aquatic sediments

8/14/2019 Aquatic Sediments

1/8

Aquatic SedimentsAuthor(s): C. F. Powers, W. D. Sanville and F. S. StaySource: Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation), Vol. 48, No. 6, 1976: Literature Review(Jun., 1976), pp. 1433-1439Published by: Water Environment FederationStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25039038 .Accessed: 03/11/2013 16:59

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2/8

Literature Review

Sewage, Bay Park, N. Y. Jour. Research,U. S. Geol Surv., 3, 93 (1975).

116. Ragone, S. E, and Vecchioli, J, Chemical

Interaction during Deep Well Recharge,

Bay Park, New York. Groundwater, 13,17

(1975).117. Wellings, F. M, et al, Pathogenic VirusesMay Thwart Land Disposal. Water ir

Wastes Eng., 12, 3, 70 ( 1975).118. Bader, J. S, d al, Selected References on

Ground-Water Contamination, the United

States of America and Puerto Rico. Listed

in New Publications of the Geological Sur

vey, List 799, U. S. Dept. of the Interior,

Geological Survey (1975).119. Fields, T, Jr., and Lindsey, A. W, Landfill

Disposal of Hazardous Wastes: A Review

of Literature and Known Approaches.

U. S. EPA Rept. No. SW-165 (1975).120. Ground Water Pollution from Subsurface

Excavations : Part XL Water Well Jour.,

22,2,37(1975).'

121. Needle, B, and Garland, G, Dumps: A

Potential Threat to Ground Water Sup

plies. Water Well Jour, 22, 1 (1975).122. Behnke, J, A Summary of the Biogeochem

istry of Nitrogen Compounds in Ground

Water. Jour. HydroL, 27, 155 (1975).123. McNabb, J. F, and Dunlap, W. J, Subsur

face Biological Activity in Relation toGround-Water Pollution. Groundwater,

13,33 (1975).124. Allen, M. J, and Geldreich, E. E, Bacterio

logical Criteria for Ground-Water Quality.

Groundwater, 13, 45 (1975).125. Farquhar, G. J, and Rovers, F. A, Guide

lines to Landfill Location and Managementfor Water Pollution Control. SanitaryLandfill Study, Final Report, Vol. IV,Office of Research Administration, Project

#8083-4, Univ. of Waterloo (1975).126. Walker, W. R, and Cox, W. E, Private

Contraints on Ground-Water Contamina

tion. Jour. Hyd. Div., Proc. Amer. Soc.Civil Engr., 101 (HY10), 1333 (1975).

127. H?tes, F. L, Subsurface Environment?Pri

vate Property or Public Domain? by W.

R. Walker and W. E. Cox (Nov. 1975).Jour. Hyd. Div., Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil

Engr., 101 (HY10), 1365 (1975).128. Kaufman, M. I, and McKenzie, D. J, Up

ward Migration of Deep-Well Waste In

jection Fluids in Floridan Aquifer, SouthFlorida. Jour. Res., U. S. Geol. Surv., 3,261 (1975).

129.Faulkner,

G.L,

andPascale, C. A,

Moni

toring Regional Effects of High PressureInjection of Industrial Waste Water in a

Limestone Aquifer. Groundwater, 13,197 (1975).

130. Conrad, E. T, and Hopson, N. E, Outlooksfor the Future of Deep Well Disposal.

Water Resources Bull, 11, 370 (1975).

131. Forrestal, L, Deep Mystery. Environ

ment, 17,8,25 (1975).132. Cherry, J. A, et al., Contaminant Hydro

geology, Part 1 Physical Processes. Geo

science Canada, 2, 2, 76 (1975).133.

Wang,M.

S,and

Cheng,R.

T,A

Studyof Convective-Dispersion Equation by

Isoparametric Finite Elements. Jour. Hy

drol.,24, 1/2,45 (1975).134. Schwartz, F. W, On Radioactive Waste

Management: An Analysis of the Parameters Controlling Subsurface Contaminant

Transfer. Jour. HydroL, 27, 1/2, 33

(1975).135. Farquhar, G. J, and Seitz, W. J, A Map

ping Technique for Landfill Location.Sanitary Landfill Study Final Report Vol.Ill, Office of Research Administration,

Univ. of Waterloo, Project No. 8083-4,(1975).

