aquatic invertebrates of south african rivers field guide english

8/13/2019 Aquatic Invertebrates of South African Rivers Field Guide English

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First editionFebruaJ

Depatment of Water Affars and Forestry


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This Feld Gude is availabe from :

Director Institute for Water Qualty StudesDepartment of Water Mfrs and Forestry

Private Bag XPretoria

Tel 88 4Fax 88

orAnnelise GerberCell 8 88 9844Gerberdwaf.govza


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Werfll in he Swrtberg mountins, Meirngspoor


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AcknowledgeentsIntroduction

Prt Wter RsourcesClassification of waer sysesA general river ecosysteBioopes in a river ecosyste

Guide to river substrae particle

Ze

Prt 2 Freshwter InvertebrtesEpeeropteraricopteraCo eoperaHeipteraOdonataiptera

PlecopteraepidopteraMgalopteraHydra carinaurbe lariaApipodaDecapodaAnnelidaPoriferaGastropoda

Pelecypoda

References

Bibliograynde

23

8101622

2638567082

96

112116

118120122124126130134136142

146

147149


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Acknowledgements

Mny friends nd collegues e ssisted in tecoiltion of tis book nd teir suort is gretly

recitedecilist dice

r Mrk Cutter

Prof Jenny Dyr Ferdy de MoorMrs Irene de Moor

r Cris Dickens

Mr Mrk GrMs Mry Anne GroeeMrs elen Jesr Nikite Muerr Mrtin Vilet

Editing

Mr Brendn ols

Mr Mike iberbuerCoectors

Crist irionPetro VosD WA F region offices ersonnelD EA roinci nd locl ersonnel

Generl :Mr Jes KeknIW Q ersonnel

Our recition to Mr rtig of de Wgensdrift nd MrVenter of Renosteroort for teir entusis nd wo geus unliited ccess to te riers on teir frsstly secil tnks to our filies for teir tience

understnding nd te rt tey lyed in te relistion oftis book


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Introduction

d srys s o b obsrd o

boogss cor robs w dyg qc

rbrs coo robs cd

xooc kys r dc o dcr d

cord

Cr oc rs r dscrbd

scsd xooc rs r r o

y rso

drwgs ccoyg s kys o oy

gy rsb orgs

Purpose of this field guide

ws r ws d o do or sr

rdy gd O wod

Us oogrs o orgss

scrb y's rs

3


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Who should use this field guide ?

People wo are interested in auatic nvertebrates and

would like to know ore about te

People wit ittle or no ta onoic background

Water Resource anagers

Officers or personnel wo assess water resources,

especial y river ecosystes, using standard

bioonitoring tecniues to assess instrea auatic

invertebrates

Cidren wo, in turn, will follow in e footsteps of

tose we ourseves follow


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Stuctue of this field guide

e autors would like to acuaint te reader firstly wit te

caracteristics of te auatic ecosystes (water resources)

were tese organiss can be found and ten wit teinvertebrates teselves e structure of tis docuent is as

follows

Pat 1 Wate ResoucesGeneral Classification of water systes

A general river ecosysteBiotopes in rivers

Guide to river substrate particle sies

Pat 2 Fesh wate invetebates

B

Rv

vb


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Part 1: Water Resources

A tyca rer ree rom ntererence o man wo rn t

core rom t orce to te ea tartng eter a a rng or

a eeage t moe owy a t on wt oter

trbtare trog te oot to become wer an eeer

a t reace t etary

In ot Arca ew rer can be on n t tate becae

water a mte reorce an oten te by a growng

oaton or actte c a agrctre ntry

ometc e an oter roe

eeror on te oter an come nto beng trog

natra cae (c a a ane eg ake Fnz) or are

man-mae (eg artbeeoort am) Oer tme a ake ~wo natray cange nto a wetlan an eentay

aear a t wt t an become omnate by

emergent an terretra ant eceCrrently te am wc are contrcte n or rer

ytem are nergong tee cange at a mc ater rate

e to te eect o te man actte mentone aboe

Water reorce eccally rer can ae erentcaractertc n erent geogracal regon may be

e to te : geology geomoroogy cmate

o anman actte n te catcment


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Mfe Rer Kw t


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8

Classification of wate systems

Water resources can be classified into two general groups : lentic systes, and

lotic syses (Davies & Day 998)

Leic sysemsLentic syses are defined as standing waerbodies and

include : lakes

ponds

far dascoastal lakesesuaries, andsoe welands

uejcts D Swee


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Loic sysemsLotic systes are waterboies were water flows suc as

rversstreas, anflooplains

Pet Rve Weste Cpe

n out Africa rainfal is argely erratic an tus floopains

an oter wetlans can cange fro enic to lotic an vice

versa or, in soe insances, can ry up until te ne goo

rans arrve

Different species of organiss inabit tese ifferent systes

n tis book we focus ainly on rivers an on invertebrates

foun in tese lotic systes

9


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oe rivers arise in high altitude wetlands called sponges

(Welands are areas wih water logged or saturated soils

doinated by eergent vegetation ie plants with roots in

water bu the rest of the plant is aerial, such as grasses and

reeds) hese rivers have diferent characeristics including :

rea bed coposed of sand, ud or clay or a

i ture of these

Riparian vegetation doinated by reeds and grasses

No overhanging tree canopy

I

ewe ze f e Cce ive Ds


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The mile zone

is section of te river lies in te lower altitudes of

ountains (footills) is one is caracterised by

trea is wider due to contributions of tributaries(oter streas)

f Current speed s ower due to te gentler slope Fow of water ess turbulent - strea bed sooter

Water uality is often less pure tan tat of te

ountain strea due o abiotic processes eg

eacing and biotic activities of organiss living

upstreaWater is usually ore turbid - depending on te

geoogy and te contribution of te tributaries

Higer water teperatures tan ead waters

because tere is no closed canopy altitude is lower

and te flow is also slower

Me oe of the Cocoe Re Mpumg

3


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Lowe zoe of he Oage Rver, oaded wh edme ad re

Lower zoe o he ocode Rver a Nogoma,Kger Naoa Pak


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1 6

Biotopes in a river ecosystem

sra bd coposition is on of t ost iportant

pysica factors controlling t structur of a frswatr

invrtbrat counity ( Mackay & Eastburn 1 990 ). stra bd can b furtr dscribd by biotops

A biotop in a rivr cosyst rfrs to t nvironnt of a

counity of closly associatd organiss ( d Moor IJ

d Moor & H. Jas prs co) A brif dscription of

diffrnt typs of biotops found in rivr systs is alsoincludd. s ar:

Riffls and runs

Pools

Auatic vgtation

Marginal vgtation

Alga


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Rifes and Runs

Riffles are defined as shallow fastflowing reaches of a river

where the water flows over cobbles and gravel causing

turbuent flow and broken water is observed on the surface

A run has tranul flow no broken water on the surface and

has a greater depth than riffles ( Wadeson 994 Rowntree &

Wadeson 999)

Cce Re Mpug


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18

Pools

A p f m h dp d wh h

w fw m wy h h p h .

ienaar River, Gauteng


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It can aso be a coection of water that is not in the main

stream o the water fow eg. in holows formed in the

bedrock.

Pool

Wilge Rver, Mpumalanga

1 9


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20

Aquatic vgtatio

Aquatic vegetaion consists of plants that live in the strea

channel and that ay be partly or fully suberged

Margial vgtatio

Marginal vegetation is that vegetation for exaple grasses

reeds and sedges on the water's edge.

