aqa industry and enterprise gcse · •even in the stone age, ‘modern’ technology changed the...

AQA

GCSEDesign and

Technology 8552

Industry and

enterprise

Unit 1

New and emerging

technologies

1

• Understand the impact of new and emerging

technologies on:

• The design and organisation of the workplace

• Tools and equipment

• Be aware of how computers and automation have

changed manufacturing through the use of robotics

• Understand how innovation can drive product

development and enterprise including the use of

crowd funding and virtual marketing

• Understand co-operative and fair trade organisation

Objectives

Industry and enterprise

Unit 1 New and emerging technologies

Old technology• Early man began to invent tools to aid everyday life

• Even in the Stone Age, ‘modern’ technology

changed the way people lived

• How would new tools such as simple stone axes and knives

have affected the lives of prehistoric people?



Embracing change• Technologists over the millennia have embraced

change, refined ideas and developed new ideas



The industrial revolution c.1780• The late 1700s saw the invention of steam powered

machines and early automation

• This was the start of a social

and economic change that

began to improve living

standards for the masses

• This came through

employment, movement of

people and goods, mills,

mines and agriculture



The digital revolution c.1940• The computer has enabled

huge change in industry

• How have computerisation

and the Internet affected:

• Globalisation?

• Communications?

• Productivity?

• Accuracy?

• Processing speed?



Modern tools and equipment• How have developments in technology impacted the

tools and equipment used in industry and enterprise?

• How have these new

tools contributed to

manufacturing?



Automation• Robotic automation of manufacturing processes

offers significantly greater consistency, accuracy,

reliability and productivity than human workers

• What kinds of job are

robots good at doing?

• What are the benefits of using

robots in the manufacture of goods?

• How have human jobs

been replaced by robots?

• How have job roles changed?

• How have jobs been created?



Milking parlour• Early automated systems still involved

backbreaking work



Automated milking machines• Cows now take themselves off for milking and queue

up to be milked by robots at their own will

• Radio tags in their ears monitor when each cow enters the

machine, sensors guide robotic arms to collect milk and

record their level of milk production



Organisation of the workplace• New and emerging technologies have influenced

change in:

• Personnel, job roles and hierarchical structure

• Physical space and layout of the workplace

• Systems, processes and workflow



Barcodes in supermarkets• Before barcodes were introduced

in the 1980s, products were

manually priced and counted for

stock control

• How have barcodes changed the

supermarket and retail industries?

• How have they been used in

other areas?



Barcode systems• Two common types of barcode system:

• Universal Product Code version ‘A’

(UPC-A)

• Used in EPOS systems

and warehousing

• Code 128

• Used in transport and

shipment tracking

• Code 128 can represent letters and numbers whilst

UPC-A can only represent numeric digits



Design of the workplace• Workflow is essential to health, safety and efficiency

• A production line must flow logically from one stage to

the next

• Automation and new technologies may require change to

production flow



Case study: Print factory• A large printing company in Wales were closed for

months in 2012 by devastating floods

• The company took advantage of the closure and

clean up to reposition printing machinery on the

factory floorplan to enable better flow

• Production times were greatly reduced

• They experienced a significant increase in throughput



Low oil supplies• The depletion of oil reserves is

hastening change and

development of replacement

technologies to fuel our industries,

homes and transport

• New technologies include:

• Harnessing natural resources

• Hydrogen power

• Battery technology



Electric vehicles• The EV market is expanding rapidly

• Success is dependent on:

• national and international charging networks

• battery technology

• a change in driver mindset



Worksheet 1• Complete Task 1 to examine the effects of new and

emerging technology on industry



Product innovation• A new invention or idea requires a considerable

investment to make it a commercial success

• No matter how good an idea is, it can still fail if its

development and execution is not right

• A huge industry exists to support fledgling ideas and research

using new and emerging technology



New materials and technology• Graphene is a honeycomb lattice

carbon structure only one atom thick

• It is 200 times stronger than

steel, very flexible, conducts

heat and electricity, and is

almost transparent

• Electronics and energy storage

could be revolutionised

• How might a new material affect new

technologies?



Developing ideas• Innovation such as 3D printing has the potential to

change product development everywhere

• This fuels a cycle of new ideas, new businesses,

new jobs and newer ideas

• 3D printers can produce solid

objects, intricate hollow artefacts

and moving parts that

actually work



Printing body parts• 3D bioprinting is being

used to create new,

living organs

• Skin tissue, livers, and

joint cartilage have

already been ‘printed’

and successfully

transplanted

• A solution for more complex

organs is probably only a

couple of decades away



The dangers of 3D printing• In 2013, the 3D print file required for all the parts of

a working gun was created and distributed online

• Who would be able to print a gun using these files?

• What implications could this have?

• How would a plastic gun affect barrier security?



Small enterprises Inc.• Small businesses can use new technology to

compete with their larger competitors

• Computer technology has enabled individual designers to

access the leading industry design tools

• Production technology has meant that widgets can be made

on demand, avoiding the costs of holding stock

• Communications technology has enabled remote working so

small teams can be formed across the globe

• Social media has provided access to vast audiences on

minimal marketing budgets

• Crowdfunding provides opportunity for significant start-up

investment capital



Crowd funding at• Crowd funding enables organisations to raise

investment from individuals who believe in their idea

• POD Point supply electric vehicle

charging solutions to individuals

and organisations across the UK

• In 2015, they launched an online

crowd funding campaign

• This raised over £1.8m

in investment from 618 individuals

• What are the alternatives to

crowd funded investment?



Virtual marketing• Virtual marketing includes:

• Search Engine Optimisation to increase page ranking

• Email marketing

• Social media and

• Viral campaigns

• What are the benefits to companies of using virtual

marketing compared with more traditional methods?



GoPro® Case Study• GoPro have used viral

marketing to great effect

• Customers of their cameras

have been invited to share

their most extreme, funny or

heart warming moments

• Each of which find an instant

connection with viewers and help

promote their brand and their

products



Virtual and augmented retail• Augmented reality and virtual

reality will play an increasing

role in online retail

• Placing virtual goods (e.g.

furniture) in a person’s home

to check physical and

aesthetic fit

• Using VR headsets to

try on clothes at home

• What is the current barrier to

using virtual reality marketing?



Co-operatives• Co-operatives are organisations or businesses that

are owned and run by its members

• Members will also share profits

• Examples are often local, but can be national businesses

• What are the advantages of a cooperative to the business?

• What are the advantages to a customer?



Fairtrade• Fairtrade is about better prices, decent working

conditions and fair terms of trade for farmers and

workers in less economically developed countries

• Farmers also receive a Fairtrade Premium to invest in

their communities

• What produce is frequently sold under the Fairtrade label?



Impact on enterprise• Complete Task 2 on the worksheet

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aqa industry and enterprise gcse · •even in the stone age, ‘modern’ technology changed the...

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