136. Bovey, R. W, et al, Occurrence of 2,4,5-Tand Picloram in Subsurface Water in theBlacklands of Texas. Jour. Environ.

Qual., 4, 1, 103 (1975).137. LaFleur, K. S, Movement of Prometryne

through Congaree Soil into Ground Water. Jour. Environ. Qual, 4, 1, 132

(1975).138. Moon, K. A, Municipal Waste Disposal and

Ground-Water Pollution. MassachusettsAudubon Society, Lincoln, Mass. (1975).

139. Rajagopal, R, et al., Water Quality andEconomic Criteria for Rural Wastewaterand Water Supply Systems. Jour. Water

Poll. Control Fed., 47, 1834 (1975).140. Smith, S. O, and Myott, D. H, Effect of

Cesspool Discharge on Ground-Water

Quality on Long Island, New York. Jour.Amer. Water Works Assn., 67, 456 (1975).

141. Sherrill, M. G, Ground-Water Contamination in the Silurian Dolomite of Door

County, Wisconsin. Groundwater, 13,209 (1975).

Aquatic sediments

C. F. Powers, W. D. Sanvtlle, and F. S.

Stay, Corvallis Environmental Research

Laboratory, EPA, Corvallis, Ore.

Sediment-Water Interactions

Exchangeof materials between sediment

and water and the relative importance ofthe sediments as a nutrient source were

investigated in several laboratory and fieldstudies. Bannerman et al.1 carried out

laboratory experiments on the mobility of

inorganic phosphorus in Lake Ontario

-Vol. 48, No. 6, June 1976 1433

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3/8

Literature Review

sediments using cores from 15 locations.

Based on the flux range obtained, the an

nual contribution of inorganic phosphorusfrom the sediments to the lake water was

estimated at about 10percent

of the ex

ternal loading. Fillos and Swanson2 con

ducted long-term experiments in laboratoryreactors on nutrient release rates from lake

and river sediments. Emphasis was on

orthophosphat?, but oxygen uptake andammonia and iron release rates were also

measured.

Sagher et al.3 evaluated the microbial

availability of phosphorus from surficialsediments using algae and indigenous sedi

ment populations as test organisms. Algalcell counts, ATP measurements, and threedifferent phosphorus extractions providedinformation on the utilization of differentsediment phosphate forms. Hydraulic

dredging in Lake Herman, South Dakota,was monitored by Churchill et al.4 In

creased total phosphorus was the only significant change in water quality, but thiscould not positively be attributed to dredging. Phosphorus content of return flowfrom dredged material deposited near thelake was less than that of the lake waterat the dredging site.

Lerman and Lietzke 5used 90Sr and 137Csconcentrations in Lakes Erie and Ontarioto verify a theoretical model of the rela

tionship between the concentration of dissolved chemical species in a lake and uptake by the sediment. They concluded

that adsorption of the two tracers by sediment particles could be treated as a linear

exchange reaction and that distributionof radionuclides in the sediments could bebased on a model which assumed a mean

steady input for the years 1953-1969. Copper cycling in a shallow, soft-water eutro

phic lake treated since the early 1960's with

copper sulfate was investigated bySymmes.6 The results indicated that ap

proximately96

percentof the

copperre

mained in the sediments.

Sampling and Analytical Methods

Sasseville et al.7 described a light weight,portable, large-volume, interstitial water

squeezer. All components in contact with

the sample were coated to prevent metallic

contamination; exposure to air was mini

mal. A large-volume shallow water corer

for quantitative sampling of benthic populations in various substrate

typeswas de

signed and evaluated by Thayer et al.8

Density of organisms was greater and co

efficient of variation less than for a van

Veen sampler; this was attributed to the

increased depth obtained by the corer. Astream gravel sampler developed by O'Con

nor 9 collected less biomass than colonization cans but more than a Surber sampler.In addition, it was capable of obtainingstratified samples 60 cm into the substrate.