Mgl vg

Aquc vg

Sand Rive, Oange Free Stae


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lga

Freswaer algae are sipe plans wic can occur n

unicelllar filaenous or colonial fors A priary

caracerisic of algae is a poosynesis is e priaryode of nuriion ( Wenzel 983)Algae is ofen observed during warer ies of e year

floaing as clups or ancored o rocks and sones Nurien

enricen is a resul of nurien ric agriculural runoff,

ndusral and doesic effuen enering e rver can

accelerae alga grow resuling in algal bloos

ga_

S Rve, Oge ee Stte


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Guide o ive subsae paicle size

e aera a consues or coposes e boo of a

rer s caled e subsrae e subsrae ofen caracerses

e dfferen zones and boopes found n a rer For

eape eadwaer zones of a ypcal rer would ae a

subsrae coposed of boulders and bedrock wc w

gradually cange o cobbles and pebbles (colecey called

sones as fows n e ddle zones and eenually becoe

sandy and sty n e ower zones ere are e cepons

were e underlyng geoogy soees canges s paern

and were ard geologcal foraons cross rers n ower

regons causng rejuenaon leadng o waerfals rapds

ec able prodes a gudene on e szes of subsrae

aeral found n rer beds nforaon obaned fro

ckens & Graa 200 & JM Kng (pers co

Kis Rver, Southe Cpe


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Ctory

sz rn

it < 006mman 0062 mmGra 2-20

mmtons 2 -30 cmBours >30 cmBrock sabs of rock

S I d I d

Srea, Megsr

23


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2

Part 2: Freshwater Invertebrates

Freswater inverebrates are anials witout backbones

large enoug to be seen wit te naked eye, wic live a par

of teir ives in freswater biotopes (Macay & Eastburn 990) Eac anial wll be confned to a part of e river

were ceical and pyscal condons are suiable for it

(Davies & Day 998)

us as te river flows fro its source to te sea, te different

freswater invertebrates would be found in different parts ofe river Soe will be adapted o te fast flowing waters of

e ounains, oters to e slower curren of e lower par

of te river wie yet oters ay be adapable and can be

found all aong te lengt of te rver ust as rivers can be

differen so i can be epected at tere wil also be

differences in te invertebrate counities in te respective

rvers

is part of te book describes freswater invertebrates

found in Sout African rvers Because any of te

nverebrates coected are n te larval and nypal sages,

os of te descripions are based on ose stages


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26

ORDER:EPHEMERO ERA

Mayy nymphs ary greaty in shape and size al are ery weadapted to sit the ariety o habitats that they occr in hecimbers bottom sprawers and brrowers preer qiet waterso ponds or backwaters o streams whie the cingers are to beond in ast riles where they cing to rocks or any othersbmerged sbstrate

A mayly nymphs arecharaterised by an elongatedbody large head we- deeopedmothparts and stot legsPaired gils on the abdomen arethe most characteristic eatre todistingish mayy nymphs romother insects

hese gils ary greatly they canbe typically ea-like oa or eenringed hree tails are awayspresent except in the amiyBaetidae where some species

ony hae two tailshe amily Prosopistomatidae

Mayfy y

does not match the characteristics as described aboeProsopistomatidae nymphs has lat oal bodies with noisible gills and a short stbby tai

.

Flly deeoped nymphs will ony come to the srace when

they are ready to transorm in which case the oter skin is shedand the irst adt stage emergeshis adt sbimago wil sit ndistrbed on egetation oranything rom a ew mintes to 24 hors nti another layer isshed and the inal adt imago emerges


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Adult a

Adult myfles re dnty nsects wt trnsprent wngs ndlong ts Tey cn be spotted n te vcnty of fres wter oncm sunny dys or n te evenngs wen tey re ttrcted tolgtsAdut myfles only ve for few ours n wc tme te feme

wl mte nd ly eggs

27


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8

Family name : BaetidaeCmmn name : Small minnow flies

Structure

Sma spindesaped dies

Lea-saped gis n t sides te admen Tw tree tais, depending n speies

Behaviour

Dart ativey rm stne t stne r ing nt

varius sustrates

Habitat

Rks pants r arse sand

Mderatey ast streams

Colour , Ligt sand t dark rwn

Sensitivity

1 5

Maure

10

Gls

Young

Youg ad maure sages of Baetis harrsoni

15

ApproximateSize


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Ama

Siz

Amat

Sz

Dierent Baetdae nymphs

ArmaSz

ArmatSz

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30

Fa0ily na0e : CaenidaeCommon name : Cainf/ies

Structure

Nymphs relaively sma

Humped backs

Two prominent s quare glls

Behaviour

Swim n shor burss, dophn-stye, or crawl slowy over

he substrate

Habitat

Sones or muddy areas

Sow or very slow sreamsColour

Brown

1 5

Sensitivity _

Humped back

Square gls

Caenidae nymph

10 15

ApproximateSz


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Fa0ily na0e : HeptageniidaeCommon nam Fla-headed mayflies

Struture Unusually road had

ong sradou als arg lack ys Fla ody

Behaiour Runs swily or shor dsancs gs ar hd clos o h ody whn a rs

Habitat

Sons or sumrgd cs o wood Modra o as lowng srams

Colour Gry yllow dark rown or lack wih sckls

5 5Sensitiity

- Long speadng tas

Aoat

Si

Hepagendae nymph

'Broad head


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32

Fmiy nme : LeptophebiieCommon name Prongills

Structure S quare heads

Ver long, sreading tails Feather, leaf-like gills on both sides of abdomen

Behaviour Running over the substrate Swimming dohin-stle for short distances

Habitat Stones or submerged ieces of wood Gentle flowing streams

Colour Dark brown

Sensitivity

Vey ong tas

5

Squae head

Gs

AoxmateSe

Dfeent speces of eptophebdae

5

AoxmateSze


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Fily ne : OligoneurideCommon name Brush/egged mayfly

Structur Large nymphs oined heads Long ufs of hair on he foreegs Large, eaf-shaped gis on he sids

Bhavour Swf runnng over he subsrae

Habtat Coarse sand or sandy paches Very fas fowing sreams

Colour Brown

Snstvty

AroxiateSie

5

eaf-shaped gs

Ogoneudae nymph

5

ong ha

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Fiy ne : PoyitrcyideCommon nme Pale urrowers

Stuctue Vey pominent mouthpts

Les e pte fo iin into ivebnks Lon wvy is on both sies of the bomenBehaviou

Sits quiety insie buow Active wvin of the is when t est

Habitat Muy ivebnks Moetey fst fowin stems

Coou . Cem o ple bown

5 5Sensitivity

Mouthparts

34

Gs

Poymtarcydae nymph

AroxiateSze


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F0iy ne : TeognoieCommon name Spiny crawlers

Structure Awell built upper body Eyes are set to the side of the head Some spees hae musular legs Two large round gills isible on the abdomen

Behaviour Crawling slowly Swimming in a jerky fashion

Habitat Stones or dense egetation Fast streams in Southern and Eastern Cape

Colour

Pale brown, dark brown or spekled

5Sensitivity

G

Deret pece Tegaddae36

5

AppoxmaeSe


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Fmiy nme : Tricorythieommon name Stout crawlers

Structre A musular uer body

Strong musular legs Brush-lke moutharts arge eyes

Beaviour lamberng over substrate The three tals tlt uwards when a rest Swmmng s a onvulsve uwards movement, followed by

fallng down wth body n veral oston, legs extendngto he front

Habitat Roks or any sold submerged subsrae Fast flowng sreams

Coour

Dark brown

Sensitivity

AppoxmateSze

I

Tcythda ymph

sh-k uthpas

Lag ys


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38

ORDER:TRICHO

Caddisies

Cafly aae can e de n to categoe namely :the otae cae-ng tye caed cadfe an thetye that contct non-otae helte cae-e o feeng cafen oth ntance the chaactetc eongate oft oy thfnge-ke g on the aomen an ana aenage aeeen th hch t ancho telf ethe to the cae o to the

atehee a of eg exten fom thee egment ehn thehea eenng on the famy one o a of thee egmentae haene

he caed cadfe conct cae fom an gan t ofegetaton o k that ae ge togethe to fom a

chaactetc cae hae he anmal tay ne the caeom aa tage thogh to a tage ot of the caeng tye cannot m th the exceton of the famyetoceae hee the leg ae aate fo mmng

he fna nta laae of the fee lng tye ecala cae geneay mae om k an an o tone

fagment an hch ae fmy cemente to the tate Afne net attache to the cae to catch foo atce Feeng laae can moe aon y fckng the aomen ome to e

Cafle en mot of the tme n the ate n theaa fom ae hch the a tage foo atng fo

aot o eek


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Caddsfly aa

h ad ha m a mal moh- c ha wv fo aoxmay o moh. Ad fma aomm

fod d owh hy o d hwa o ay .

