aquatic vegetation ecology & id · sunlight also plays a key role in the health of aquatic...

Aquatic Vegetation Ecology & ID

Brittany Chesser, M.S.

Aquatic Vegetation Management Program Specialist

Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences

• Resources• Pros/cons• Spread • Identification • Types of control• Harmful plants of Texas

http://Aquaplant.tamu.edu

http://Fisheries.tamu.edu

Pros/Cons

Increase water loss (evapotranspiration)

Provides breeding habitat for noxious insects

Limit recreational activities Out compete native spp.

Increase water clarity Limit erosion Provide food to waterfowl Enhance aesthetics Create buffer for run-off

nutrients Habitat for small fishes Oxygen production

PresenterPresentation NotesVectors of human diseases Can also affect rice crops

PresenterPresentation NotesSunlight also plays a key role in the health of aquatic ecosystems by providing the necessary energy for aquatic vegetation to transform carbon dioxide and inorganic materials into carbohydrates and proteins through photosynthesis

One concern is the overabundance and aggressiveness of an individual species shading the water column and reducing the presence of other less aggressive, and often native, species.

Major algae blooms may hinder seagrass growth by blocking sunlight and render the estuarine floor unsuitable for regrowth of seagrass (Kennish et al. 2008), as well as dramatically reducing available oxygen to aquatic flora and fauna.

Why does aquatic vegetation become problematic?

What do plants need for growth?Water SunlightNutrients

Ponds = nutrient sinksaccumulate nutrients from

watershed & groundwater over time!

PresenterPresentation NotesSunlight also plays a key role in the health of aquatic ecosystems by providing the necessary energy for aquatic vegetation to transform carbon dioxide and inorganic materials into carbohydrates and proteins through photosynthesis

One concern is the overabundance and aggressiveness of an individual species shading the water column and reducing the presence of other less aggressive, and often native, species.

Major algae blooms may hinder seagrass growth by blocking sunlight and render the estuarine floor unsuitable for regrowth of seagrass (Kennish et al. 2008), as well as dramatically reducing available oxygen to aquatic flora and fauna.


Propagate by:SeedsFragments RootsVegetative offshoots

Tolerate flooding & drought

PresenterPresentation NotesMost are introduced as an ornamental from Asia, South America and Africa


Propagate by: Seeds

Banana lily

PresenterPresentation NotesCluster of thick banana shaped roots,


Propagate by: Seeds

American pondweed


Propagate by: Fragmentation

Hydrillia

PresenterPresentation NotesHydrillia, less than a inch can turn into a fragment


Propagate by: Fragmentation

Coontail


Propagate by: Roots/rhizomesSpatterdock/ Cow lily


Propagate by: Roots/rhizomesAmerican lotus

and seeds!


Propagate by: Vegetative offshootsAlligatorweed

10!


Propagate by: Vegetative offshoots

Water hyacinth

and seeds!

Spread of Aquatic Vegetation

PresenterPresentation NotesDumping aquarium into a body of water or even a ditch

Same Plant?

PresenterPresentation NotesLocation- above the waters surfaceLeaf shape/veination- very similar spade-shaped green leaves, both most likely twice as long as they are wide. that may be above or below the water surface

Same Plant?

PresenterPresentation NotesPickerel weed- cluster of flowers in spike up to 6 in long, violetDufourea novaeangliae is a solitary ground-nesting bee that lives in the eastern U.S. The range of these bees is presumably limited by the availability of its only known pollen source, the pickerel weedMud plaintain- 1 flower, six narrow petals, white to blueish purple in color

Same Plant?

≤ 3’< 1’

Same Plant?

PickerelweedPontederia cordata

Mud plaintainHeteranthera limosa

PresenterPresentation NotesLuckily both of these species are native

Algae Floating Submerged Emergent

primitive, non-seed bearing plants & no roots, stems, or true leaves

all parts of plant floats (including roots)

mostly underwater, rooted with flaccid (limp) stems

rooted with stiff or rigid stems with all or parts standing above surface

AlgaePlanktonic algae Filamentous algae Macro-algae

• Microscopic and floating • Stringy or hair-like• Bubbly-looking surface

mats

• Looks like rooted plants BUT has no roots, stems,or true leaves

PresenterPresentation NotesPlanktonic algae- 80% of your pond O2. this is what you fertilize to get

Planktonic Algae

• Thousands of species

• Color pond water shades of green, blue-green, brown or variations in between

ChlamydomonaChlorellaEuglenaClosteriumAnacystis spp.

PresenterPresentation NotesPlanktonic algae blooms are considered desirable as the beginning of the pond food chain. In fact, fertilization programs are often used to promote algae blooms to thereby support a larger fish population. Planktonic algae is desirable for shading the pond bottom (in areas over 2 feet deep). This shading suppresses the establishment of rooted aquatic plants. However, to much planktonic algae can cause oxygen depletions and fish kills

Planktonic Algae

• Thousands of species • Color pond water shades

of green, blue-green, brown or variations in between

PresenterPresentation NotesPlanktonic algae blooms are considered desirable as the beginning of the pond food chain. In fact, fertilization programs are often used to promote algae blooms to thereby support a larger fish population. Planktonic algae is desirable for shading the pond bottom (in areas over 2 feet deep). This shading suppresses the establishment of rooted aquatic plants. However, to much planktonic algae can cause oxygen depletions and fish killsAnabaenaAphanizomenonMicrocystis spp.

Filamentous algae

• Single algae cells that form long visible chains, threads, or filaments

• Filaments intertwine forming a mat that resembles wet wool

SpirogyraAnabaena OscillatoriaLyngbyaPithophora

Filamentous algae

• Oxygen & other gases trapped in filaments

• Stressed or dying cells

Macro-algae (Chara)• