New York to Paris for which Lindbergh won the $25,000 Orteig Prize

Palmer RaidsCongressional support to raid houses of radicals believed to have connections to communism

“Lost Generation”New generation of writers outside of Protestantism, resentment of ideals betrayed by societyFitzgerald (despised materialism, The Great Gatsby), Lewis (against upper class- Babbit and Mainstreet), Faulkner (stream of consciousness), T.S. Eliot

Keynesian Economics AKA Keynesianism AKA Keynesian TheoryA macroeconomic theory based on the ideas of 20th century British economist John Maynard KeynesArgues that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes and therefore, advocates active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to stabilize output over the business cycle

Warren G. HardingThe 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack in 1923His conservative stance on issues such as taxes, affable manner, and campaign manager Harry Daugherty's 'make no enemies' strategy enabled Harding to become the compromise choice at the 1920 Republican National Convention

F. Scott FitzgeraldAn American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigm writings of the Jazz AgeA member of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s and is widely regarded as one of the 20th century's greatest writersHis most celebrated classic is The Great Gatsby

National Labor Relations Board

An independent agency of the United States government charged with conducting elections for labor union representation and with investigating and remedying unfair labor practices

National Industrial Recovery ActAn American statute which authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery, and established a national public works program

Huey Long AKA The KingfishNoted for his radical populist policiesCreated the Share Our Wealth program in 1934Advocated federal spending on works, public, old age pensions and other social programs

Georgia O’KeeffeA major figure in American art from the 1920sReceived widespread recognition for her technical contributions, as well as for challenging the boundaries of modern American artistic style

John Steinbeck Grapes of WrathAn American writerThe Grapes of Wrath was written in 1939 and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1940. The book is set in the Great Depression and describes a family of sharecroppers, the Joads, who were driven from their land due to the dust storms of the Dust Bowl1962 – Received the Nobel Prize for Literature

Lend-Lease ActThe name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, military bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies

Court Packing SchemeA legislative initiative to add more justices to the Supreme Court proposed by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt shortly after his victory in the 1936 presidential election

Indian Reorganization ActA U.S. federal legislation which secured certain rights to Native Americans, including Alaska Natives

Works Progress Administration (WPA)The largest New Deal agency, employing millions to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects

Langston HughesAn American poet, novelist, playwright, short writer, and columnistOne of the earliest innovators of the new literary art form jazz poetryBest-known for his work during the Harlem RenaissanceWrote about the Harlem Renaissance saying that "Harlem was in vogue"

Quota System

NAACP AKA National Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleFormed by white progressives, adopted goals of Niagara Movement, in response to Springfield Race Riots

Bonus MarchAn assemblage of some 43,000 marchers—17,000 World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups, who protested in Washington, D.C., in spring and summer of 1932Demand for immediate cash-payment redemption of their service certificates

Schenck v. U.S.Upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act; Congress right to limit free speech during times of war

Phony WarA phase in early World War II that was marked by a lack of major military operations in Continental EuropeVarious European powers had declared war on one another but neither side had committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground

Sacco and VanzettiPrejudiced jury sentenced them to death, caused riots around the world, new trial denied

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)A federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression

Henry FordThe American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production

Universal Negro Improvement AssociationAn international self-help organization founded by Marcus Garvey

America First CommitteeThe foremost non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II

Kellogg-Briand PactA multinational treaty that prohibited the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense

Hundred Days"The First Hundred Days", the start of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1933 administration, resulting in the New Deal

New DealA series of economic programs passed by Congress during the first term of Franklin Delano Roosevelt from 1933 to his reelection in 1937The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 Rs: relief, recovery and reform

Calvin CoolidgeThe 30th President of the United StatesRestored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor's administration, and left office with considerable popularity

Social Security ActDrafted during Roosevelt's first term by the President's Committee on Economic Security, under Frances Perkins, and passed by Congress as part of the New Deal

Fair Labor Standards ActA United States federal lawApplies to employees engaged in interstate commerce or employed by an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, unless the employer can claim an exemption from coverageFLSA established a national minimum wage, guaranteed 'time-and-a-half' for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor," a term defined in the statute

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)A United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933Provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, currently up to $250,000 per depositor per bank

“Share Our Wealth”A movement begun during the Great Depression by Huey Long, a governor and later United States Senator from Louisiana

Thomas Hart BentonAn American artist, best known for his political posters

H.L. MenkenAn American journalist, essayist, magazine editor, satirist, acerbic critic of American life and culture, and a student of American EnglishKnown as the "Sage of Baltimore"Regarded as one of the most influential American writers and prose stylists of the first half of the 20th century

Normalcy“A return to normalcy” was United States presidential candidate Warren Harding’s campaign promise in the election of