Adul caddsfy

Caddsfly pupa

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Fiy nne : EcnoieCmm ame Case/ess caddisflies

Stucte Sf sm bdy N gills e sides Dscive paer e eadr Tree ardeed segmes beid e ead

Beaviour Acive crawig Acive flickig f e abdme we flaig

Habitat Ses submerged a quaic vegeai Slw sreams Que pls

Colou Cream , greeis

5Sensitivity

Tree ardened segmens

Gs absen

Dsncve paern

Ecnomdae arva

5

AppomateSe


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Fny ne : Ecnode

G : Precnon

Structure Soft, sooth body No gills on the sides Dstinctie segent behind the head Could be istaken for Psychoyiidae

Behaviour Crawling loats on the surface when disturbed

Habitat Silk tunnels under stones Head waters of streas

Colour Grey with blue or green

Sensitivity

Dstnctve segment

AroxateSe

Gs absent

Parecnmna arva

4 1


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Faily nae PolycenopodidaeCmmn name Case/ess caddisflies

Strctre

Brad _bdy

Fir egmen behind head hardened Back hair n eg

Characeriic pruberance where eg jin bdy

Characeriic paern n he head

ehavor

Crawing

Habtat

Siken ne n ne Fa fwing waer

Color Greenih

1 10

1

Senstvty

42

Gils absent

Pattern First segment hardened

Prouberane(no visibe with naked eye)

Poyentropodidae aa

AroxiaSiz


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at ead

Large motarts

Marostemum aenseead estnt brown

wt no attern

Long sende ead and nek

Polymorhanisus biuntatus

at ead wt dstntve attern

ort taerng body -

Amhisyhe sottae

ydrosydae arvae


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6

Faiy nae : PhiopotaidaeCommon name Case/ess caddisf/ies

Structure Lage head wth wel deveoed mouthat

Soft whte labum vbe when extended Soft bode bght coloed No gll on the de

Behavour Afat vcou twtchng of the bod Cawng backwad when held n the hand

Habtat

Naow ken tube unde tone Fat owng team

Colour Ceam eow o oange

5Senstvty

Extended abum

Gs absent

Phopotamdae aa

AoxateSe

5


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48

Fa0iy na0e : Barbarohthonidaeoon nae Cased caddisflies

Stuctue Cases are long slender and slightly crved

Consrcted fro silk Ornaened with nte sand grains

Beaviou

Very active crawling

Habitat

Stones and vegetation

Clear, acid onain streas of Western and Sothern

CapeColou

Dark brown

1

Senitivity

Miute sa

gra1s

Curve case

Barbarochthonae

10

Typca gaterng ofBarbarochthons o a rock

1

ApproxmaSiz


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Fy ne : GossosotdeCommon name Cased addisflies

Stuctue Cases made from small stones

. swc Stones bundled togeter to form a neat eap

Two openings - one for te ead and one to te rear forte two anal laws

Behaviou Very slow rawling

Habitat On or under sones Clear, aid mountain streams of Western and Soutern

Cape

Colou Wite to brown, depending on type of stone used

5 Sensitivity

Gsssmtds k

Hed

5

Oeg ws

AoxaeSe Gsssmtde 9


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50

Fa0ily na0e : HydroptilidaeCommon name : Micro caddisf/ies

Structure Cases are constructed from sik or very fine sand with

vegetabe matter Oval, botte-shaped or cyindrica

Open on both ends

Anchored to substrate by means of slk threads or

anchoring dscs

Behaviour

Not actve

Habitat On or under stonesf Slow to very sow flowing streams

Colour Pale, brown or green

Sensitivity

5- 1

10 15

AppoxiateSize

ApproximaeSize

Hydroptilidae


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Fily ne : PisuliideCommon nam Cased caddisf/ies

tructure Fary arg sod cas Constructd from larg ts of lavs No swmmng har on gs

Behaviour Actv crawlng

Habitat af pockts

trams wth ovrhangng trs

low movng strams ackwatrs or fast strams wtharas whr dad lavs gathr

Colour Dark rown

ensitivity

AroaSi

Swmmng ha asent

Psudae

. "


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2

Faily nane : LeptoceridaeCommon name : Cased caddisflies

Structure Cases straight or curved

Construced from plant material, silk or sand Long swimming legs, densely fringed

Behaviour

Acive swimming

Resembles swimming sticks

Habitat

Amongst vegetation

Acid streams of Western and Souhern Cape

Any sream wih low p H

Colour Shades of brown or green

Sensitivity

ApproximateSize

5

ong legs, fringed

Leptoceidae

10 15

ApproximaeSize


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Sk nng sde the case

)

Naked Leptocerdae

A seecton of dferent Leptocerdae cases


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56

ORDER :COLEOE

Beetles

Coleoptera is the largest order of insets and ertainly thegroup that most peope are familiar with. The majority ofeetles are terrestrial with the exeption of a few families thatare auati in oth the adult and larval stages while families

suh as sephenidae only have the arval stage in the water.Coleoptera oupy almost every availale freshwater haitatfrom mountain streams to temporary pools or the mud and

sand at the edges of ponds

Adult memers of this order have an outer pair of wings thatare hard and leathery and not used in flight. The softhindwings whih are used for fght are onealed under theouter wings when at rest

n ertain families suh as Elmidae the legs are not adaptedfor swimming and adult eetles rawl lumsily over sustrate.Other families suh as Dytsidae are very good swmmerswith hind legs flat and hairy to at lie oars.

The majority of adult auatieetles need atmospheri

oxygen to survive. They arrya supply in air ules or inthe form of a thin film aroundthe ody This flm shows upas a silvery oating when theeetles are sumerged.

n ertan famlies the adult eetles

are ale to fly. This enaes themto move to different water odieswhih they usually do at night. Adu beete


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Beete lavae diffe consideabyfom the adults not only inappeaance but also in the wyhey move. Some swim veywell while othes get aoundwith a sluggish cawlSome lavae also come to hesuface fo fesh ai, while thosewith pope gills can emain

submeged fo a longe peiodof ime.

ete

57


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Faily nae : Dytiscidae - adultsCommon name : Predacious diving beetles

Sucture Oval shaped bodies

Rounded backs Elongated hind legs with last segment attened and fringed

Behaviour Fast swimming/diving using hind legs together like oars

Resting just below water surface, head down and tip of

abdomen pushing trough surface film

Habitat

Amongst plants on the edges of ponds/pools Backwater areas of streams

Colour Black or brown

Some species carry yellow markings

1 5

Sensitivity

58

ApproxmateSie

Frged hnd eg

Dytiscdae adults

10

AppoxmateSze

15


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60

Faily nante : Elidae - adulsCommon name : Rifle beetles

Structure Very small

Slender antennae, last segmen widened in some species Sharp claws on he feet

Behaviour

Very slow moving

Walkincrawling whilst clinging o substrate with long claws

Habitat

Stones or any solid substrate

Fast streamsColour

f Blackf Some species wih red toes

Sensitivity

ApproximateSize

1 5

Emidae adults

10

I

ApproximateSize

15


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Fy ne : Ede rveCommon name Rile eeles

Structure Dierent body shapes aording o speies

All body segmens hardened Three tufts of anal gills

Beaviour Moves as slow as the adults Tufs of anal gills visible at intervals

Habitat tones or any solid substrate ast streams

Colour Cream dark brown or reddish brown

Sensitivity

AoxmateSe

5

Gs AoximateSe

Emae aae

I 5

AoxmateSe

6


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Fiy ne Gyrinide - rveCommon name Whirligig eeles

Stuctue Long slender body

Featery glls on te sides For ooks on ast segment o abdomen Well deeloped motparts

Behaviou Crawng on sbmerged egetaton or sbstrate Actie swmmng in a way sinos manner

Habitat

Under stones or oter sold sbstrate On egetaton Sow to moderatey ast streams

Colou Pale brown

5

Sensitivity

Strong motparts

AppoxiateSize Gyrndae arva

Gs

5

63


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Fily ne : Hydenide - dultsCommon nme Minue moss eeles

Structure Minute in sze

Mouthpts onge thn ntenne Antenne club-shped

Behaviour Active swmmes

Habitat Stgnnt pools Wet ocs ound wtefls Amongst plnts on the edge of stems

Colour D bown shiny

Sensitivity

Muthpat

AroxiateSe

ydaendae adut


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66

Faily nae : Hydrophilidae - adultsCommon name Water scavenger beetles

Stuctue Oval body t rounded back

Sort clubbed antennae, mostly dden Moutparts muc longer tan antennae

Behaviou

Actve smmng, usng nd legs alternately

Tey come to te surface t ead frst to break surface

flm t tp of te antenna

Habitat

Amongst vegetaton In muddy patces along rverbanks

Quet sallo pools or slo edges of streams

Colou Brons or black

1 5 10

Sensitivity

Mouth part

15

Mouth part

Hydrophildae adult

ApproximatSi


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Faiy nae : Hydrophiidae - arvaeCommon nme Waer scaenger eeles

tructure Soft womlike Well-deveoed mouthts

Behaviour Slow movng Ceeing/cwing wth hed tited uwds

Habitat Pools

Quet show edges of stems

Coour Ple bown

ensitivity

Wdopd mouthpats

AppoxatS

Hydophda aa

67


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Fily ne : Psephenide lrveCommon name Waer penny eeles

