aquaculture - chesapeake · pdf file · 2017-04-18aquaculture wild fisheries on ......

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Aquaculture

Wild fisheries on the Bay are increasingly being augmented with aquaculture systems to meet the demands for Chesapeake Bay seafood. New technologies are being developed worldwide to farm seafood in a sustainable manner. The unique challenges of designing aquaculture systems for the Bay are presented along with examples of working systems.

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Aquaculture Overview

Aquaculturereferstothebreeding,rearing,andharves6ngofplantsandanimalsinalltypesofwaterenvironmentsincludingponds,rivers,lakes,andtheocean.

Farmraisedseafoodisviablebecause75%ofworldwildfisheriesarefullyoroverfished.

However,thereisconcernaboutfishthatescapeintothewildandwaterqualityissuesassociatedwithaquaculture.

Aquacultureaccountsfor40%ofallfishproductsworldwide.Almost90%ofaquacultureac6vitytakesplaceinAsia.IntheU.S.,whichcurrentlyimports78%ofitsseafood,aquaculturehasseena400%increaseinpast20years.

ConceptualOffshoreSustainableAquafarm[hLp://www.whoi.edu/fileserver.do?id=6798&pt=2&p=9550]

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WorldAquacultureProduc;onVolumeandValueofAqua;cAnimalsandPlants(1995-2014)[hLp://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf]

FoodandAgricultureOrganiza2onoftheUnitedNa2ons

49.8milliontonsoffinfishin2014[www.mdsg.umd.edu/sites/default/files/images/Fish-in-hand.jpg]

16.1milliontonsofmollusksin2014[www.bbsrc.ac.uk/bbsrc/cache/file/14E1CEDB-E11C-4B2C-

B7F62405FE3D8D60.jpg]

6.9milliontonsofcrustaceansin2014[hLp://www.freshfromflorida.com/var/ezdemo_site/storage/images/divisions-offices/aquaculture/agriculture-industry/aquaculture-products/crustaceans/marine_shrimp_banner/1622245-1-eng-US/marine_shrimp_banner_banner.jpg]

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Aquaculturespeciescanbeproducedinmarineorfreshwaterenvironmentsusingvariousproduc6onsystems.

Closedsystemscanincorporatewater-recircula6onsystemsthatreducetherelianceonlargequan66esofwatertomaintainwaterqualityandthehealthofculturedorganisms.

Marineaquaculturesystemsinclude:

•Searanching•Surfacelines•Subsurfacelines•Racks•Seacages•Ponds•Hatcheries

[hLps://www.daf.qld.gov.au/fisheries/aquaculture/overview/types]

RacksSeacages

Surfacelines

Subsurfacelines

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[hLp://goodfishbadfish.com.au/?page_id=33]

SeaRanchingorOpenAquacultureSystems(ac2vefeeding)Opensea-cageaquaculturereferstotherearingofaqua6cspecies,withinenclosuresinnaturalwaterways.Floa6ngmeshcagesareanchoredtotheseafloorandvaryinsizedependingonthescaleofopera6onandthespeciescultured.Juvenilestockissourcedeitherfromhatcheriesorwildpopula6onsandgrownoutinpensun6lamarketablesizehasbeenreached.

AworkerstandsonamobileplaLormonthefishfarm'sseacageoffAustralia’sGeraldtoncoast(photoby

KathrynDiss)[hLp://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-03-01/the-sea-cage-contains-yellowtail-kingfish/2666510]

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Aquaculture Overview S2cks,Ropes,RacksandCages(passivefeeding)Thecultureofnumerousshellfishspeciesiscarriedoutinsystemsopentonaturalwaterways.Larvalstagesmaybecollectedfromthewildorproducedinhatcheries.ThesearethenplacedintothewatercolumnbymethodsincludingaLachmenttos6cksorropes,orcontainmentinracksorcages.


OysterracksinSouthAustralia[hLps://adelaidefoodies.com/2014/05/16/world-aquaculture-

conference-2014-2-port-lincoln-eyre-peninsula/]

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Aquaculture Overview Semi-closedAquacultureSystemsSemi-closedaquaculturereferstotheland-basedproduc6onofaspecies,inwhichwaterisexchangedbetweenthefarmandanaturalwaterway.Wastewaterisreleasedfromthepondsintothelocalwaterway,whilstthefarmisreplenishedwithfreshwaterpumpedbackintothesystem.


