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AQUACULTURE AND AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH IN EUROPE: CURRENT AND EMERGING DISEASES IN MEDITERRANEAN MARICULTURE
Dr. Panos Christofilogiannis
Managing Director, AQUARK www.aquark.gr
“Caring for health and welfare of fish: A critical success factor for aquaculture” Brussels, 16 -17 May 2013 - International Auditorium, Boulevard Roi Albert II 5, Brussels, Belgium
DRIVERS • Diversification - New cultured species
• Introduction of Alien species
• Global warming – Climate Change
• Intensification – Strategic decisions – Spatial Planning
DIVERSIFICATION
DIVERSIFICATION
DIVERSIFICATION
Seriola dumerilii Greater amberjack
Polyprion americanus Wreck fish Octopus vulgaris
Mullus surmulletus Striped red mullet
ALIEN SPECIES
GLOBAL WARMING – CLIMATE CHANGE
GLOBAL WARMING – CLIMATE CHANGE
EATiP projection APR 5%
Optimistic projection APR10% Sea bream
Sea bass
Meagre
Turbot Sole
INTENSIFICATION / SPATIAL PLANNING
Epidemiology on the fish farm JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MARAPR MAY JUN JUL AUGSEPTOCT NOV DECEpidemiology Med AQUA
Myxobacteria
vibriosis periodvibriosis period North MedPasteurellosis periodPasteurellosis period North Med
Nodavirus (Sea bass)MonogeneaMicrocotyle infestation (sea bream)
Pasteurellosis Vibriosis
MAIN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Bacterial Pathogen Species Listonella anguillarum (=Vibrio anguillarum)
Sea bass
Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida
Sea bass Sea bream
Tenecibaculum maritimum (=F. maritimus)
Sea bass Sea bream
Nocardia spp J Fish Dis. 2013 Feb;36(2):141-9.
Meagre
Aeromonas spp Sea bass
Streptocossus iniae Sea bass
Argyrosomus regius
VIBRIOSIS • Vibrio anguillarum (I + II) / (V. ordalii = biotype II) • Sea bass (During ALL production circle) • Seasonal disease (Spring & Autumn) • Rapid temperature fluctuations can cause outbreaks • Outbreaks often stress-related • Haemorrhagic Septicaemia • Dark fish, Anaemia (gills very pale) • Haemorrhages around the mouth, fin edges and skin • Systemic septicaemia, Petechial haemorrhages on intestine • Renal and Heart necrosis • Spleen enlarged (and cherry red) • Inoculate from kidney onto TSA (non-selective) or TSBS agar • Incubate at 25oC for 24h
PASTEURELLOSIS * Sea bass (During ALL production circle) * Sea bream (Mainly up to 40g) * Seasonal disease (June to October) * Haemorrhagic Septicaemia * Petechiae - Haemmorhagies in gut and gills * Renal and Heart necrosis * Nodules / necrosis in spleen (Chronic Pasteurellosis) * Inoculate from kidney onto TSA (non-selective) or TSBROTH / BHI agar * Incubate at 25oC for 48h (Pasteurella) * Bacterium appears as very small smooth, convex “grey-white” colonies (TSA)
DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL DISEASES ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT
Tenacibaculum Vibrio spp
ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT Different strains showing resistance
different antibiotic sensitivity profiles
• Oxytetracycline • Oxolinic Acid
• Flumequine
•Potentiated Sulphonamides
VIRAL ENCEPHALOPATHY AND RETINOPATHY (VER) ANNUAL ESTIMATED COST: MORE THAN 18 MILLION EUROS
Sea Bass and Sea Bream Pathogens
Lymphocystis
Monogeneans
Cryptocaryon Epitheliocystis Trichodina Ceratomyxa
Myxidium
Sphaerospora
Major need for licensed antiparasitic compounds
MICROCOTYLE INFESTATION
1 hour - 200ppm Formalin bath 30 min - 300ppm Formalin bath
Repeat after 5 days
Organic Iron: 2000 ppm in feed for 15-20 days
Red lesions in Sea bream Intracytoplasmatic organisms (Chlamydia like)
Source: Sito Padros
Lernathropus kroyeri in sea bass
Lernathropus kroyeri in sea bass
Diplectanum aequans Ceratothoa oestroides
Tenacibaculum maritimum
Solea senegalensis Solea solea
Parasitic Pathogen
Host
Philasterides dicentrarchi
Turbot, sole
Enteromyxum scophthalmi
Turbot
Microsporidium sp
Turbot
Trichodina sp Turbot, Sole, Red Sea Bream, Striped red mullet, octopus
Ceratomyxa sp Red Sea Bream, Striped red mullet
Icthobodo sp Turbot, Solea, Red Sea Bream, Striped red mullet
Copepod sp Wild sole
Bacterial Pathogen Species Listonella anguillarum (=Vibrio anguillarum)
Turbot, Solea, Red Sea Bream Striped red mullet
Tenecibaculum maritimum (=F. maritimus)
Turbot, Senegalensis sole, Commun sole
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp salmonicida
Turbot
Vibrio sp (V. splendidus, V pelagius, V harveyi..)
Turbot, Solea, Red Sea Bream, Striped red mullet, octopus
Pseudomonas Turbot, Solea, Red Sea Bream, Striped red mullet, octopus
Edwarsiella tarda Turbot
Pseudomonas anguilliseptica
Turbot
Pseudomonas sp Turbot, Solea, Red Sea Bream, Striped red mullet, octopus
Streptococcus parauberis
Turbot
Scophthalmus maximus
Enteromyxum scophthalmi
Philasterides dicentrarchi
VACCINATION STRATEGIES – SEA BASS
VACCINATION STRATEGIES – SEA BREAM
Vaccine technologies-delivery Need to fast track approval of new generation vaccines
Recombinant vaccines for aquaculture: IPNV, SRS ,ISAV (only salmon)
• Immersion (V+P) vaccine market : 800.000 Euros • Injection (V+P) vaccine market: 2.5 mio Euros • Relatively Low Vaccine Dose Cost: Double injection vaccination strategy cost is 4 times lower per Fish than salmon (5valent strategy cost) • Introduction of NODAVIRUS vaccine is going to Double the vaccine market in the Med.
Current market of fish vaccines 3,5 million Euros
Future fish health management
• Increased application of vaccination programmes • Faster development of new generation vaccines (EU initiative required) • Increased vaccine market value (motivation) due to:
• increased vaccination adoption (e.g. Spain) • increased expected production • new vaccines (Nodavirus etc) • new fast growers pathologies
• New licensed antiparasitic compounds • Effective genetic selection programmes (“robustness”)
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
“Caring for health and welfare of fish: A critical success factor for aquaculture” Brussels, 16 -17 May 2013 - International Auditorium, Boulevard Roi Albert II 5, Brussels, Belgium