1920Cash and Carry

Allowed the sale of material to belligerents, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cashPurpose was to hold neutrality between the United States and European countries, while still giving material aid to Britain (without the need to extend the same such aid to Germany on account of the fact that the Germans had no funds and that British control of the Atlantic sea lanes also prevented them collecting any material)

Congress of Industrial OrganizationFormed to encourage the AFL to organize workers in mass production industries along industrial union lines

Securities and Exchange CommissionAn independent agency which holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges, and other electronic securities markets in the United States

Washington Naval Conference AKA Washington Arms Conference

A military conference called by the administration of President Warren G. Harding in Washington, D.C. from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922Conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East AsiaSoviet Russia was not invited to the conferenceFirst international conference held in the United States and the first disarmament conference in history, and is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement

Ku Klux KlanSpread quicklyOpposed everything that was not White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) and conservative, Stephenson’s faults and jail sentence led to demise

Scottsboro BoysNine black defendants in a 1931 Scottsboro, Alabama rape case, which was heard by the United States Supreme Court twice in Powell v. Alabama and Norris v. AlabamaThese decisions established the principles that criminal defendants are entitled to effective assistance of counsel and that people may not be de facto excluded from juries because of their race

Scopes TrialDarwinian against Fundamentalist; John Scopes convicted for teaching Darwinism; Scopes found guilty

Schechter v. U.S. (Sick Chicken)Unconstitutionalized the NRA due to delegation of legislative authority from Congress to executive

Margaret SangerAn American birth control activist, advocate of eugenics, and the founder of the American Birth Control League

Herbert HooverThe 31st President of the United StatesTried to combat the ensuing Great Depression with volunteer efforts, none of which produced economic recovery during his term

Dole

Marcus GarveyUnited Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)“Back to Africa” movement for racial pride and separatism; inspired self-confidence in blacks

Charles LindbergConsidered a hero for his solo crossing of the Atlantic by plane

Elijah Mohammad (Black Muslims)An African American Muslim activist, religious leader and leader of the Nation of Islam organization from 1934 until his deathA mentor to Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, and boxer Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., whom he renamed Muhammad Ali

Stimson DoctrineA policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in a note of January 10, 1933, to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force

Brain TrustA term for a group of close advisors to a political candidate or incumbent, prized for their expertise in particular fields

Franklin D. RooseveltThe 32nd President of the United States A central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war

Sinclair LewisAn American novelist, short-story writer, and playwrightThe first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature

Wagner ActA 1935 United States federal law that limits the means with which employers may react to workers in the private sector that create labor unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands

Sit-Down StrikeA form of civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers, usually employed at a factory or other centralized location, take possession of the workplace by "sitting down" at their stations, effectively preventing their employers from replacing them with strikebreakers or, in some cases, moving production to other locations

Frank Lloyd Wright

An American architect, interior, writer and educatorDesigned more than 1,000 projects and more than 500 completed works

Teapot Dome/Elk Hills ScandalsTeapot Dome Scandal –Albert Fall accused of accepting bribes for access to government oil in Teapot Dome, Wyoming; Elk Hills Scandal-

Edward HopperA prominent American realist painter and printmakerHis urban and rural scenes, his spare and finely calculated renderings reflected his personal vision of modern American life

Ernest HemmingwayAn American writer and journalistHis first novel, The Sun Also Rises, was written in 1924His distinctive writing style—known as the iceberg theory—characterized by economy and understatement, had an enormous influence on 20th-century fiction, as did his apparent life of adventure and the public image he cultivated

Destroyer Deal

Bank Holiday

National Recovery AdministrationA New Deal agency in the United StatesCreated under the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933, it was one of the first major pieces of the New Deal program of President Franklin D. Roosevelt

1941-1960

Japanese InternmentThe forced relocation and internment by the United States government in 1942 of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese residing along the Pacific coast of the United States to camps called "War Relocation Camps," in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor

Greensboro Sit-insAn instrumental action in the African-American Civil Rights Movement, leading to increased national sentiment at a crucial period in American history

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

U-2 IncidentAn American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet UnionThe U.S. government at first denied the plane's purpose and mission, but then was forced to admit its role as a covert surveillance aircraft when the Soviet government produced its remains (largely intact) and surviving pilot, Francis Gary Powers. Coming just over two weeks before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit in ParisA great embarrassment to the United StatesPrompted a marked deterioration in its relations with the Soviet Union

Marshall PlanThe primary program, 1947–51, of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Western Europe

Casablanca ConferenceHeld at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, Morocco, then a French protectorate, from January 14 to 24, 1943To plan the European strategy of the Allies during World War II

Dumbarton Oaks ConferenceAn international conference at which the United Nations was formulated and negotiated

Alger HissAn American lawyer, civil servant, businessman, author and lecturerInvolved in the establishment of the United Nations both as a U.S. State Department and UN officialAccused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950

“Long Hot Summers”