Land-basedaquaculturetypicallyinvolvesdiggingoutlargeponds,whicharethenfilledsaltwater.Theeasiestwaytofillapondwithistobuilditclosetothesea.This

landisnowneededfornurseryhabitats,floodabatement,nutrientfiltering,etc.andothercompe;;ve

uses.[hLp://www.speakupforblue.com/predator-resistant-aquaculture]

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Aquaculture Overview ClosedAquacultureSystemsClosedsystemaquaculturereferstotheland-basedrearingofaqua6cspeciesinraceways,tanksandponds.Recircula6ontechnologyisimplementedwhichcycleswaterthroughfiltra6onprocessesandreturnsitbackintotheaquaculturesystem.Thisprocessaidsinmaintainingwaterqualitywhilstensuringminimalexchangewithnaturalwaterways.


MarineHarvest’snewstate-of-the-artrecircula;ngaquaculturehatcheryonVancouverIslandhasbeenstockedwithmorethanamillionAtlan;csalmon.

[hLps://aquaculturedirectory.co.uk/first-fish-enter-marine-harvest-hatchery/]

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History of Aquaculture

Large-scale,commercialaquaculturestartedinthemid-20thcenturybutthereareworldwidearcheologicalfindingsthatshowaquacultureitselfgoesbackthousandsofyears.WhilemanyciteChinaasthehomeofaquaculture,evidenceindicatesaquaculturestartedinmanyareasatvarious6mes.

TheGunditjmarapeopleengineeredchannelstobringwaterandyoungeelsfromtolowlyingareas.Theycreatedpondsandwetlandslinkedbychannels

containingweirs.Wovenbasketswereplacedintheweirtoharvestmatureeels.[hLp://www.gunditjmirring.com/na6onalheritagelis6ng]

Australia,8000–6000BC China,3500BC

InChina,waterssubsidinga[erannualriverfloodsle[carpbehind.ShownhereisanetenclosuresystemonTiamGiang

lagoon(ArielLucerna)[hLp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_mrdT5tyxrU/VEbPV7nsl0I/AAAAAAAAKJk/J96IDmhBxRw/s1600/

Enclosures_in_Tam_Giang.png]

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Egypt,2000BC

AncientEgyp;ansdevisedaland-reclama;onmethods;llinuse.Duringthespring,largepondsareconstructedinsalinesoilsandfloodedwithfreshwaterfortwoweeks.Thepondsarestockedwithfishcaughtinthesea.Shownisa

;lapiainanEgyp;anfrieze.(NikolaFijan).[hLp://voices.na6onalgeographic.com/2013/07/11/sustainable-ancient-aquaculture/]

Hawaii,300–800

EarlyHawaiiansfarmedfishandcrustaceansusingvariousfarmingtechniquesincludingfreshwaterponds,brackishwater

ponds,seawaterpondsandshorelinefishtraps.[hLp://wesisland.blogspot.com/2010/09/ancient-hawaiian-fish-

ponds.html]

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France,1750–1850 Ohio,1853

Inthemid1800s,anoysterfarmwasbuiltinFranceusingcollectedoysterspawn.As

illustratedabove,wildoysterfishingwaswellestablishedinEuropebythelate1700s.

["L'Encyclpédie"1771]

TwoClevelandphysicians,TheodatusGarlickandH.A.Ackley,performedthefirstsuccessfular;ficialfer;liza;onoffisheggsintheUnitedStatesin1853.ShownisaNew

Yorkhatchinghouse(ca1879)[hLp://www.heartlandscience.org/agrifood/aquac]

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Oyster Aquaculture

LifecycleoftheEasternoyster,Crassostreavirginica[hLp://aqua.ucdavis.edu/DatabaseRoot/pdf/432FS.pdf]

Reproduc2onanddevelopmentOystersaredioecious,withsexesseparate;however,theyexhibitalternatesexuality.

Thesexualcyclebeginswithspawningwhichistriggeredbywatertemperature.SpawnedeggsareheavierthanwaterandquicklyseLletotheboLomwheretheyaretransportedbycurrentsandwaves.

Aterfer6liza6on,celldivisionproceedsrapidlyandwithinhours,theswimmingtrochophorestageisformedandtheoystersarecalledveligerlarvae.

Whentheveligerdevelopstwoeyespotsthatareoneachshell,itiscalledaneyed-pediveliger.Theeyespotsaidinselec6nganacceptableloca6onforaLachment.