In an evaluation of sedimentation traps,Kirchner10 concluded that collection of

material on a unit- area basis was independent of trap aperture size. With the

exception of shallow and unstratified lakes,he also found traps to be a dependable

method for estimating sedimentation.A high-resolution, lithium-compensated

germanium detector was used in a prototype device by Moxham et al.11 to perform

in situ neutron activation analyses of sediments. Differences in neutron flux densitybetween saturated and dry materials were

attributed to the water content of the sam

ple. In a comparison of three different

extraction procedures for mercury in sedi

ments, Agemian et al.12 found that thesulfuric-nitric acid and hydrochloric-nitricacid methods yielded similar precision and

results, whereas the hydrofluoric acid-aqua

regia method was less precise and gavehigher values. A method for determination of mercury in sediments by automatedcold vapor atomic absorption was devel

oped by Agemian and Chau.13 The systemcould be used for analysis of twenty

samples per hour with a sensitivity of 10

ppb Hg.McQuaker and Fung14 developed a re

ductive pyrolysis-flame ionization tech

niquefor the determination of total and

organic carbon in sediments. Analysistime was less than five minutes and the use

of a single suspension permitted direct

comparison of total carbon, organic carbon,and carbohydrate concentrations. Recov

ery of petroleum hydrocarbons by the

1434 Journal WPCF



4/8

Literature Review

hexane, benzene, and chloroform extraction methods was compared on estuarinewater and sediments by Walker et al.15

Reciprocal shaking with benzene as a solvent

providedthe most efficient extraction.

Chemical-Physical Characterization

The distribution of nutrients and humicmaterials in water and sediments has been

investigated. Hwang et al.16 determinedthe distribution of total, inorganic, and or

ganic phosphorus in various size fractionsof lake sediments. The three forms ex

hibited a bimodal distribution with the

greatest concentrations in the >20/x and


5/8

Literature Review

Water and sediment samples were collected from an 80 km course of the Ten

nessee River by Perhac.28 Results sug

gested that upstream heavy metals were

dissolved fromcarbonates, transported

downstream, and incorporated into the

clayey sediments behind a dam.Steele and Wagner,29 in a survey of the

sediments on a 130 mile section of theBuffalo River in northern Arkansas, foundthat Fe, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn, Pb, K, and Nadecreased downstream as the drainage area

increased in carbonate rock and decreasedin shale. Sediments downstream increasedin Mg, Ca, Zn, and Cd. The distribution

of As, Sb, Hg, Cr., Co, Fe, Al, and C insurface sediments of Puget Sound were

examined by Crecelius et al.30 A coppersmelter and a chlor-alkali plant were two

major sources of As, Sb, and Hg contamination. No elevated concentrations of theother elements measured could be attributed to inputs by man. Most of the mer

cury found in both contaminated and non

contaminated sediments was associated

with easily oxidizable organic matter.Walters et al.31 determined the occurrence

of ten trace metals and minor elements insediment cores from Lake Erie. Significantenrichment for most metals was found

within the upper 30 cm of sediment but inabout half the cores the heavy metal content decreased in the top interval. Instudies of plutonium cycling and sedimentation in Lake Michigan, Wahlgren and

Nelson32 found that the major fraction of239Pu and 137Cs fallout inputs had been

rapidly transported to the sediments. Theresidual fractions in the water column

were generally homogeneously distributed

throughout the lake in particle size fractions


6/8

Literature Review

international conference on the transportof persistent chemicals in the aquatic en

vironment, with emphasis on heavy metalsand pesticides. Topics covered includedbed sediment

transport,sediment-water

interchange, chemical transformations, bio

logical uptake, and distribution of thesesubstances.

Subjects relating to sedimentation processes in lakes received attention from a

number of investigators. Robbins and

Edgington42 used 210Pb and 137Cs measure

ments to determine the rate of sedimentation in Lake Michigan. Analysis of coresfrom eight locations indicated that modernsedimentation rates differed little from av

erage rates for the last 7,000 years. Armentano and Woodwell43 used the 210Pb

method to determine sedimentation ratesin a Long Island marsh. Wolery and

Walters 44 developed a model to describemodern sedimentation rates for westernLake Erie using strata containing highmercury concentrations. Two geographical areas where the most mercury would

likely be released were identified by themodel for remedial action. Chemical

analysis by Bortleson and Lee45 on sediment cores from Lake Monona, Wisconsin,demonstrated definite changes in chemical

stratigraphy related to human settlementof the area. Increases in P, Fe, Mn, Al,and K were shown to have occurred in the

uppermost sediments since the mid- to late1800's.

Cranwell,46 in studies on six English lakesof various trophic states, examined the re

lationship of the composition of sedimen

tary fatty acids to environmental factors.The distribution in chain length of then-alkanoic acids was shown to indicate therelative contribution of terrestrial andautochthonous organic matter to sediment.