Structure Broad disc-like body very fla

ead legs and gills no visible from aboveBehaviour

Move around in a slow gliding fasion Enire body acs as a sucker o cling o rocks

Habitatf On rocks or oer solid subsrae Sallow fas sreams

Coour Brown wi copper inge

5 5Sensitivit

68

eg

Pephende

AoxateSe


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,

Dytiscidae - the egs ae we adaptedfo swimming and diving

Sucke

Mae Dytiscidae. Suckes on the font egs are usedto hod the female duing matng

69


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0

ORDER:HEMI

True bugs

mptra coul b scrb as th orr wth th gratstvarty of boy shaps Boy sz can also rang from thvry small Pla to th vry larg Npa

Bugs can b stngush om othr nscts by thmouthparts that ar mof to prc an suck Somfams protct thmslvs by stngng vcously whnhan carssyYoung bugs ook an bhav k th auts thy ar just

'

smar an mmatur

From ths larg orr of nscts only a fw famls ar rayaapt to a quatc habtats Npa an Bostomatacan rman unr watr but n to b mor or ss ncontact wth th watr surfac fm Othr famls such asVa Grra an yromtra run or float on thsurfac Fams such as Notoncta an Corxa arth bst swmmrs wth lgs aapt spcfcally for thatpurpos

h typs that stay on top of th watr hav th rspratorycharactrstcs of trrstra nscts wh th ons vngbow th surfac n to com to th surfac at ntrvals tornw thr ar suppy


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Fa0ily na0e : Belosto0atidae

Common name : Giant water bugs

Sucture Large, robust nymphs

Prominent eyes

Forelegs adapted to seize and hod prey

Behaviour

Swim with foreegs s etched forward

Cling to submerged substrate with tip of abdomen in

contact wth the air

Habitat Bottom of shalow pools

Backwater areas or quet areas of streams

Colourt Brown or dull green

1 5 10

Sensitivity . -15,_ .-

Male Belostomatdaecarying eggs on the back

Prominent eye

Foreleg

Belostomatidae

72

ApproximateSize


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Fily ne : CorixideCommon name Water boatmen

Structur Small cga-shaed

Mdde legs ong endng wh wo claws o anchonguoses

Hnd legs ong fnged fo swmmng o exended beak mouhas fused wth he head

Bhavour Swm n a quck dang fashon owng wth the hnd legs

Habtat

Shallow ools Que muddy aeas of steams

Colour Dak gey motled yeow bown o black

Snstvty

Frged hnd eg

AoxateSe

Crxdae

15

AoxateSe

73


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Fily ne : Gerride

Common name Pond skate

Struture Bod form either stout or narrow Forelegs short adated for seizng re Midde and hind legs thin and ver long

Behavour

f Skating or leaing on the surface film of onds andstreams

Habtat

On surface of onds or streams Shaded areasCoour

Dark brown

Senstvty

74

AoxateSze

org

Forg

AroxiateSze

Difrnt typs of rra


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F0y n0e : Hydro0etrdeCommon name Marsh treaders

Structure Sener ck-ke boe

Leg an anennae very thn fral Beak fol away uner the hea

Beaviour Wak about on floatng vegetaton Float aroun on urface of pool

Habitat Floatng vegetaon Backwaer of ream

Coour Brown

Sensitivity

. Antenna

Aoxiate

Sie

Eyes

/

ydrometrdae

5


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Fa0ily na0e : NepidaeCommon name Wter scorpios

Suctue Body ape aried according to pecie

Foreleg modified for eizing prey Long repiratory tube on tip of abdomenBehaviou

wim lowy wit alternating troke of midde and indleg

it quiety amongt egetation wit foreleg in trikingpoition

Habitat Vegetation tra or mud allow pool or low tream

Colou Pale brown to dark brown or black

Sensitivity

6

ForeegEye

(

Respraoy be

AroxaS

Difere ypes of Nepdae

oeeg

AoxatSz


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!Respraory ube

Nepdae

ForeegsAea

Foreegs

/I

ydoerdae

Derece bewee Nepdae ad Hydoerdae

Nepdae easg o beuldae

77


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Faily natne : NaucoridaeCommon name : Creeping water bugs

Structure Oval, s light ly f lat bodies

Heads exceptiona lly broad Fore legs adapted for ho lding prey

Apiercing beak situated under the head

Behaviour

Move around in a fast ha lf creeping swimming fashion

Stings vicious ly when hand led care less ly

Habitat

Dense vegetation Edges of streams

Colour Brown or green

5

Sensitivity L_ 1

\

ApproxmateSze

Broad head

0

Diferent types o Naucoridae

78

15

Foreleg

ApproximateSie


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Fmy nme : NotonectdeCommon nam Back swimmers

Strutre Unusuay arg ys

Long hnd gsBehaviour

Swm on thr backs usng only th hnd gs Rsts wth body at an angl wth tp of abdomn n

contact wth th ar roduc a burnng stng whn handld carlssly

Habitat

oos Backwatrs of strams

Coour attrns of wht, parl, yllow, brown and black

Sensitivity

Hd eg

AroxiateSze Notoectdae

arge eyes

"

79


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Family name : PleidaeCommon name : Pigmy backswimmers

Structure Very small bodes

Strongly arched backsBehaviour

Clng to submerged vegetation

Swims witheasy, fast motion

Entire body covered wth air bubbe which shows as a

slvery shine

Habitat Dense vegetation

Shallow, clear water

Colour Yellow, grey or brown

1 5 0

Sensitivity

Arched back

Side view

15

PleidaeApproximate

Size

80


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Fmiy n0e : VeiideCmmn name Brad-huldered water trider

Structure Small pump dies

Legs adapted fr runningr Middle and hind legs attaches t dy at its widest partBehaviour

Running n surface f water Scatters in a directins when distured

Habitat Pls

Sme species prefer riffles in sma streamsColour

Brwn r lac

Sensitivity

AppomaS

5

Drnt typs of Vlda

rAppomat

Si

5

8


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82

ORDER ODONATA

Dragonflies I Damselflies

Odonata is divided into two suborders namely :nsoptra, (true dragonflies andZgoptra (damselflies.It is easy to distinguis between te two wen in te adultstages as true dragonfies are large insects olding te wingsorizontal wen at rest. Damselflies are small slender insectsfolding te wings parallel wit te abdomen wen at rest.

e nympal stages of Odonata are probably te best- knownas tey are large and easy to spot.Dragonfy nymps are robust creatures mostly

Dragonfy nymph

brown or speckled living understones or in te sand. esenymps move in a fascinatingway. Water is taken into tebody for respiration purposesand ten s quirted out trougte anus wic means tattey actually propeltemselves wit a stream ofwater.

Dragonfy adut


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The damelfly nymh on theothe hand ae moe daintywith long odie and uuallythee gill at the ti of theadomen. The hae and e

of the gill diffe geatly and cane ued fo identificationuoe. Thee nymh imlywalk aound amongtvegetation o wim in anawkwad way moving theadomen fom ide to ide.

Both dagonfly nymh and Dasefy yphdamelfly nymh have a modifiedlowe li the mak which lie folded ack unde the head.Thi mak can fold oen to catch ey. The end of the mak

widen with diffeent teeth aangement and inciion alo

ued fo identification uoe. See age 95 )

ut foe tanfomation the nymh would cawl out ofthe wate uually onto vegetation o othe uitale oject.The oute kin lit oen on the ack an when thi oeningi lage enough the new adult emege. It it on the oldkeleton fo an hou o moe until the wing ae dy and

had.

Dasefy adut

83


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84

Faily na0e : AeshnidaeCommon name : Dragonflies

Structure Long, tapering bodies

Large eyes Thin an tennae

Behaviour Walking

Swims in shor t burs ts as wa ter is propelled ou t of the body

Habitat

Under s tones

Slow or fas t s treams

Colour Green, brown or black

1 5

Sensitivty .