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Oyster Aquaculture

SeedSourcesThetwoprimarysourcesofseedoystersarenaturallyoccurringseedandhatcheryseed.Collec6onofnaturalspatisaccomplishedbyplacingbagsofcleanoystershellorothercultchmaterialinthewaterpriortotheforecastedseLlementoftheplanktonicoysterlarvae.Ifthecollec6onissuccessful,thespaLedcultchistransferredtoanurseryarea.

Hatcheryproduc6onincludesthecondi6oningandspawningofadultoysters,seungthespatandgrowingtheyoungoystersinnurserytanks.Themajorityofoysterhatcheriesproduceeitherbagsofcultchedoysterseedorsingle(cultchless)oysterseed.So-called“eyed”larvae,whicharereadytoseLleontocultch,canalsobeacquiredfromhatcheries.[hLps://wsg.washington.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/publica6ons/Small-Scale-Oyster-Farming.pdf]

Anaquaculturistholdsabatchofoysterseeds.(DaveHarp)[hLp://www.bayjournal.com/images/ar6cle_images/large/2014_06_OysterZone.jpg]

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Oyster Aquaculture

TriploidOystersIn1979,researcherStandishAllencreatedanewkindofoysterwiththreesetsofchromosomes,makingthemtriploids.ThoseextrachromosomeshelpedAllen'soystersgrowfatfaster.Atriploidoyster,withitstriplesetofchromosomes,wasdesignedtoavoidthemarketdrawbacksoftradi6onaloysters.

Nature'soystersarediploids,andtheyareseldomsoldoreatenduringthesummermonthswhenthey'regrowinggonadstoproducespermandeggs.Triploidsaresterileoysters.Theyusuallydon'tgrowgonadsanddon'tbotherspawning,leungthemputalltheirenergyyear-roundintogrowingmeat.[hLp://ww2.mdsg.umd.edu/CQ/V09N2/main2/]

hLps://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/oyster-vs-oyster/2012/07/31/gJQA4Us1MX_graphic.html?utm_term=.25f2f99f5471

Triploid Diploid

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Oyster Aquaculture GrowingMethodsBoLomcultureisthemostcommonmethodofoysterfarmingbecauseofthelowmaintenanceandsimpleprepara6onrequirements.Cultchedseedisplacedontobeds,thenharvestedwhentheoystersreachappropriatesize.ThebestareasforthistechniqueareprotectedbaysorinletswithfirmmudboLomswherecurrentsandwavesarenotexcessive.

Floa6ngcultureusesthesub6dalboLomsthatareleasedfromthestate.Inthismethod,oystergrow-outtraysorpolyethylenecagesmaysimplybestackedonthefloorofasinkfloat,orthestackmaybesuspendedfromaratorfloa6nglonglinesysteminthewatercolumn.[hLps://wsg.washington.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/publica6ons/Small-Scale-Oyster-Farming.pdf]

Bofomoystercagesrequireonlyasmallbuoyonthesurface[hLp://www.chesapeakebay.net/blog/post/not_your_grandfathers_oyster_company]

Marine;csusesoysterfloatsontheChoptankRiver[hLp://choptanksweets.com/aquaculture/]

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Oyster Aquaculture SomeadvantagesanddisadvantagesassociatedwithboXom

andoff-boXomoysterculturetechniques

BottomCultureAdvantages Disadvantages

Lesslabortomaintainandstageseedforstockinggrow-outareas

Higherpercentageofmortalityfrompredatorsandpests

Lowercapitalandmaintenanceexpensesasnonurseryorgrow-outstructuresarerequired

Higherpotentialforsiltation

Lesslaborinmovingshellstocktonewareasbecausestructuresarenotinvolved

Spatusuallysurviveonlyononesideofthemothershell

Generally,fewerpermitsarerequiredforbottomculturethanoff-bottomculture

Publicresistancetomanypredatorcontrolmethods

Usuallylessnegativevisualimpactatnurseryandgrow-outsites

Off-BottomCultureAdvantages Disadvantages

Lessimpactfrompredatorsandpests Morepublicresistancetovisualimpactofculturestructures

Significantlylesschanceforproblemsresultingfromsiltation

Potentialconflictwithrecreationalboating

Useoftotalwatercolumnbythree-dimensionalculturetechniques

Foulingorganismsseverelyimpactsomecontainersystems

Spatsurvivalonbothsidesofthemothershell Laborintensiveininitialset-upLessexpensiveequipmentrequiredforharvest Capitalcostandmaintenanceofnurseryandgrow-out

structuresConte,F.S.,S.C.HarbellandR.L.RaLonde.1994.OysterCulture-fundamentalsandtechnologyoftheWestCoastindustry.WesternRegionAquacultureCenter,Seattle,WA.

