Aquaculture: the coming blue revolution

Albert G. Tacon1, Marc Metian2 & Daniel Lemos3

1Aquatic Farms, Hawaii, USA; agjtacon@aol.com2Stockholm University, Stockholm Sweden3University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Of the different global food production systems,

AQUACULTURE,

the farming of aquatic animals and plants,

has been fastest growing food sector for over 25 years,

and is widely perceived as an important weapon in the

global fight against hunger & malnutrition,

particularly within developing countries, including Africa

Aquaculture’s contribution to global feed/food chain

AQUACULTURE 2011 AGRICULTURE

>156 SPECIES

102

12

15

27

>158 SPECIES

18

Cereals

Fruits & nuts

Roots &tubers

Oilseeds &pulses

Vegetables

Livestock

Finfish

Molluscs

Crustaceans

Aquatic plants

48

10

26

94.5 Mt

83.7 Mt

Tonnes 2011

Aquaculture has been fastest growing food sector for over 25 years, with an APR of 8.2%/year, compared with 1.3% for capture fisheries

and 2.6% for total agricultural meat production (FAO, 2013)

CAPTURE FISHERIES - HUNTING

AQUACULTURE - FARMING

Static landings

Rapid growth

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

8.2%

1.3%

-

20 000

40 000

60 000

80 000

100 000

120 000

Farm

ed

me

at p

rod

uct

ion

(th

ou

san

d t

on

ne

s)

Cattle meat Chicken meat Pig meat

Goat and Sheep meat Other terrestrial meat Aquatic meat

APRmeat

1970 to 1980

1980 to 1990

1990 to 2000

2000 to 2010

1970 to 2010

Total % in 2010

Pig 8.0 2.9 2.6 2.0 2.8 33.0Chicken 11.7 4.5 5.1 3.9 4.8 26.0Cattle 3.5 1.5 0.6 1.0 1.2 18.8

Aquatic 13.3 11.8 9.2 6.6 8.5 11.6Goat &Sheep

1.5 2.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 4.1

GLOBAL FARMED MEAT PRODUCTION (FAO, 2012/2013)

4th

110.0

89.4

62.5

40.7

2011 (Mt)

-

10 000 000

20 000 000

30 000 000

40 000 000

50 000 000

60 000 000

Farm

ed

me

at p

rod

uct

ion

(to

nn

es)

Other meat Chicken meat Cattle meat Pig meat Aquatic meat

APRmeat

1970 to 1980

1980 to 1990

1990 to 2000

2000 to 2010

1970 to 2010

Total % in 2010

Pig 14.6 7.1 5.4 2.4 5.5 50Aquatic 9.8 17.4 11.7 5.3 9.7 21Chicken 12.5 8.6 13.0 2.7 7.5 12Cattle 12.0 15.4 15.4 2.7 9.7 6Duck 8.9 7.2 12.0 3.9 6.8 3

FARMED MEAT PRODUCTION IN CHINA (FAO, 2012/2013)

2nd

2011 (Mt)

23.0

51.5

12.0 6.2

Aquaculture production by major species group in 2011(values given in million metric tonnes & US $ billion; FAO, 2013)

FISH49.8%41.6 Mt

FISH61.6%83.6 $B

25.1%21.0 Mt

17.2%14.4 Mt

11.2% 15.3 $B

4.0% 5.5 $B

7.0%5.9 Mt

20.8% 28.4 $B

By weight83.67 Million tonnes

By value135.73 US $ Billion

AQUATIC PLANTS

MOLLUSCS CRUSTACEANS AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES

FISH

China

Indonesia

India

Viet Nam

Philippines

Bangladesh

Korea, Rep.

Norway

Thailand

Egypt

Others

China 50,170,824

Indonesia 7,888,622

India 4,577,965

Viet Nam 3,052,500

Philippines 2,608,120

Bangladesh 1,523,759

Korea, Rep. 1,499,335

Norway 1,138,797

Thailand 1,008,049

Egypt 986,820

Other 9,220,870

Top aquaculture producers by country in 2011 (values given in metric tonnes; FAO, 2013)

CHINA

60.0%

Total aquaculture production by region & economic class (For 2011; values given in metric tonnes; FAO, 2013)