Pigment analyses carried out by Gorhamand Wright47 on profundal surface sedi

ments in Minnesota lakes demonstratedthat sedimentary organic matter was derived mainly from autochthonous mate

rials, and that rising concentrations of fossil

pigments clearly indicate the onset of cultural euthrophication. Banin et al.48 foundthat clay minerals were responsible for 98

99 percent of the specific surface area ofLake Kinneret, Israel, sediments. Althoughthe carbonate fraction constituted abouthalf of the sediment by weight, it represented less than one-half of one

percentof

the specific surface area.

Biological Considerations

Kuznetsov49 noted a major parallel between soils and lake sediments in the roleof microorganisms in the mineralization of

organic materials, although the typicalhorizons of terrestrial soils do not occur in

aquatic sediments. He discussed differ

ences between sediments found in eutrophic and oligotrophic lakes, the role of bacteria in the carbonate cycle, the formationof iron-manganese deposits, and the silica

cycle. Grimes50 showed that fecal coliform concentrations increased significantlyin the immediate vicinity of a maintenance

dredging operation in the MississippiRiver. The increase was attributed to re

lease of sediment-bound bacteria by the

disturbance and relocation of sediments.Biochemical reactions involved in the de

composition of organic matter in sedimentsof a facultative oxidation pond were in

vestigated by Brockett and Orchard.51

Deep ponds appeared to promote biochemical activity closely associated with an

aerobic conditions, resulting in a more

efficient production of methane. From

laboratory studies of biologically-inducedtransformations of

clay-sized sediments,Wall et al.52 concluded that an environment with a high microbial population,

carbonate substrate, and anaerobic condi

tions was most conducive to biologicaldegradation of sediment. The vertical distribution of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

was determined seasonally in salt marshsediments by Christian et al.53 ATP con

centrations were greatest in the surface

centimeter, and microbial carbon and ni

trogen made up a small fraction of the

sedimentary total.

References

1. Bannerman, R. T, et al, Phosphorus Mobil

ity in Lake Ontario Sediments (IFYGL).

-Vol. 48, No. 6, June 1976 1437



7/8

Literature Review

Proc. 17th Conf. Great Lakes Res., 158

(1974).2. Fillos, J, and Swanson, W. R, The Release

Rate of Nutrients From River and Lake

Sediments. Jour. Water Poll. Control

Fed., 47, 1032 (1974).3. Sagher, A, et al, Availability of Sediment

Phosphorus to Microorganisms. Univer

sity of Wisconsin Water Resources Center,Technical Report W75-06090, Project No.

OWRT-A-040-WIS (1975); NTIS PB-240822/7SL.

4. Churchill, C. L, et al, Silt Removal from a

Lake Bottom. USEPA Ecological Research Series Report No. EPA/660/3-74

017, Office of Research and Development(1975).

5. Lerman, A, and Lietzke, T. A, Uptake and

Migration of Tracers in Lake Sediments.

Limnol & Oceanog., 20, 497 (1975).6. Symmes, K. H, Preliminary Investigation

Into Copper Cycling in Indian Lake, Massa

chusetts: A Lake Treated Annually with

Copper Sulfate. University of Massachu

setts Water Research Center, Completion

Report W75-11039, Project No. OWRT-A

064-MASS (1975); NTIS PB-244 716/7SL.7. Sasseville, D. R, et al, A Large-Volume

Interstitial Water Sediment Squeezer for

Lake Sediments. Limnol & Oceanog.,19, 1001 (1974).

8. Thayer, G. W, et al, A Large Corer for

Quantitatively Sampling Benthos in Shallow

Water. Limnol & Oceanog., 20, 474

(1974).9. O'Connor, J. F., An Apparatus for Sampling

Gravel Substrate in Streams. Limnol. &

Oceanog., 19, 1007 (1974).10. Kirchner, W. B, An Evaluation of Sediment

Trap Methodology. Limnol & Oceanog.,

20, 657 (1975).11. Moxham, R. M, et al, In Situ Neutron Acti

vation Analysis of Bottom Sediments ofthe Anacostia River, D. C, Geophysics,40, 151 (1975).

12. Agemian, H, d al, A Comparison of theExtraction of Mercury from Sediments byUsing Hydrochloric-Nitric Acid, SulphuricNitric Acid and Hydrofluoric Acid-AquaRegia Mixtures. Analyst (G. B.), 100, 253

(1975).13. Agemian, H, and Chau, A. S. Y, A Method

for the Determination of Mercury in Sediments by the Automated Cold VaporAtomic Absorption Technique After

Digestion. Anal Chem. Acta. (Neth.), 75,297 (1975).

