Aquaculture in a Healthy Diet

Jogeir Toppe (FAO), Vilnius, 29 September 2016

Food security for all

“make sure people have regular access to

enough high-quality food to lead active,

healthy lives”

Per capita consumption of fish

SOFIA 2016

Aquaculture is increasing the availability of fish

Aquaculture Production

SOFIA, 2014

Feed conversion ratios

0

1.3

1.9

2.8

6–9

Proteins

• 17 % of animal protein from fishmore than 50 % in many of the poorest countries

• Increasing evidence on health benefits of fish proteins/peptides

Fish protein vs animal protein

SOFIA 2016

Omega-3; DHA and EPA

IQ +6 -36%

Omega-3 Fatty Acids marinevegetable

• Marine origin:– Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); C20:5 ω-3

– Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); C22:6 ω-3

• Vegetable origin: – Alfa linolenic acid (ALA); C18:3 ω-3

– <5% converted to EPA

– <0,5% converted to DHA

Lower nutritional value

Annual contribution of ω-3 (million people by farmed species)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Carps Salmonids Fish oil suppl. Marine Crustaceans Mollusks Tilapia Eels Other species

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Daily doses of Omega-3 per USD2012 prices (wholesale)

Sprat Herring Sardines/Pilchards Atlantic Mackerel Skipjack Tuna Atlantic Salmon

Salmon

(2005)

Salmon

(2015)

Carp,

commonTilapia Chicken Beef

Protein g/100g 18 20 18 20 19 21

Lipids g/100g 16 13 5.6 1.7 15 12

Water g/100g 63 65 76 78 66 65

Ash g/100g 1.1 1.1 1.5 0.9 0.8 1.0

DHA + EPA

(ω-3)mg/100g 4150 2130 350 91 40 3

NIFES / USDA National Nutrient Database

Comparison of Omega-3 levels in fish and other meats

Micronutrients

Protein

Selenium Iodine Zinc Calcium

Vitamin D

Vitamin ADHA Vitamin B12

EPA

Iron

Fish, much more than proteins

The perfect pill?

The perfect pill...

Small pelagic fish

Highly nutritionally valuable fish

Low cost compared to other fish

High prices of fishmeal and fish oil

Selected micronutrients per 100 grams edible portion of Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola)

Carp Tilapia Mola RDI*

Calcium, Ca mg 41 10 800 1000

Iron, Fe mg 1.24 0.56 5.7 8.9

Zinc, Zn mg 1.48 0.33 3.2 5.6

Vitamin A µg RAE 9 0 2680 500

Roos et al., 2007*RDA for a child, moderate bioavailability

Fish, a source of

nutrientsNutrient level per 100 g

Daily need (RDI) for

children:

Vitamin A;

250 million preschool

children deficientCod liver oil: 5000 µg

Mola (whole): 2500 µg

500 µg (RAE)

Iron;

1.6 billion people deficientDried tuna frames: 35 mg

Chanwa pileng (whole): 45 mg

8.9 mg (10% bioavailability)

Iodine;

seafood natural source, 2

billion people deficient

Bones from cod: 370 µg

Cod fillets: 250 µg

Seaweed: >2000 µg

120 µg

Zinc;

800 000 child deaths per

yearBones from herring: 19 mg

Chanwa pileng (whole): 20 mg

5.6 mg(moderate bioavailability)

Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption

Outrageous claim:

“600,000 born annually with brain damage due to fish-eating mothers”

THANK YOU !

jogeir.toppe@fao.org