ApproximateSize Long tapering body

10

Dferent types of Aeshnidae

15

Large eye

ApproximaeSie


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Fily ne : GophieCommon name Dragonflies

Sucture Body hape differ dependng on pece Large dark eye Shor ubby anennae Leg adaped for dgging n and

Behaviour Crawl abou under and, leavng rack or ndenaion in

he and

Swm n hor bur uing e propu on

Habitat Sand bank muddy pache Edge of ream

Colour Pale medium brown

Sensitivity L_

'

Stubby antenna

oateSie Dferent types of Gomphdae

oateSe

85


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86

Faily name : CorduliidaeCmmn name : Dagonflies

Structuref Oval bdes

Runded heads Very lng legs

Behaviour

Waking

Swims with legs stretched ut backwards

Habitat

Stnes

Swer areas f the streamCoour

Pale brwn seckled

Sensitivity

Runded head

.

Very lng legs

Crdulidae nymph

0

j /

. --

AppoxmateSze


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Faniy nae : Libelulidaeommon name Dragonflies

Structure Oval bodie

Trianglar ead Blging eye eg not a ong a wit ordiidae

Behavour Walking Swim in ort brt eg are eld in one oition

Habtat

Stone mddy atce Backwater area very low tream

Colour Pale eckled or dark brown

Senstvty

AoxiaSi

ranguar head

Bugng eyes

Derent types o beludae

8


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Fy ne : Copteryge

Common name Damslflis

Stuctue Long, cylindrical body

Long antennae with base wider than tip hree large gil s, swollen hollow on insideBehaviou

Slow moing amongst egetationHabitat

Vegetation Edges of streams

Coou Pale brown

Sesitivity

88

Iong antennae

Caopterygdae nymph

,

AppoxiatSi


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F0iy n0e : ChorocyphideCommon nam Damselflies

Structure Short cylindrical bodis Two stiff gills Gills srratd

Beaviour Walks slowly with abdomn and gills tiltd upwards

Habitat Undr stons

Backwar aras or slow strams

Coour Brown or dark brown

5Sensitivity

Long antennae

I

I 5

AoxateSize Gs st seated

Choocyphdae nymph

8


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Family name : Chlorolestidae (Synlestidae)Common name : Damsel/ies

Structure Long slim bodies

Long antennae( Three gills with rounded tips, single dark band a cross ea ch

gill

Behaviour

Slow movng amongst vegetation

Habitat

Vegetaton

Edges of slow streamsColour

Pale brown

1 5 10 15

Sensitivity

90

Gils

Dark band

Long antennae

ApproximateSze

Chlorolestidae nymph


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Faily nae : LestiaeCommon name Damselfles

Structure Very long very slim bodies

.

Large wide eads Long very in legs

f Tree long gills rounded ips curved

Behavour

Slow moving amongst vegetation

Habtatf Vegetation

Backwater areas poolsColour

Brown

l

Senstvty

Gills

Lng in egs

Lesidae ymp

92

10

Large ead

AppoxateSie

1


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Faily nae : PlatycneidaeCmmn name Damselflies

tructure Shrt, stut bdies

Srng legs

Three shrt gils with dark ba d arss Glls swllen, hlw n the inside

Behaour Cimbers n rks r egetatin

Habtat Under stnes, n egetatn Headwaters f streams

Colour Brwn

enstty-_

\\

Strong egs

Short body

Gs wth dark band

AoxiatS

Patycnemdae nymph

3


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Fmiy n0e : ProtoneurideCommon name Damselflies

Structure Shor apering bodies

Long legs, hind legs reaching ips of gillsf Pedicels presen a base of gills

Behaviour

Slow moving amongs vegeaion

Habitat Vegeaion

Headwaers of sreams

Colour Brown

1 5 10

Sensitivity

Sort body

Gis

rotoneurdae nym

94

15

AoxateSze


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he mask Aesdae

Gompdae

Caopeygdae

Coenagodae

beudae

Deen mask shapes95


100/156

96

ORDER DIPTERA

Flies, mosquitoes, midges

Diptera is one of the largest orders of insects with on y a fewfamilies having a quatic arval or pupa stagesMan likes to think of Diptera in a negative way, mainly becausethe common ypes such as housefles and mos quitoes can besuch a nuisance, and also carry disease such as Malaria that isspread by the female Anopheles mos quio

Dpteran larvae occur in a most every concevable a quatchabitat from tree holes (e g. Chironomidae and Culcidae) tostreams, ponds stagnant pools and even rushng rivers(eg B epharoceridae)

The a quatic Dipteralarvae show greatvariabilty in

sructureand habtat Themajority howeverwould havee ongated, wormlike

!pera arva bodies, with eyes andlegs absen.

The bodies are sof naked, or covered with brist es or sca es

Some larvae are able to swim th rapid wrgg ng motion,others would smply craw around usng suckers spines orprolegs to drag themselves forwardCertain families, such as Culicidae and Syrphidae are note qupped to obtain oxygen from the water They use siphons

that are pushed through the surface flm


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At te end of te laval stagete skn adens to fom a

pupal case. Most Dipteapupa ae inactive floatingaound tigtly astened toocks o ote sold substate.Mosquito and midge pupaeae te only ones able tomove aound by twitcing Dptea pupa

te bodyupal stages geneally lastless tan two weeksafte wic te case splits open and te young adu temeges.

9


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F0y n0e : Ahercdeommo me Snipe fies

Structure Eloged, ylidil

Hed eble Ed of bdome foks io wo figed ppedges ed polegs o bdome

Beavour Exessive wihig of he body whe disubed

Habtat Lef pokes Moui sems

Colour Bow

Senstvty

5

oked abdome

eatabe head

5

Atedae ava

AoxmateSe

98


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Fiy ne : BephrocerideCommon name Net-winged midges

Stuctue Bodies attened

Sements deeply incised irst six sements with suckers underneath Proles and tuts o ills on the sides

Beaiou Closely attached to substrate Slow moveent usin suckers and proles

Habitat

Stones Mountain streams

Colou Liht brown to dark brown

5Sensitiity

Proeg

Bepharocerd Pupa

Deep cso

Sucker

AoxateSeAoxate

SeBepharocerdae arva ad pupa

5

99


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Fa0ily na0e : CeratopogonidaeComon name Biting miges

Structure Very thin, hair-like

l boy seents e qua in iameter No pro es

No respiratory ube on abomen

Behaviour Swim with curve boy like a snake

Habitat San mu

Ees of streasColour

Pale or brown

1 5

Sensitivit - Hed

Thin hirlke body

Cetopogonde rv

10

15 .

ApproimateSize


105/156

Fatily nate : ChironotidaeCommon name : Midges

Structure Slender, elongated, cylindrical

Small heads Prolegs and gill appendageson tip of abdomen

Behaviour

Back and forth flickng of enire body

Habitat

Silk tubes on any type of substrate

Pools streams

Any container filled with water

Colour Yellow, brown green, red

1 5 10

Sensitivity15

.

Small head

,

AppoximateSie

Pro eg

ApproximateSize

.

Cironomidae larva

Po eg

Gl appendages

AppoximateSize

101


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Faily nae : Culicidae - larvaeCommon name : Mosquitoes

Structure Elongaed, covered wih uf s of hair

Large heads Segmen behind head noiceaby enarged

Respraory tube on tip of abdomen

Behaviour

Floats under surface, saned, wih respiratory ub e in

conact with air

Wriggles away when disturbed

Habitat Pools

Any emporary puddle

Colour Yellow brownish

Sensitivity

5

Enlarged segment .

10

Head

15

ApproximateSize

102

Respiratory tube

Antenna

Cuicidae larvaApproximate

Size


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Faily nae : DixiaeCommo ame : Menscus mdges

Srucure Log, sleder bodies

Cleary defied heads Prolegs o o y two segmets

A b dle of hars ad lobes o ip of abdome

Beaviur

Floats o, or j s der the s rface

Bodybet a U shape

Swims a zig-zag fashio

Habia Slow streams Bacwaer areas of fast sreams

Clur

f Brow or blac

5

Sensiiviy

Fringed lobes

Dixidae larva

104

0

I

ead

5

AppoximateSize


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iy ne : EphyrieCommon name Sore fles

Stuctue Soft, ylindrial bodies Mouh hooks Prolegs present Forked respiraory tube on tip of abdomen

Behaviu Slow rawling motion natve with respiratory tube in ontat with air

Habitat Shalow poos, puddles, stagnant saline water

Clu Pale yellowish brown

Sensitivit

uh hk

Appoxmae

Se

5

rke esprary be

Epyrae arva

5

105


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Faily name : MuscidaeCommon name : House flies

Structure Soft, smooth tapered

Retractabe heads Back mouth hooks

Pupae housed in cosed capsues

Behaviour Creeping whist probing with head

t Pupae float on surface

Habitat Moss ormasses of algae Shallow, still water

Colour White Pupae brown

1 5.