ASIA (mt) 76,293,471

AMERICAS 2,956,247

EUROPE 2,680,996

AFRICA 1,539,907

OCEANIA 205,040 AMERICAS 3.53%

EUROPE 3.20%

AFRICA 1.84%

DEVELOPING 79,298,341 (94.77%) APR (84-2011) 9.32%

DEVELOPED 4,377,320 (5.23%) APR (84-2011) 1.70%

ASIA 91.18%

201183,675,661 tonnes

ASIA (APR) 8.46

AMERICAS 7.59

EUROPE 3.99

AFRICA 14.82

OCEANIA 9.02

All APRs calculated from 1984 to 2011

0

500 000

1 000 000

1 500 000

2 000 000

2 500 000

3 000 000

20001980 1990 2010

Estimated total aquaculture production by continent from 1980 to 2010 (excluding Asia; FAO, 2013)

Tonnes APR 1984-2011

AMERICAS 7.59

EUROPE 3.99

AFRICA

APR1980-19901990-20002000-20102010-2011

14.82

AFRICA13.1417.4812.198.00*

Top aquaculture country producers – 2011(Values in metric tonnes; FAO – FISHSTAT, 2013)

11 Chile 969,539

12 Japan 906,498

13 Myanmar 817,112

14 Brazil 630,039 (66.2 Mt F)

15 Malaysia 526,526

16 Korea DPR 508,350

17 USA 396,841

18 Taiwan 319,245

19 Ecuador 308,900

20 Spain 271,963

Top 11-20 countries Top 10 countries – 89.0%

1 China 50,170,824 (60.0%)

2 Indonesia 7,888,622 (9.4%)

3 India 4,577,965 (5.5%)

4 Viet Nam 3,052,500 (3.6%)

5 Philippines 2,608,120 (3.1%)

6 Bangladesh 1,523,759 (1.82%)

7 Korea, Rep. 1,499,335 (1.79%)

8 Norway 1,138,797 (1.36%)

9 Thailand 1,008,049 (1.20%)

10 Egypt 986,820 (5.4 Mt 14.3)

Total production 83,675,661 tonnes,valued at US $ 135 billion

986 820221 128

130 40085 713

22 13519 09210 53410 5308 1267 6027 2496 4573 4333 3942 9702 2442 2002 0831 3976 400

EGYPTNIGERIA

ZANZIBARUGANDA

KENYAGHANA

MADAGASCARZAMBIATUNISIA

ZIMBABWETANZANIA

SOUTH AFRICAMALAWI

COTE D'IVOIRECONGO DR

ALGERIASUDAN

MALIMOROCCO

OTHERS

Estimated total aquaculture production in Africa by major producing country in 2011 (tonnes; FAO, 2013)

Zimbabwe

Zambia

Vietnam

Somoa

Venezuela

Vanuatu

Uzbekistan

Uruguay

United States

United Kingdom

Ukraine

Uganda

Turkmenistan

Turkey

Tunisia

Trinidad & Tobago

Tonga

Togo

Thailand

Tanzania

Tajikistan

Syria

Switz.

Sweden

Swaziland

Suriname

Sudan

Sri Lanka

Spain

South Africa

Somalia

Solomon Islands

Slovenia

Slovakia

Sierra Leone

Senegal

Sao Tome & Principe

Rwanda

R u s s i a

Romania

Portugal

Poland

Philippines

Peru

Paraguay

Papua

New Guinea

Panama

Palau

Pakistan

Norway

Nigeria

Niger

Nicaragua

New Zealand

Neth.

Nepal

NamibiaMozambique

Morocco

Mongolia

Mold.

Mexico

Mauritius

Mauritania

Mali

Malaysia

Malawi

Madagascar

Mace.

Lux.

Lithuania

Libya

Liberia

Lesotho

Latvia

Laos

Kyrgyzstan

S. Korea

N. Korea

Kenya

Kazakhstan

Japan

Jamaica

Italy

Israel

IrelandIran

I n d o n e s i a

India

Iceland

Hungary

HondurasHaiti

Guyana

Guinea-Bissau

Guinea

Guatemala

Greenland

Greece

Ghana

Germany

Georgia

Gambia

Gabon

French Guiana

France

Finland

Fiji

Ethiopia

Estonia

Eritrea

Equatorial Guinea

El Salvador

Egypt

Ecuador

East Timor

Dom. Rep.

Dijbouti

Denmark

Czech Rep.

Cuba

Cote

d'Ivoire

Costa Rica

Congo

Dem. Rep.

of Congo

Colombia

C h i n a

Chile

Chad

Central African Republic

Cape Verde

C a n a d a

Cameroon

Cambodia

Burundi

Burma

Burkina Faso

Bulgaria

Brunei

B r a z i l

Botswana

Bolivia

Bhutan

Benin

Belize

Bel.

Belarus

Bangladesh

Bahamas

Azerb.

Austria

A u s t r a l i a

Armenia

Argentina

Angola

Algeria

Albania

Western Sahara(Occupied by Morocco)

Bos. &

Herz. Serb.