14. McQuaker, N. R, and Fung, T, Determination of Carbonaceous Material in Sedi

ments by Reductive Pyrolysis and Spectro

photometry. Anal. Chem., 47, 1435

(1975).

15. Walker, J. D, et al, Extraction of Petroleum

Hydrocarbons from Oil-Contaminated Sedi

ments. Bull. Environ. Contam. ToxicoL,

13, 245 (1975).16. Hwang, C. P, et al, Phosphorus Distribu

tion inBlackstrap Lake Sediments. Jour.Water Poll Control Fed., 47, 1081 (1975).

17. Curtis, E. J. C, et al, Nitrification in Rivers

in the Trent Basin. Water Res. (G. B.),

9, 255 (1975).18. Keeney, D. R, et al, Concurrent Nitrifica

tion-Denitrification at the Sediment-Water

Interface as a Mechanism for NitrogenLosses from Lakes. University? of Wis

consin Water Research Center, Technical

Report W75-16902, Project No. OWRT-A

057-WIS (1975); NTIS PB-244 503/9SL.19. Engler, R. M, and Patrick, W. H. Jr., Nitrate

Removal from Floodwater OverlyingFlooded Soils and Sediments. Jour. Envi

ron. Qual, 3, 409 (1974).20. Whelan, T, III, Methane and Carbon Diox

ide in Coastal Marsh Sediments. Louisiana

State University Coastal Studies Institute,Technical Report, Contract N00014-69-A

0211-0003, Project No. NR 388-002 (1974).21. Jackson, T. A, Humic Matter in Natural

Waters and Sediments. Soil Sei., 119, 56

(1975).22. Kemp, A. L. W, and Wong, H. K. T,

Molecular-Weight Distribution of HumicSubstances from Lakes Ontario and Erie

Sediments. Chem. Geol. (Neth.), 14, 15

(1974).23. Olson, B. H, and Cooper, R. C, In Situ

Methylation of Mercury in Estuarine Sedi

ments. Nature (G. B.), 252, 682 (1974).24. Batti, R, et al, Methylmercury in River

Sediments. Chemosphere (G. B.), 1, 13

(1975).25. Kudo, A, et al, Factors Influencing De

sorption of Mercury from Bed Sediments.

Can. Jour. Earth Sei., 12, 1036 (1975).26. Heiz, G. R, et al, Behavior of Mn, Fe, Cu,

Zn, Cd, and Pb Discharged from a Waste

water Treatment Plant into an Estuarine

Environment. Water Res. (G. B.), 9, 631

(1975).27. Pita, F. W, and Hyne, N. J, The Deposi

tional Environment of Zinc, Lead and Cad

mium in Reservoir Sediments. Water Res.

(G. B.), 9, 701 (1975).28. Perhac, R. M, Heavy Metal Distribution in

Bottom Sediment and Water in the Ten

nessee River-Loudon Lake Reservoir System. University of Tennessee Water Re

sources Research Center, Research Report

W75-06088, Project No. OWRT-A-032

TENN (1974).29. Steele, K. F, and Wagner, G. H, Trace

Metal Relationships in Bottom Sediments

of a Fresh Water Stream?The Buffalo

1438 Journal WPCF



8/8

Literature Review

River, Arkansas. Jour. Sed. Petrol., 45,310 (1975).

30. Crecelius, E. A, et al, Geochemistries of

Arsenic, Antimony, Mercury, and Related

Elements in Sediments of Puget Sound.

Environ. Sei. & Technol, 9, 325 (1975).31. Walters, L. J, d al, Occurrence of As, Cd,Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Ni, Sb, and Zn in Lake

Sediments. Proc 17th Conf. Great Lakes

Res., 219 (1974).32. Wahlgren, M. A, and Nelson, D. M, Studies

of Plutonium Cycling and Sedimentation

in Lake Michigan. Proc. 17th Conf. Great

Lakes Res., 212 (1974).33. Chester^ R, and Stoner, J. H, Trace Ele

ments in Sediments from the Lower Severn

Estuary and Bristol Channel. Marine

Poll Butt. (G. B.), 6, 92 (1975).34. Alther, G. R, Geochemical Analysis of

Stream Sediments as a Tool for Environ

mental Monitoring: A Pigyard Case Study.Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull, 86, 174 (1975).

