aqa additional physics revision. know how to: read distance - time graphs
TRANSCRIPT
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AQA Additional Physics Revision
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Know how to:Read distance - time graphs
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Read velocity – time graphs
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How do you calculate acceleration from a speed-time graph?Acceleration = change in velocity/time taken for the change
e.g. 10m/s = 2m/s2 5s
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Be able to plotVelocity-time graphs
• Bbc bitesize• Science > Additional Science (AQA) >
Forces and motion > Representing motion
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Understand terminal velocity
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Weight= Mass x gravitational field strength
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The factors affecting the stopping distance of a vehicle
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Work = force x distance moved in direction of force
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F=MA
• See bbc bitesize additional science aqa physics • Forces and motion
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Elastic potential energy is stored in an object when a force change its
shape
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Kinetic energy depends on speed and mass
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Kinetic energy= ½ x mass x speed
• Bbc bitesize• Science > Additional Science (AQA) >
Forces and motion > Kinetic energy
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Momentum=mass x velocityMomentum has both magnitude
And direction
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When a force acts on a body a change in momentum occurs
Momentum is conserved in any collision/explosion provided no
external forces act
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To use the idea of momentum to explain safety features
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Force = change in momentum/ time taken
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How materials become charged by friction
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Electrically charged bodies exert forces on each other;LIKE CHARGES REPEL
UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT
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Van de Graaff generator
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Simple diagrams showing how a lightning conductor works
Lightning conductors work to protect tall buildings from lightning strike. This is by providing an easier path for current to flow to the earth other than through the building. It consists of a thick copper strip of very low resistance connected to a large metal plate deep in the damp earth.
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How a photocopier works
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How a smoke precipitator works
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To interpret and draw circuit diagrams using standard symbols
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Meaning of series and parallel
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graphs for a resistor at constant temperature, a filament lamp and a
Diode
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Resistance graphs
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Potential difference (V)=current(A) X resistance(Ohms)
V=IR• Pd Current resistance• 2v .......... 2 ohms• ......... 1.5 amps 2 ohms• 4v 2 amps ..........• .......... 3 amps 2 ohms
• A p.d. of 4v is applied to two resistors (6 ohms and 2 ohms) connected in series
• What is• 1. the combined
resistance• 2.the current flowing• 3. the p.d. across the 6
ohm resistor
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A p.d. of 4v is applied to two resistors (6 ohms and 2 ohms) connected in series - What is1. the combined resistance
2.the current flowing3. the p.d. across the 6 ohm resistor
• Pd Current resistance• 2v .I amp 2 ohms• .3v 1.5 amps 2 ohms• 4v 2 amps 2 ohms• .6 v 3 amps 2 ohms
• 1. 6 + 2 = 8 ohms (NB only in series circuits)• 2. I = V/R = 4/8 = 0.5 amps• 3. V = IR = 0.5 x 6 = 3V
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For components connected in series
The total resistance is the sum of the resistance of each componentThere is the same current through
each componentThe total pd of the supply is shared
between the components
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Series circuit
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For components in connected in parallel
The pd across each component is the same
The total current through the whole circuit is the sum of the currents
through the separate components
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Parallel circuit
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Cells and batteries supply current which always passes in the same
direction. This is called direct current (dc)
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An alternating current (ac) is one which is constantly changing
direction. Mains electricity is an ac supply. In the UK it has a frequency of 50 cycles per second (50 hertz)
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UK mains supply is about 230 voltsTo determine the period and
hence the frequency of a supply from the diagrams of oscilloscope
traces.
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To find frequency 1 period is ~ 3.5 ms or 0.0035sFrequency = 1/0.0035=285 Hz
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Find frequency
Each division = 1msEach division = 10 ms
Each division = 5 ms
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1 period is 4 x 1 = 4ms 4 ms = 0.004sFrequency = 1/0.004 = 250 Hz
1 period is 4 x 10 = 40ms 4 ms = 0.04sFrequency = 1/0.04 = 25 Hz
1 period is 4 x5 = 20ms 4 ms = 0.02sFrequency = 1/0.02 = 50 HzTHIS IS THE SAME A UK MAINS ELECTRICITY
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Questions
• 1. what is the difference between ac and dc current
• 2. what is the frequency of UK mains electricity
• 3. How does the potential (voltage) vary with each cycle
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Mains ElectricityMost electrical appliances are
connected to the mains using cable and a three-pin plug
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The structure of electric cable
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The structure of a three-pin plugCorrect wiring of a three-pin plug
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Electrical safetyTo recognise errors in the wiring of a
plug The plugThe features of a plug are: The case is made from tough plastic or rubber because these materials are good electrical insulators.The three pins are made from brass, which is a good conductor of electricity.There is a fuse between the live terminal and the live pin.The fuse breaks the circuit if too much current flows.The cable is secured in the plug by a cable grip. This should grip the cable itself and not the individual wires inside it.
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To recognise dangerous practice in the use of mains electricity
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If an electric fault causes too great a current, the circuit should be switched off
by a fuse or circuit breaker
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When the current in a wire exceeds the rating of the fuse it will melt
breaking the circuit
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Appliances with metal cases are usually earthed
The earth wire and fuse together protect the appliance and the user
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The live terminal of the mains supply alternates between positive and negative potential with respect
to the neutral terminal.
The neutral terminal stays at potential close to zero with respect
to the earth
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POWER= CURRENT X PD (W) (A) (V)
Use bbc bitesize additional aqa physics electricity mains electricity
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POWER = ENERGY (J) (W) TIME (s)
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ENERGY = PD X CHARGE (J) (V) (C)
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CHARGE=CURRENTX TIME (C) (A) (s)
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Rutherford and Marsden scattering experiment led to the ‘plum
pudding’ model of the atom being replaced by the nuclear model
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Plum pudding model
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Marsden’s scattering experiment
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Comparison
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Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom
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The relative mass and relative electrical charge of protons, neutrons and electrons
relative mass
relative charge
proton 1 +1neutron 1 0electron 1/1836 -1
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In an atom the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in the
nucleus. The atom has no net electrical charge.
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Atoms may gain or lose electrons to form charged particles called ions
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All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons
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Atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons
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Atoms of the same element which have different numbers of
neutrons are called isotopes
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The total number of protons and neutrons in atom is called its mass
number
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The effect of alpha on radioactive nuclei
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The effect of beta on radioactive nuclei
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Gamma Radiation
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penetrating
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type ionising Speed penetrating
Alpha High slow Low
Beta Medium fast Medium
gamma low Very fast high
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The origins of background radiation
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Background radiation
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Radon gas from rocks
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Nuclear fission (splitting)
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For fission to occur the uranium 235 or uranium 239 must first
absorb a neutron
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Nuclear fission is the splitting of an atomic nucleus
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The nucleus undergoing fission splits into two smaller nuclei and 2
or 3 neutrons and energy is released
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There are two fissionable substances in common use in
nuclear reactors, uranium 235 and plutonium 239
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The neutrons may go on to start a chain reaction
Students should be able to sketch a
labelled diagram to show how a chain reaction may occur
See bbc bitesize additional science aqa physics radiation
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How a nuclear reactor works
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The sun releases energy due to nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes in its core
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Let's look at magnetic confinement first. Here's how it would work: Microwaves, electricity and neutral particle beams from accelerators heat a stream of hydrogen gas. This heating turns the gas into plasma. This plasma
gets squeezed by super-conducting magnets, thereby allowing fusion to occur. The most efficient shape for the magnetically confined plasma is a donut shape
(toroid).
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