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Oyster Aquaculture

SeZngLarvaeLarvaearereadytosetwhentheyhaveawell-developedeyespotandare290μmormoreinlength.Thelarge,eyedlarvaecanbesetonavarietyofmaterials,calledcultch.Singleoystersaregoodforoff-boLomfarmingandoysterclustersaregoodforproducingalotofoystersforrestora6onprojects.

Singleoysterscanbeobtainedbyseunglarvaeonmicrocultch,verysmoothandslipperysurfaces,orbychemicalinduc6on.Microcultchisusuallymadeoffinelygroundoystershell.

Clusteroystersaretheresultofseunglarvaeonlargecultch,usuallywholeoystershell.[hLp://www.aces.edu/dept/fisheries/educa6on/documents/Oyster_hatchery_techniques.pdf]

Atypicalarrangementforflow-throughlarvaltank(AR=algalreservoir;P=pump;F=flowmeter;D=drain)

[hLp://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5720e/y5720e0a.htm]

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Oyster Aquaculture

WellersSingleoystersareproducedbyintroducingeyedlarvaeintocontainerswithfinemeshboLomsandathinlayerofmicrocultch.Thecontainers,calledwellers,areimmersedinshallowtankscontainingtreatedseawater.

Containersareconfiguredsothatwatercanflowupthrough(upwelling)ordownthrough(downwellng)themeshboLomsbyrou6ngwaterthroughanopeningnearthetopofthecontainer.[hLp://www.aces.edu/dept/fisheries/educa6on/documents/Oyster_hatchery_techniques.pdf]

Upwellinganddownwellingarrangementsforfeedingeyedlarvae[hLp://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5720e/y5720e0b.htm]

InJapan,Yanmarculturesoysterseedlingsinafloa;ngra[-typenurseryvesselorFLUPSY(Floa;ngUPwellerSYstem).

[hLps://www.yanmar.com/ltc/global/technology/core_excellence/marine_farm/img/1716}5d01/img_marine_farm_09.jpg]

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Chesapeake Bay Oyster Industry

Crassostreavirginica—TheEasternOyster[hLp://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/

Crassostrea_virginica/en]

TypesofOystersontheBayNa6veandimportedspeciesofoysterhavebeenconsideredforaquacultureintheChesapeakeBay.Crassostreavirginica—TheEasternOysterisna6vetotheU.S.whereithasbeenfishedandfarmedfromtheNorthAtlan6cdowntotheGulfofMexico.Eachadultoysterfiltersandcleansupto50gallonsofwaterperday—gobblingupalgae,andremovingdirtandnitrogenpollu6on.DiseaseepidemicsofMSXandDermobegandevasta6ngoysterstocksinDelawareBayandthesouthernChesapeakeBayinthelate1950s,whichraisedinterestinintroducinganon-na6veoyster.

Crassostreagigas—thePacificoysterandtheChineseSuminoeoysterwereevaluatedforintroduc6onintotheChesapeake.ThePacificoysterwasrejectedforuseinMarylandin1932;theChineseoysterin2009,endingalong-6meinterestinusingaforeignoystertoreplaceorsupplementthena6vevirginicaoyster.[hLp://ww2.mdsg.umd.edu/CQ/V09N2/main2/]

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HistoryofUpperChesapeakeBayOysteringInsomeyearsofthelate1800's,theChesapeakeBayproducednearly20millionbushelsofeasternoysters,about60%ofNorthAmerica'soysterproduc6on.Maryland’soysterindustrythenhadavalueof17%ofthetotalfisheriesproductsoftheUnitedStatesandemployed20%ofthepeopleinvolvedinU.S.fisheries.TheMarylandoysterfisherywasthemostextensiveandvaluableoysterfisheryintheworld.