Mont.

Croatia

0

1 000 000

2 000 000

3 000 000

4 000 000

5 000 000

6 000 000

7 000 000

8 000 000

9 000 000

10 000 000

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Capture fisheries Aquaculture

APR 1984-2011

14.8%

2.4%

Share (%) 2011

16.8%

83.2%

Global trends in aquaculture & capture fisheries production in Africa (tonnes; FAO, 2013)

Contribution of aquatic animal food products to total animal protein supply in Sub-Saharan Africa

Sierra Leone (64.8%) Senegal (38.6%)

Gambia (56.6%) Mozambique (37.6%)

Ghana (54.5%) Benin (35.7%)

Cameroon (49.3%) Guinea (33.3%)

Congo Republic (48.0%) Uganda (33.3%)

Equatorial Guinea (42.8%) Cote d’Ivoire (31.8%)

Nigeria (41.1%) Malawai (27.1%)

Congo DPR (39.6%) FAO (2012)

Global importance of aquatic foods in human nutrition and global food supply

Aquatic food products represent one of the world’s most nutritious & healthy food sources

• According to the FAO/WHO (2011) Joint Expert Consultation on the risks & benefits of fish consumption, there is convincing evidence that: Fish consumption reduces the risk of death

from coronary heart disease & consumption by women reduces the risk of suboptimal neurodevelopment in their offspring;

According to FAO/WHO (2011) there is also emerging, possible or probable evidence, that fish consumption may reduce the risk of multiple other adverse health outcomes, including

• ischaemic stroke, non-fatal coronary heart disease events, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, cognitive decline, depression, anxiety and inflammatory diseases.

eporteAquaculture’s 2011 highlights and contribution to

the global feed and food chain

• Fastest growing food sector for the past 25 years with APR of 8.2%• Total production 83.7 million tonnes, valued at US $ 135.7 billion• Over 157 aquatic plant & animal species farmed in 2011

• Currently ranked 4th globally in terms of farmed meat production• Ranked 2nd in China after farmed pig meat production

• Currently represent only 3-4% global animal feed production• Highest reported feed efficiency for any farmed animal species• Feed sector is the largest global consumer of fishmeal and fish oil

• Best source of essential nutrients in terms of human nutrition • Represent important nutrient source in human nutrition in Asia

Aquaculture: key areas for further growth & opportunity

• Continued rapid growth and development of the aquaculture sector in Africa and Americas, as shown by the rapid growth of the sector in Egypt and Brazil over the past 15 years

• Increased emphasis in Africa on the culture of species feeding low on the aquatic food chain and not requiring external nutrient inputs, such as the culture of farmed aquatic plants and filter feeding shellfish species

• Increased production of lower-cost herbivorous/omnivorous freshwater fish species for domestic home consumption, and the promotion of farmed aquatic products in human nutrition and the food security of the poor and needy

Key hurdles to future aquaculture development

• Environmental: aquaculture needs to be part of the solution and not part of the problem: in contrast to agricultural farming practices which are usually conducted on private land, aquatic farming activities are usually conducted in public water bodies (rivers, lakes, coastal area) and so must be conducted reponsibly(we share this resource with many other users)

• Feed: aquaculture feed sector needs to reduce its dependence upon the use of potentially food grade marine fishery resources such as small pelagics, fishmeal and fish oil, and imports

• Social: aquaculture activities must not adversely affect the livelihood of the poor, and should produce affordable foods

• Importance of food safety and development of feed/farm GMPs

Sustainability challenges

• 71% of our planet is covered with water, and our oceans, lakes and rivers still represent one of our least understood ecosystems

• Increased use of locally available feed-grade ingredient sources as inputs for the production of aquatic food products, including the increased use and recycling of terrestrial animal by-product meals and oils, single cell proteins, and agricultural by-product meals not suitable for direct human consumption within aquaculture feeds

• Increased development and use of microbial floc-based aquaculture production systems and integrated multi-trophic culture systems so as to maximize nutrient utilization, water use, and minimize environmental impact

• Need for CASA Project – Centre for African Studies in Aquaculture

Centre for African Studies in Sustainable Aquaculture

& Fisheries Management

<CASA ><

International cooperation platform

for improving food security and poverty alleviation in Africa

through the development of sustainable and responsible

aquaculture and fisheries management practices

Major aquaculture platform activities

Malnutrition & food security impacts

Poverty alleviation & income generation impacts

Farming systems & sustainable development

Research & technology development

Training, education & outreach

Increased food production

through fisheries &

aquaculture