Henry WallaceThe 33rd Vice President of the United States(1941–1945), the Secretary of Agriculture (1933–1940), and the Secretary of Commerce (1945–1946)In the 1948 presidential election, Wallace was the nominee of the Progressive Party

Baby Boomers

A term that portrays the cohorts born during the middle part of the 20th CenturyJack Kerouac On the Road

An American novelist and poetConsidered a pioneer of the Beat Generation, and a literary iconoclastOn the Road is often considered a defining work of the postwar Beat Generation that was inspired by jazz, poetry, and drug experiences

Little Rock School CrisisA group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957The students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus, and then attended after the intervention of President EisenhowerConsidered to be one of the most important events in the African-American Civil Rights Movement

GI Bill of RightsAn omnibus bill that provided college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s) as well as one year of unemployment compensation

Jackie RobinsonThe first African American Major League Baseball (MLB) player of the modern era

Korematsu v. U.S.A landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II

Montgomery Bus BoycottA political and social protest campaign started in 1955 in Montgomery, AlabamaIntended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system

McCarthyismThe political action of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence

Harry TrumanThe 33rd President of the United States

Truman DoctrineThe common name for the Cold War strategy of containment versus the Soviet Union and the expansion of communism

Teheran ConferenceThe first World War II conference amongst the Big Three (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom) in which Stalin was presentThe central aim of the conference was to plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany and its allies, and the chief discussion was centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe

San Francisco Conference AKA United Nations Conference on International OrganizationA convention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in San Francisco, United StatesResulted in the creation of the United Nations Charter

NSC 68a 58-page formerly-classified report issued by the United States National Security Council on April 14, 1950, during the presidency of Harry S. TrumanWritten during the formative stage of the Cold War, it has become one of the most significant historical documents of the Cold WarThe strategy outlined in NSC-68 achieved ultimate victory, according to this view, with the collapse of the Soviet power and the emergence of a "new world order" centered on American liberal-capitalist values

Youngstown Sheet and Tube v. Sawyer AKA The Steel Seizure CaseA United States Supreme Court decision that limited the power of the President of the United States to seize private property in the absence of either specifically enumerated authority under Article Two of the United States Constitution or statutory authority conferred on him by CongressA "stinging rebuff" to President Harry Truman

Douglas MacArthurAn American general and field marshal of the Philippine ArmyReceived the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign

SputnikA series of robotic spacecraft missions launched by the Soviet Union

Beat GenerationA term used to describe a group of American writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, and the cultural phenomena that they wrote about and inspired

Eisenhower Doctrine

A country could request American economic assistance and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act AKA G.I. BillAn omnibus bill that provided college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s) as well as one year of unemployment compensationProvided many different types of loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businessesThe term has come to include other veteran benefit programs created to assist veterans of subsequent wars as well as peacetime service

New FrontierUsed by John F. Kennedy in his acceptance speech in the 1960 United States presidential election to the Democratic National Convention at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum as the Democratic slogan to inspire America to support him

Federal Highway Act AKA National Interstate and Defense Highways ActAppropriating $25 billion for the construction of 41,000 miles (66,000 km) of Interstate Highways over a 20-year periodThe largest public works project in American history to that point

Employment Act of 1946A United States federal lawMain purpose was to lay the responsibility of economic stability onto the federal government

Brown v. Board of EducationA landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students and denying black children equal educational opportunities unconstitutionalOverturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896

Fair DealA series of proposed actions in the fields of economic development and social welfare

ContainmentA United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to temper the spread of communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect"

Yalta ConferenceWartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union—President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, respectively—for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganizationIntended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe

United NationsAn international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and the achieving of world peaceFounded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue

Berlin AirliftCarry supplies to the people in West BerlinGreat Britain's Royal Air Force and the recently formed United States Air Force, flew over 200,000 flights over the time span of one year that provided 13,000 tons of daily necessities such as fuel and food to the people of Berlin

George KennanAn American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War

Korean WarA military conflict between the Republic of Korea, supported by the United Nations, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union

NATO AKA North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationConstitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party

Taft-Hartley ActA United States federal law that monitors the activities and power of labor unions

National Defense Education ActProvided funding to United States education institutions at all levels

Ralph Bunche An American political scientist and diplomat who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediation in Palestine

Dynamic Conservatism

1960-present

Miranda v. ArizonaA landmark 5-4 decision of the United States Supreme CourtHeld that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them

Huey Newton (Black Panthers)Co-founder and leader of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense, an African-American organization established to promote Black Power, civil rights and self-defense

Jimmy CarterThe 39th President of the United StatesPanama Canal Treaty, diplomacy with China, end of recognition of TaiwanLittle accomplished domestically due to conservative opposition, foreigh policy more successful Washington outsider

Washington Outsiders

Bay of PigsCIA attempt to institute Cuba support to overthrow CastroCover0up uncovered and became representation of Cuban resistance to American aggression