MostofMaryland'shistoricaloystergroundshavebeenmaintainedaspublic.TheseincludethePotomac,Patuxent,ChesterandChoptankRiversaswellasTangierSound. HistoricalUpperChesapeakeBayoystergrounds

[hLp://spo.nwr.noaa.gov/mfr584/mfr5841.pdf]

Vastnaturalbedsofoystersapparentlywerepresentinthemincolonial6mes.Duringa1608voyageofexplora6on,CaptainJohnSmithwrotethattheoysters“layasthickasstones”intheBay.[hLp://spo.nwr.noaa.gov/mfr584/mfr5841.pdf]

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AChesapeakeBaytongingbugeyewithdeep-watertongs.[hLp://spo.nwr.noaa.gov/mfr584/mfr5841.pdf]

TheOysterWarsbeganwithoysterpiratesandlegalwatermeninMarylandandVirginiafigh;ngoverharves;ngrightsintheChesapeakeBay.Thedisputesdidnotendun;lthemid-20thcentury.Shownisanillustra;onfromHarper’sWeeklyin

1884showingillegaloysterharves;ngincludingdredgingatnight.[hLp://www.virginiaplaces.org/natural/oysters.html]

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ReportedlandingsofoystersinMarylandfrom1840to1980,inmillionsofbushelswithcri;calmilestones[hLp://ww2.mdsg.umd.edu/store/books/mdoysters/]

In1912,thishugemountainofoystershellsadjoinedoneofthelargeoysterpackingplantsinHampton,VA.[hLp://www.nnhs65.com/oysters/oyster_shells_03_1.jpg]

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Chesapeake Bay Oyster Aquaculture

38°NorthOysters

BallardFishandOysterCompany

ChesapeakeBayOysterCompany

ChoptankOysterCompany

CobbSta6onOysterCompany

HoopersIslandOysterAquacultureCompany

Shoo6ngPointOysterCompany

ShoreThingShellfish

TarkillAquacultureVentures

Tom'sCoveAquafarms

TrueChesapeakeOysterCompany

WardOysterCompany

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38°NorthOysters

38°NorthisaseriesoffarmsalongthebanksofMaryland’sWesternShore,thesouthern-most6pofMarylandwheretheChesapeakeBayandPotomacRivermeet.[hLp://www.38northoysters.com/]

TheBallardFishandOysterCompanyhasbeenproducingclamsandoystersformorethan115yearsatbothbaysideandseasidegroundsalongtheEasternShoreofVirginia.[hLp://www.ballardfish.com/]

BallardFishandOysterCompany

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ChoptankOysterCompany

TheChoptankOysterCompanyislocatedontheChoptankRiver,atributaryoftheChesapeakeBay.TheyhavebeengrowingtheirChoptankSweetsoystersince1999.[hLp://choptanksweets.com/]

ChesapeakeBayOysterCompany

TheChesapeakeBayOysterCompanygrowsParrotIslandOystersintheshadowofParrotIslandnearthemouthofVirginia’sRappahannockRiverwheresalinityrangesfrom12-18ppt.[hLp://www.bayoyster.com/oysters.html]

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CobbSta6onOysterCompanyoystersspendmostoftheirgrow-outinthemouthofOccohannockCreek.Oncetheyreachmarketsize,theyaremovedtoMagothyBayforasal6ertaste.TheyofferShipShoalsandPe6teBeachesoysters.[hLp://www.broadwateroysters.com/home.html]

CobbSta2onOysterCompany HoopersIslandOysterAquacultureCompany

TheHoopersIslandOysterAquacultureCompanygrowsChesapeakeGoldandHolyGrailoystersonmul6ple5acreleaseslocatedinanareaoftheChesapeakeBayknownasTarBay.Theyalsoproduceoysteraquacultureequipment.[hLp://www.hioac.com/]

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Shoo2ngPointOysterCompany

Shoo6ngPointOysterCompanyisafamilyfarmlocatedontheremoteEasternShoreofVirginiathatprovidesoystersfromthreedis6nctlocalwatersheds;ChurchCreekCorks&BullseyeOystersfromtheLowerBaysideandShoo6ngPointSaltsfromtheAtlan6cbarrierislands.[hLp://www.shoo6ngpointoysters.com/]

ShoreThingShellfish,LLC

ShoreThingShellfishhasofferedfarmedoysters,aquacultureproductsandconsulta6onservicesfromSt.Mary'sCountyinMarylandsince2011.[hLp://www.shorethingshellfish.com/]

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TarkillAquacultureVenturesLLCwasfoundedin2008andislocatedbetweenEastandWestPoint,bythecut-thruwhereTarkillCreekmeetstheChesapeakeBay.TheyofferMcKinney’sIslandandRopewalkLibertyOysters.[hLp://www.tarkillaquacultureventures.com/]