Sensitivity .10Closed apsue

106

I

AppoxmaeSze

Mouth hook

Lara Pupa

Muscidae ara and pupa

15

ApproximateSize


111/156


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113/156

F0y ne : SyrpheCommo ame Rattaile maggots

Structure Soft wrikle appearace

Seve pairs of prolegs Small retracte hea Telescopic respiratory tube

Behaviour

active merely stayig i a positio close to surface to userespiratory tube

Habitat

Water-fille hoes pollute streams ecayig vegetatioo the eges of pos

ColourCreamy brow

5 5Sensitivity

epratory tube Proeg

Aoxmate Sie

Syrphdae ara09


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Fa0ily na0e : TabanidaeCommon name : Horseflies

Structure

f Large, cylinrica, poine a oh ens

f Very small reracale heaf Creeping riges encircling all aominal segmens

f Shor siphon a ip of aomen

Behaviour

f Boy conracing an expaning lenghwise

f During his moion he inesines also seem o move ack

an forh

Habitatf Muy areas of pools an sreams

Colour

f Whie, off-whie

5

Sensitivity 1-

Sphon

Ceeping rdges

Head

Tabandae lava1 10

10 15

ApproximateSize


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F0y n0e TudeCommon name Crane flies

Structure Large, sof , cylinrical Very small retractable hea Respiratory isc at en of abomen consists of

arrangement of hairs an lobes

ne species without isc, with only two appenagesBehaviour

Active twitching of boy , foling hea across abomen

ne type inflates one segment of the abomen to looklike a bubble

Habitat Species are habitat specific Bottoms of streams, muy e ges of streams, uner algal

scum or in auatic mossesColour

ff-white to brown 5 5

Sensiivity Respatory dsc

Retractabe head

ApprateSe

AppraeSe

Ifated seget

Tpdae dfeet speces

1 1 1


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1 1 2

ORDER : PLECOPTERA

Stonefies

Stneflies re cn sight rund unplluted riverswhere dults cn be sptted s they clber but n thercks.

Plecopera p

The nyphs

re strictly utic ndcc r under stnes in

every kind f unplluted

stre with n bundncef xygen. They cn lsbe seen in debris, lger sses f leves

Se species f Perlidere brightly clured with

yellw nd blck n thebcks while the sllerNtneuride re dull

nd incnspicuus.

A very chrcteristic feture f Perlide nyphs re the tuftsf gills n the side f the bdy s well s gillsbetween the

tw tils These gills cn be seen with the nked eye whenwrking with lrge speciens.

After vrius iture stges the nyphs wuld crwl utf the wter nt stnes r debris The skin n the bck sp itspen t llw the dult t eerge


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Fy me : Notoe0oureCommo ame Stonflis

Srucure Smallslede

Two tails ils abset

Behaviour

Slowly uig o swimmig

Habia

Ude stoes amogst dead leaves ast flowig steams

Moutai steams ad oastal steamsColour

ey o bow

5

Sesiivi

Tw s

Nteuide yp

1 1 4

10 15

ApproximaeSie


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Fy ne : ereCommon name Stonefes

Struture Large, robus Two tails Clearly segmened upper bodyf Gills present

Behaviour f Slowly running or swimming Moves body rhythmially up and down when a rest

Habitat Under stones, amongst dead leavesf as flowing sreamsf orthern and Eastern half of he ountry

Colourf Brown or blak with yellow

Sensitivity

Hay egs

Gls Apprmat

S

T as

5

edae ymp

Gs

5

1 1 5

( 1


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1 16

ORDER:LEPIDOPTERA

Aquatic caterpillars

Lepdoptera arecharacteristically terrestrial but one family

includes a couple of speces with truy a quatic larvae. Thesearvae have the characteristic caterpiar body shape as wel

as the legs and prolegs as in the terrestrial species.

The arvae either live in cases attached to floating vegetation,

or in silken nets on rocks in rapid streams.

Mouthparts are adapted for scraping algaeoff the rocks The

bodies are covered with gill fiaments for respiration purposes

Pyralidae nse a stoe shelte


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Fiy ne : PyrieCoon nae Aquati atepilla

Structure Soft wo-like bodies Six legs ive pais of polegs on abdoenf Body oveed wih gll filaents

Behaiour Hiding inside silk o stone sheles

Habitat

Exposed ok sufaesf On subeged plans o algae Rapid steas

Colour Ceay bown tobown

5 Sensitiity ------

oxmateSze

G mets

egs

Wkg egs

yrde ymp

5

1 1 7


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1 1 8

ORDER:MEGALOPTERA

Dobsonies

The order Megaloptera is a small order of insects with onlytwo families. Larvae of al speces of Megaloptera are a quaticand are also the largest of all a quatc insects. These arvaeare among the most striing of a quatic insects They caneasiy be identifiedby the long cylindrical body shape resembling that ofcentipedes

The family Corydalidae have 8 pairs of unsegmentedappendages on the abdomen with a tuft of hairlie gills atthe base of each appendage The respiratory system ofMegaloptera are efficient n such a way that they can surviveout of the water for long peiods of time provided the bodystays damp. The abdomen ends in two hooed claws.

The well developed mouthparts indicate that they are activepredators, feeding on other a quatic insects.

Just before pupation thelarvae crawl out of thewater to pupate understones or in the soil

Gs

Cose-up vew of Megaopera showng he gs


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120

TAXON : HYDRACARINA

Water mites

Hydraarina appear to be nute pider but differ frotrue pider in the way that the head and body egentaton

diappeared All body egent are fued together into one

ingle truture.

Generaly the bodie are oft, ooth and round with four

pair of long hairy eg Another pair of hort appendage

are ituated loe to the outh, thee are withdrawn into thehead ot of the tie Two inute eye are ituated toward

the front of the body

Although very all Hydraarina are eaiy potted due to

ther bright ooration whh an vary fro yellow to green

or red. Dark arking are due to the digetive trat being

vible through the kin

Hydraarina are ot abundant in all frehwater habitat

where they an ing to uberged vegetation or hang

around in quet pool


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Taxo : Hyracara ( Hyrachellae )Common name : Wter mite

Stuctue

t Minute round shape

t Soft body with translu ent skin Eight legs

t Body not dded ino separate segments

Behaviou

f Swimming using all eght legs

abitat

t Submerged egetation or bottom debris

t Slow streams or quet pools

Colou Brown green or red

Sensitivit

ppoxmateSie

1

,

5 1

Hydacara

15

2


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122

CLASS :TURBELLARIA

Flatworms

Freshwater urbellaria are more or less elongated, ylindrial

or spindle-shaped worms worms. he general harateristis

are the very flat bodies with one end widened to form an

arrowshaped head

wo dark eyespots are situated on the head, the rest of the

body is without legs or appendages

Flatworms annot swim but move over any solid substrate ina gliding fashion. his movement is done smoothly and

effortlessly due to musle ontrations down the length of the

body.

All urbellaria are sensitive to strong light, for this reason they

are more abundant in shaded areas or areas where they an

hide and where there is a good supply of food.


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Clss TurbellriCommon name F/atworms

Structure Elongated worms

Very flat Arrow-shaped head wih two eyespots

Behviour

Glide over any solid object

Curled up when at rest

Hbitt

Under stones or any other solidsubstrate

Colour

Dark on top white underneath

1

Sensitivit

Arrow-shaped head

AoxmateSie

Eyespo

5

Plaara

10

Whe bely

15

123


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1 24

ORDER : AMPHIPODA

Scuds

FreshwaterAmphipoda are a varied group occurring in

unpouted rivers caves or even in borehoes In genera the bodies are slightly curved, flattened lateraly

with two pairs of antennae andfive pairs of walking legs

Scuds are higher than they are wide and swim rapidly on

their sides.