Economic Opportunity ActImplemented by the since disbanded Office of Economic Opportunity, the Act included several social programs to promote the health, education, and general welfare of the poor

Malcolm XAn African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activistOne of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history

SALT I Treaty AKA Strategic Arms Limitation TalksNixon agreed with USSR to achieve nuclear equality rather than the superiority that threatened the destruction of the worldFurther reduced tensions between the two countries

Mayaguez IncidentMarked the last official battle of the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War

Gerald FordThe 40th Vice President of the United States

Helsinki Accords AKA The Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in EuropeAttempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West

ReagonomicsCapitalism would become productive when uninhibited by taxes and regulations

Voting Rights Act 1965Prohibiting use of any devices (such as literacy tests) to deny the right to vote and enforced black suffrage rights

Rachel Carson Silent SpringEffects of pesticides on environment – DDTChanged the way Americans viewed their impact on nature

War Powers ActA United States Congress joint resolution providing that the President can send U.S. armed forces into action abroad only by authorization of Congress or if the United States is already under attack or serious threat

Cuban Missile CrisisStorage of Soviet missiles in Cuba – threat of nuclear warKrushchev demanded that U.S. never invade Cuba and remove from TurkeyMutual compliance with each other’s demands

Stokely Carmichael (Black Power)A Trinidadian-American black activist active in the 1960s American Civil Rights MovementRose to prominence first as a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced "Snick") and later as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party

Vietnamization (Guam/Nixon Doctrine)Part of Nixon’s tri-faceted plan to honorably remove troops from Vietnam

Wean the South Vietnamese off of American support, gradually reducing number of American troops presentGeorge Wallace

Appealed to many conservatives, especially Southerners who opposed massive protests and integrationRoe v. Wade

Unconstitutionalized all state laws prohibiting women’s right to have an abortion performed during the first trimester of pregnancy

War on PovertyThe name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964

Warren Commission AKA The Commission on the Assassination of President KennedyEstablished to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy on November 22Its 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days laterConcluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the killing of Kennedy and the wounding of Texas Governor John ConnallyFindings have since proven controversial and been both challenged and supported by later studies

HippiesOriginally a youth movement that arose in the United States during the mid-1960s, swiftly spreading to other countries around the world

Bakke v. Board of Regents

Supply Side EconomicsTax cuts to increase population spending – help economyDrastic cutting back on government programs due to lack of funds

Michael Harrington (The Other America)An American democratic socialist, writer, political activist, professor of political science, radio commentator and founder of the Democratic Socialists of America

StagflationFord’s and Carter’s presidencies experienced a recession and inflation simultaneouslySolved by Keynesian economics

Barry Goldwatera five-term United States Senator from Arizona and the Republican Party's nominee for President in the 1964 electionCredited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s

Ralph Nader Unsafe At Any SpeedA book detailing resistance by car manufacturers to the introduction of safety features, like seat belts, and their general reluctance to spend money on improving safetyA pioneering work of attack journalism, openly polemical but containing substantial references and material from industry insiders

Equal Rights AmendmentA proposed amendment to the United States Constitution which was intended to guarantee that equal rights under any federal, state, or local law could not be denied on account of sex

John F. KennedySecond youngest presidentEntered presidency as tensions of Cold War increasedUnable to get major initiatives through Congress due to conservative bloc Tax cuts (economic stimulation)Reluctantly gets involved in civil rightsEmphasizes Space Race

Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionCongress authorized President Johnson to repel and prevent aggression against U.S. troops in VietnamUsed as a blank check and caused protests

Ronald ReaganThe 40th President of the United StatesOffered a New Deal of smaller government, reduced taxes and free enterpriseWashington outsider

Martin Luther King Jr.An American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement

Gideon v. WainwrightUnanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who are unable to afford their own attorneys

Great SocietyPresident Johnson’s flood of proposals to Congress for the beautification and amelioration of American Society

Lee Harvey OswaldAccording to three government investigations, the assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy

Camp David AccordsPeace between Egypt and IsraelFollowed years of tension, Israel would leave newly acquired lands from war, Egypt would respect Israel’s other land claimsAccords not completely followed, Sadat (Egypt) assassinated

Affirmative ActionSets of programs geared toward minorities and often-discriminated populations

Peace Corps – 1961An example of liberal anticommunism in third world countries“Reform-minded missionaries of democracy”

Civil Rights Act 1964Outlawed unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public ("public accommodations")

Lyndon JohnsonPresident that dealt with the Vietnam WarGreat Society program for improvement of American society, antipoverty and anti-discrimination programs

Kent StateKent State University students protesting against invasion of CambodiaNot allowed to demonstrate violence (ex. murder)

Betty Friedan The Feminine MystiqueDenounced the “house trap” which caused educated women to hold even themselves inferior to men