TarkillAquacultureVentures

Tom'sCoveAquafarmsoffersshellfishharvestedfromthecool,clearwatersfoundaroundthehistoricseafoodtownofChincoteagueIsland,Virginia.[hLp://www.tomscove.net/]

Tom'sCoveAquafarms

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WardOysterCompanyhasabout10to12millionoystersplacedincagesnearthemouthoftheWareRiver,locatedinthetownofWareNeckinGloucesterCounty,Virginia.[hLp://www.wardoyster.com/]

WardOysterCompanyTrueChesapeakeOysterCompany

TheTrueChesapeakeOysterCompanyislocatedonSt.JeromeCreek,justnorthofthemouthofthePotomacRiver.TheyoffertheSkinnyDipperandHuckleberryOysters[hLp://trueoyster.com/]

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Chesapeake Bay Fish Aquaculture

TheBay’swildfisherieshavebeenthefocusoflocaleconomiesandculturesforgenera6ons.However,someentrepreneurshavetriedfishaquacultureatvariouspointstosupplyagrowingpopula6onwithfoodandprotectwildstocks.

WhilefinfishaquacultureisnotamajorindustryontheBaytoday,growingfishlikestripedbassinapondorincagesdoeshaveadvantages.Farm-raisedfishgrowfasterthanwildfishandareeasiertoharvest.Buttherearedisadvantages,too.Anaquaculturebusinessrequireslargeini6alinvestmentsanddiligentupkeep.Fishgrownincap6vitycatchandspreadbacterialinfec6onsquickly,andtheycaneasilydepletetheoxygensuppliesinapondorcage.[hLp://www.mdsg.umd.edu/topics/finfish-aquaculture/finfish-aquaculture]

Inthe1980s,fishaquaculturewastriedontheBaybecauseofthedeclineoftheChesapeakeBayseafoodindustry,andthegrowingna;onwide

consump;onofseafood.[hLp://www.mdsg.umd.edu/sites/default/files/

files/FishCultureinMaryland.pdf]

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Hybridnet-pencultureonthescalethatisprac6cedwithsalmonsea-pencultureinMaine,Washingtonandforeigncountries,isnotlegalintheChesapeakeBay.

Withrespecttowatertemperature,stripedbassandhybridsrequirewaterintherangeof72°to78°Fforop6malgrowth.

Althoughanestuarine(saltwater)fish,thestripedbassanditshybridsdoquitewellinfreshwaterponds.Infact,duringpreliminarystudiesconductedinMaryland,fishculturedincagesinfreshwatergrewandsurvivedonlyslightlylesswellthanthoseculturedinbrackishwater(10-15partsperthousandsalinity).[hLp://www.mdsg.umd.edu/sites/default/files/files/Cultureofstripedbass.pdf]

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BasedontheseasideofVirginia’sEasternShore,BradfordBayFarmsistheonlyrecircula6ngaquaculturefarminthena6ongrowingseabassformarket.

JimWilliams(foreground)andYannigTanguycount9-month-oldblackseabassatBradfordBayFishFarmastheymovethefishfromonetanktotheother.(DaveHarp)[hLp://www.bayjournal.com/ar6cle/could_fish_farms_help_take_pressure_off_wild_stocks]

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Aquaculture Questions

•  Whattypesofmarinespeciescanbefarmedusingaquaculture?

•  Howmuchoftheworld’sseafoodsupplyisprovidedbyaquaculture?

•  Whatcon6nenthastheworld’slargestaquacultureindustry?

•  Listafewtypesofmarineaquaculturesystems.

•  Whataresomeoftheearliestexamplesofaquaculture?

•  Whataresomeproblemswithfarm-raisedfinfish?

•  Whichoystersgrowfaster,diploidsortriploids?

•  WhatisanadvantageofraisingoystersontheboLom?

•  Whatisanadvantageofraisingoystersonthesurface?

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Bay Challenges

•  WhattypesofoysterscanberaisedontheChesapeakeBay?

•  WhenwereoystersfirstdiscoveredontheBay?Whendidpeakharvestsoccur?

•  Dooystersaddimpuri6estotheBayorfilterthemout?

•  Whataresomereasonswhyharvestsofna6veoystersarenow1%orlessofhistoricallevels?

•  Doyouthinktheregula6onofwildoysterharves6ngisnecessarytohelptheindustryrecover?

•  WhyisitdifficulttoeconomicallyfarmraisefishontheBay?

aquaculture - chesapeake · pdf file · 2017-04-18aquaculture wild fisheries on ......

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