Eyes are well developed except in the cave dwelling species

where the eyes can be absent The cavedwelling types are

also pale or white-cooured opposed to the brightly colouredspecies in surface waters

Amphipoda re more active in the dark and stay hidden

during the day-time, either under stones, amongst vegetation

or buried beneath the top layers of soft bottom substrate

Cave-dwellng Amphpoda are normaly white,wth eyes absent


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F0y n0e : A0hoCommon name Scus, sieswimmes

Structure Curved body shape

latened side ways our antennae wo long two short ive pairs walking egs

Beaviur Swim on the side or back Bury themselves under top layers of soft substrate

Habitat

Under stones amongst vegetation or on bottom debris Unpolluted rivers

Clur Cream grey brown or orange

Sensitivity

,

Antennae

pproiatSz

5

Wakng egs

Amphpda

Ced bdy

5

15


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126

ORDER :DECAPODA

Crabs, shrimps

Deapoda represens all animals with bodies and legshardened to form a ough shell The head and upper body

are fused ogeher, bu the abdomen has lear segmenation.

Crabs differ slightly in that he abdomen is redued and

tuked away under he body.

In general, Deapoda would have four or five pairs of

walking legs, of whih the first pair is greatly modified withthe ips enlarged to form laws with whih to defend iself or

to ah food.

Eyes are arried on salks and are movable.


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Family nare : PotaonautidaeCommon name : Crabs

Structure

Bodies broad no abdomen visible

Four pairs jointed legs One pair appen ages modified into pinchers

Eyes on mov blestalks

Abdomen tucked away under body

Behaviour

Running side-ways

Habitat

Under or amongst rocks

Colour

Brown

Sensitivity

,

ApproxmateSize

1 5

Pinch er

Walking leg

10

Eye

Potamonautdae

15

127


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F0iy n0e : AtyieCommon name rshwatr shrimps

Structure Bodies longer an broad

Fan ail a end of abdomen Five pairs of legs Small pincers on firs wo pairs of legs wi ufs of long

air Eyes on movable salks

Beavour Moves very fas

umps wen disurbed or surprisedHabtat

Among vegeaion Edges of pools or sreams

Colour Translucen grey pink

5Senstvty L_ -1

Fa ta ye o movabe sta

Wag egs

28

Atydae

AoxatS

5


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30

PHYLUM:ANNELIDA

CLASS:OLIGOCHAETA

Aquatic earthworms

Annelida or segmented worms as they are ommonlyknown, are worm-like animas with soft musuar bodies

A quati Oligohaeta have the same struture as the ommongarden earthworms. The body is in the form of a tube, wthno

definite head, no tentaes or legs. The body wall s thinand transluent and the nternal organs an easily be seen.Bundles o hair that help with movement are present loseto surfae o the body. These, however are not visible to thenaked eye.

Oligohaeta are ommon in the mud and bottom substrate of

stagnant pools where they lie oiled up or probe around,digestng the substrate They an survive very low levels ofo ygen


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Css : OgocheCommon nam Aquatic earthworms

Structure

Long, thin, oft and muular

Thin, tranlunt body wall o lg or tntal Bund of hair lo to urfa of th body

Behaviour Crawling about in th muddy ubtrat Inativ in a oild up poition

Habitat Mud or bottom ubtratf Pool or quit ara of a tram

olour Pnk

5Sensitivity 1--

Trase bdy a

AppoxmaeSie Ogchaea

5

1 3 1


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PHYLUM ANNELIDA

CLASS HIRUDINAE

Leeches

Hirudinae i oonly reerred to a "blooduker butonly a ew rewater pee wll take blood ro war blooded analHirudnae di er in ze ro inute to te giant peie tatan rea up to 45 wen extended

Te egented body i not a ot a wit Oligoaeta, butalo in te ape o a tube, lattened and very uularTey ave uker on bot end ote body, te ront ukerbeing te aller one and ore or le ued wit te bodyBot uker are ued or attaent, eeding andloootion wi i in a oopng aon Te rear ukero d on to ubtrate wile te body trete out ar

orward, grab onto oeting wit te ront uker, and letgo at te rear to bring tat end o te body orward.

Leee avoid ligt and generally ide under tone oraong plant or in detritu

ertain peie o leee are o ten paraiti and an be een

on i and rutaean were tey eed on bood and tiueluid


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Clss HirudineCommon name : Leeches

Structure Flattene wit rear sligtly wier t n fron No legs or tentacles Suckers at bo ens o boy

Behaviour Move in a creeping looping fasion

Swim wit sieo-sie motion wit boy stretce out

Habitat

Uner stones vegetation or ebris Sallow pools or quiet areas of river

Colour ale wit brigt spots or stripes brown or black

Sensitivity1 5

Scke Head

Sof mscla ody

Scke

Apprat Siz

Hdinae

10

. AppriatSi

Head

15

133


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Phu0 PoriferCommo ame : Feshwate sponges

Structure Thi mat-like cust Feels slightly ough to he touch

Beaviourf Sessi e Gowig i patches o coveig age aeas of substate

Habitat O o ude ocks pebbles ay solid submeged substae . Upolluted slow steams

Colour gey gee o black

5 5Sensitivity

Acta sizeoifea

13


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136

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

CLASS GASTROPODA

Snails, limpets

Sails are soft-bodied usegeted aials that live isidea shell. The ajority of freshwater Gastropoda have spiralshes oly a few lipet geera have flatter ore coicashells.

A Gastropoda are characterized by the arge uscular footthat exteds fro uder the shell. To the frot of the footlies a well deveoped head bearig tetaces eyes ad aouth. The exposed foot is achored to the shell by easof a uscle which whe cotraced withdraws the footfro sigh

The shells ay appear sooth but growth lies

are preset whe exaied closely. The shel is coveredwith a thi protective ayer which aso cotais the colourpigets.

Sails ove about slowly glidig o the foot while leavigbehid the faiiar slie track.


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Fy ne AncyeCoon nae Lmpe

Structuref Shel s flatened lipelikef Base of shell wide round or ovalf Reseles a sand dune when viewed fro the side

Behaviourf Slow gliding oveent

Habitat On rocks or any solid suerged sustrate

All streas country-wide

Colour Brown or lack

Sensitivit

AoxmateSe

Eye

Tenace

oot

Ancydae

3

-


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Family name : PhysidaeCommon name : Pouch snails

Structure

Shel opening to the left

Shell smooth glossy

f Slender tentacles

Behaviour

f Slow gliding movement

Habitat

Gravel beds, or on a quatic vegetation

Colour Brown

1 5

Sensitivity -

Tac

ApproximateSize

Ey

Opig l

Pysida

10 15

Foo

139


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Fmiy nme : PnorbideCommo ame Orb snais

Structuref Flat sell, tigy coiledt Host for te bilarzia parasite

Beaviourf Slow movig o e footf Sell vertical positio we amal moves aroud

Habitatf Gravel beds or auatic vegetatiof Flowig sreams

Coour Brow

Sensitivity

gt cos

etce

ed

PnorbdeApproximate

Sz

0


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F0iy n0e : ThirieCommon name nails

Structure Stong tck sell Well developed spial ubecles moe ponounced in some individuals

Behaviour Slow moving on te foot

Habitat Gavel beds in flowing steams

Silty substate in pools

Colour Ceam wit bown makings bown

5Sensitivity -

We deveped spra

15

Tuberces

' ''Aoxma

Si

etace

Thardae


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142

PHYLUM : MOLLUSCA

CLASS : BIVALVIA (PELECYPODA)

Clams, mussels

Clams and musses are varied in shape elongated, oval or

anything in between. The she conssts of two halves joined

together wth an elastic igament that forms a hnge.

The shells are often heavily marked with growth lines and

imperfections due to periods of lack of food or low oxygen

evels

Clams and mussels also have a smal muscular foot which

extends from between the two shes. Ths is used mainly forlocomotion as it does not have a proper head, eyes or

tentacles

Mussels and clams can bury themselves deep into the sand

or substrate


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Fa0ily nae : CorbiculidaeCommon name : Clams

Structure( Strong hard shell

( Prominen growth lines

( Strong hinge

Behaviour

Appears to be inactive

Habitat

( Sand or gra el beds

(

Flowing streamsColour Pa e ye low, green or brown

1 5

Sensitivity

Growth rings

,

.

Two halves .

10

Stron hine

ApproximateSize CobcuI idae

15

143


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'

[]c

Fy ne UnoneCommon name : Pealy mussels

Structure

Large elongae shells Prominen growh rings Erosion of he ouer layer visible

Beaviour Inacivef Two halves open slighly when filering waer

Habitat

Deep muddy subsraeolour Dark brown wih pearly eroded paches

5 Sensitivity

Gwth gE

Actual S

Uda

5

5


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References

Dallas, H an JA Day, 1 993 The eect of water qualityvariables on riverine ecosystems : A review Waer ResearcCoission Repor o T T 61/ 93 20pp

Dallas, H 1999 Ecological reference condition project draftfield manual 26pp ( unpublise )

Davies, BR an JA Day 1 998 Vanishing waters. Universiy ofCape own Press Cape own Sou Africa.