35. Robbins, J. A, and Callender, E, Diagenesisof Manganese in Lake Michigan Sedi

ments. Amer. Jour. Sei., 275, 512 (1975).

36. Gillott, M. A, et al, The Role of Sedimentas a Modifying Factor in Pesticide-AlgaeInteractions. Environ. Entomol, 4, 621

(1975).37. Haile, C. L, et al, Chlorinated Hydrocar

bons in the Lake Ontario Ecosystem

(IFYGL). University of Wisconsin, Final

Report, USEPA Report No. EPA 660/375-022, National Environmental Research

Center, Corvallis, Oregon (1975); NTISPB-243 364/7SL.

38. Willis, G. H, et al, Losses of Diuron, Lin

uron, Fenac, and Trifluralin in Surface

Drainage Water. Jour. Environ. Qual,4, 399 (1975).

39. Aston, S. R, and Thornton, I, The Application of Regional Geochemical Reconnais

sance Surveys in the Assessment of WaterQuality and Estuarine Pollution. Water

Res. (G. B.), 9, 189 (1975).40. Banat, K, d al, Experimental Mobilization

of Metals from Aquatic Sediments byNitrilotriacetic Acid. Chem. Geol. (Neth.),14, 199 (1974).

4L National Research Council of Canada, Pro

ceedings of the International Conference on

Transport of Persistent Chemicals in Aquatic

Ecosystems. Ottawa, Canada ( 1974 ).42. Robbins, J. A, and Edgington, D. N, De

termination of Recent Sedimentation Ratesin Lake Michigan Using Pb-210 and Cs137. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta (N.Ire.), 39, 285 (1975).

43. Armentano, T. V, and Woodwell, G. M,Sedimentation Rates in a Long Island

Marsh Determined by aoPb Dating. Limnol. & Oceanog., 20, 452 (1975).

44. Wolery, T. J, and Walters, L. J, Jr., Pollutant Mercury and Sedimentation in the

Western Basin of Lake Erie. Proc. 17th

Conf. Great Lakes Res., 235 (1974).45. Bortleson, G. C, and Lee, G. F, Recent

Sedimentary History of Lake Monona, Wisconsin. Water, Air and Soil Poll., 4, 89

(1975).46. Cran well, P. A, Monocarboxylic Acids in

Lake Sediments: Indicators, Derived fromTerrestrial and Aquatic Biota, of Paleoenvironmental Trophic Levels. Chem. Geol.

(Neth.), 14, 1 (1974).47. Gorham, E, and Wright, H. E, Jr., The

Geochemical and Biostratigraphic Record ofNatural and Pollutional Eutrophication ofMinnesota Lakes. University of Minnesota

Water Resources Research Center, Report

W75-10010, Project No. OWRT-B-081MINN (1975); NTIS-243 774/7SL.

48. Banin, A, et al., The Specific Surface Areaof Clays in Lake Sediments?Measurement

and Analysis of Contributors in Lake Kin

neret, Israel. Limnol. & Oceanog., 20,278 (1975).

49. Kuznetsov, S. I, The Role of Microorganismsin the Formation of Lake Bottom Depositsand Their Diagenesis. Soil Sei., 119, 81(1975).

50. Grimes, D. J, Release of Sediment-Bound

Fecal Coliformsby Dredging. Appl.

MicrobioL, 29, 109 (1975).

51. Brockett, O. D, and Orchard, T. A, Microbial Reactions in Facultative OxidationPonds?II. Biochemical Activity of Facul

tative Oxidation Pond Sediment. Water

Res. (G. B.), 9, 315 (1975).52. Wall, G. J, et al, Biological Transformation

of Clay-Sized Sediments in SimulatedAquatic Environments. Proc. 17th Conf.Great Lakes Res., 207 (1974).

53. Christian, R. R, et al, Distribution of Micro

bial Adenosine Triphosphate in Salt Marsh

Sediments at Sapelo Island, Georgia. SoilSei., 119, 89 (1975).

Marine and estuarine pollution

D. J. Reish, California State University,Long Beach

T. J. Kauwling, University of Southern

California, Los Angeles

A. J. Mearns, Southern California CoastalWater Research Project, El Segundo

Review articleslf 2 summarized the fateof organic compounds in the marine en

-Vol. 48, No. 6, June 1976 1439

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aquatic sediments

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