apwh chapter 06
DESCRIPTION
Overview of Chapter 6 in APWHTRANSCRIPT
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APWH Chapter 6
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Mesoamerica
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Andean South America
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Oceania
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Mesoamerica Andean S. America
P •Olmecs – mother culture•Maya – decentralized city-states•Teotihuacan -
Mochica – Andean state; unified individual valleys; relied on arms to introduce orderTiahuanaco – Over 10,000 people
E •Agricultural base – maize staple•Cacao beans as money
•Organized under Mochica – reach region contributed its products to larger economy (potatoes, llama meat, alpaca wool, maize)
R •Bloodletting rituals – fertility•Sacrifice to pantheon of gods
Chavin Cult – large temples, works of art
S •O: Authoritarian elites, common subjects cultivated, priest class•M: Priests, Merchants, Professionals, artisans, peasants, slaves
•Complex society•Specialized labor
I •Mayan writing – history, poetry, myth•Astronomy – 365.242 day calendar•Mathematics – concept of zero
•Gold, silver and bronze metallurgy•Mochica – no written language
A •O: Jaguars figurines, colossal heads•M: Pyramids, observatories, murals
•Paintings on pottery vessels; portraits, dieties, demons, everyday life
N •No river valleys – heavy rain•Isolated, N-S Axis makes diffusion dif.
•Relatively isolated from Mesoamerica•Difficult geographic barriers
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The Olmecs Coast of Gulf of
Mexico Name unknown Cities –
complexes of temples, altars, pyramids, tombs, stone sculptures
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San Lorenzo
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La Venta
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Tres Zapotes
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Obsidian and jade
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The Maya Yucatan
peninsula Used terrace
farming Maize, cotton,
cocao More than 80
large ceremonial sites
City-states Unknown
decline
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Tikal
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Chichen Itza
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Mayan writing
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Calendars and Mathematics
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Murals
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Popul Vuh
Creation story
Gods wanted intelligent beings to praise them
Humans made of maize and water
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Teotihuacan High point – 400 –
600 CE 200,000 people Records perished
when city declined Theocracy “City of the Gods” Artisans – obsidian
and orange pottery
Relied less on military might
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Chavin Cult Did not organize
politically Dry coast and
highlands of Andean South America
Promoted fertility and abundant harvest
Features of human
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Mochica Regional state
in South America
Based along Moche River
Produced many ceramics
Did not make use of writing
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Tihuanaco
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Societies in Oceania Humans entered Australia and New
Guinea at least 60,000 years BP – lower sea levels
5,000 years ago, seafaring people from Southeast Asia went to trade
Early inhabitants lived on hunting and gathering
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Australia
Maintained hunter-gatherer lifestyle until arrival of Europeans in 19th century
Aboriginal Australians lived in small mobile communities
Consumed over 140 species of plants
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Austronesian Peoples
In New Guinea, human communities turned to agriculture around 3000 BCE
Root crops – yams and taro Pigs and chickens Cause of change – contact with
seafaring people
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Pacific Islands Settlements in Bismark;
Solomon Islands Used outrigger canoes
and sails Austronesian migrants
spread agriculture Eventually reach Fiji,
Tahiti, Hawai’I, Easter Island and New Zealand
Populated Philippines, Madagascar, Micronesia
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Lapita Peoples
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Summary
Very little writing survives Impossible to fully understand social
developments in the Americas and Oceania
Human migrations spread population throughout world
Early inhabitants build productive and vibrant societies
Many developments paralleled eastern hemisphere