Dickens,C an M Graa,2001 South African Scoring System(SASS) version 5. Rapid Bioassessment Method for Rivers.Ugeni Waer, Pieerarizburgunpubise)

Freswaer Researc Uni, 1 992 Fiel guie o subsrae pariclesize Universiy of Cape Town ( unpublise )

Mackay, an D Easburn, ( es ) 1 990 The Murray nprin

Liie, Brisbane, Ausralia 363pp

Rownree, KM An RA Waeson, 1 999 A hierarchicalgeomorphological model for the classification of selected South

African rivers Waer Researc Coission Repor 97/1/ 99,

Preoria. 33pp

Vannoe, R.L , GW. Minsall, KW. Cuins, JR See anCE Cusing, 1 980 Te River Coninuu Concep anadianJournal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 37: 130-137

Waeson, R.A 1 99 A geoorpologica approac o e

ienificaion an classificaion of insrea flow reuireens.Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences20 (1/2 ) 38- 61

Wezel,RG 1 983 Limnology2n e Sauners ColegePublising, Pilaelpia, USA

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Bbogrphy

Appleon, C. C 1 99 Frshwatr Molluscs of Southrn AfricaUniversiy of aal Press, Pieermarizburb, ouh Afria.

Barralo h, DA. & Lond, .G.H. 198. Order Dipera pp283321 in holz & Holm ed ) Inscts of Southrn AfricaBuerworhs, Durban, ouh Afria.

Colless, D.H & MAlpine, D.K 1 991 Dipera Flies ) pp 71 778 in C IR O ed ) Inscts of Australia A txtbook for studnts

and rsarch workrs2nd ed. Vol2. Melbourne, Ausralia.

Davies, B & Day, . 1 998. Vanishing Watrs UCT Press. CapeTown, ouh Afria.

Delve, . Dryopida and Elminth ida of Southrn Africa ( Adultstags ) 827. nsiu Royal des ienes aurelles, Bruxelles

Endr dyYounga, . 1 98. Order Coleopera pp 1 88280 in

olz & Holm ed ) Inscts of Southrn Africa Buerworhs,Durban, ouh Afria

Evans, H.E. 1 984. Insct Biology A txtbook of EntomologyAddison Wesey, U A.

aobs, DH. 1 98 Order hemipera pp 112-1 75 in holz &Holm ed ) Inscts of Southrn Africa Buerworhs, Durban,ouh Afria.

Lawene, . & Brion, E.B. 1991 Coleopera Beeles ) pp543 83 in C R O ed ) Inscts of Australia A txtbook forstudnts and rsarch workrs 2nd ed Vol2 Melbourne,Ausralia


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Bibliography

eboiss, A. 1991 Trichopte ra ( Caddis flies, Caddises ) pp 787-

816in CS IR O ( ed ) Insects of Australia. A textbook for studentsand research workers.2nd ed Vol2. Melbou rne, Aust rala.

Pennak, R W. 1 953 Fresh water Invertebrates of The UnitedStates (2nd Edition ) he Ronald P ress Co, New Yo rk. USA.

Pcke r, M.D. 1 986 O rde r Plecopte ra pp 74- 77 in Scholtz & Holm

( ed ) Insects of Southern Africa. Butte rwo rths, Du rban, SouthAf rica.

inhey, E.C.G. 1 986 O rde r Odonata pp 41-52 in Scholtz & Holm( ed ) Insects of Southern Africa Butte rwo rths, Du rban, So thAf rica.

Quigley, M. 1 977 Invertebrates of Streams and Rivers. A key toidentification. Edwa rd A rnold, London, G reat B ritain.

Scott, KM.F 1986 O rde r richopte ra pp 327- 340 in Scholtz &

Holm ( ed ) Insec of Southern Africa. But e rwo rths, Du rban,South Af rica.

Thi rion, C. & Mocke, A. & Woest, R. 1 995 Biological Monitoring

Of Streams and Rivers using SASS4 A user manual. IW QS,D WA P reto ria, South Af rica.

Van Eeden J.A. 1 960 Key to the genera of South AfricanFreshwater and Estuarine Gastropods ( Mollusca ) Annals of the

Transvaal Museum. 241 ) : 1-1 7 Great B ritain.

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Ine

Aeshnidae 84Aethaloptera maxima 44AMPHIPODA 124,125Amphisyche scottae 45

Ancylidae 1 37ANNELIDA 130132aquatc catrpars 1 1 6 , 1 1 7aquatc arthworms 1 3 0 , 1 3 1Athericidae 98Atyidae 128ac swmms 79Baetidae 27Barbarochthonidae 48

ts 56Belostomatidae 72tng mgs 100BIVALVIA 142ac fs 108Bepharoceridae 99roa-shour watr strrs 8 1rushgg mayfy 33ugs 70

casfs 38Caenidae 30canfs 30Calpterygidae 88Ceratopogonid ae 1 00Cheumatopsyche afra 44Cheumatopsyche thomasetti 44Chironomidae 1 0 1Cho rosyphidae 89

Chorolestidae 90cams 142Coenagrionidae 91COLEOPTERA 56Corbiculidae 143Cordul iidae 86Corixidae 73Corydalidae 119cras 127

cran fs 1 1 1crpng watr ugs 78Culicidae 102,103amsfs 82DECAPODA 126DIPTERA 96Dixidae 1 04

ragonfs 82Dytiscidae 58, 59Ecnomidae 40Elmidae 6061

EPHEMEROPTERA 25Ephydridae 1 05fatha mayfs 3 1fatworms 1 2 2 , 1 2 3fs 96frshwatr prawns 129frshwatr shmps 128frshwat spongs 135GASTROPODA 136

Gerridae 74gant watr ugs 72G ossosomatidae 49Gomphidae 85Gyrinidae 62,63Heodidae 64HEM IPTERA 70Heptageniidae 31Hirudinae 132133

horsfs 1 1 0housfs 1 06HYDRACARINA 120,121Hydrachnellae 121Hydraenidae 65Hydrometridae 75Hydrophilidae 66,67Hydropsychidae 43,4445Hydroptilidae 50

chs 1 3 2 1 3 3LEPDOPTERA 116Leptoceridae 52Leptophlebiidae 32Lestidae 92Libelu idae 87mpts 137Lymnaeidae 1 38Macrostemum capense 45

marsh ts 64marsh trars 75mayfs 25MEGALOPTERA 1 1 8mnscus mgs 104mgs 101mnut moss ts 65

149

I

. I


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MOLLUSCA 36 142mosqutoes 1 0 2 1 0 3mot fles 1 07

1 Muscidae 06. musses 142' Nau coridae 781 Nepidae 76

netwnged midges 99Notonectdae 79Notonemouridae 14ODONATA 82Oligochaeta 130131Ogoneurdae 33orb snals 140Paaemonidae 1 29pale burrowers 34Parecnomina 4 1pearly musses 45PELECYPODA 142Peridae 1 1 5Petrothrncdae 54Phiopotamidae 46Physdae 139pgmy backswmmers 80

pll clams 144Pisuiidae 5 1Panaria 122Planorbidae 40Patycnemidae 93PLECOPTERA 112Pedae 80Poycentropoddae 42Poymitarcydae 42

Polymorphansus bipunctatus 45pond sater 74pond snals 138PORIFERA 1 34135Potamonautidae 127Pouch snails 39predacous dvng beetles 5859prongls 32Prosopistomatdae 35

Protoneurdae 94Psephenidae 68

Psychoddae 107Psychomyidae 47Pyradae 1 1 7rat-taled maggots 109rle beetles 6061

Sericostomatdae 55sore les 1 05shrmps 126sdeswmmers 125Simuidae 108smal mnnow fles 27snals 136snpe les 98Sphaeridae 144spny crawlers 36sponges 1 34stoneles 2Stout crawlers 37Synestidae 90Syrphdae 1 09Tabandae 110Teoganodidae 36Th iari dae 4 1Tipudae 1 1 1TRICOPTERA 38Tricorythidae 37TURBELLARIA 1 22 1 23Unionidae 145Veiidae 8

water boatmen 73water mtes 1 20 21water penny beetles 68water scavenger beetles 66,67water scorpons 76water specs 35Whrlgg beetles 6263

1 50


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aquatic invertebrates of south african rivers field guide english

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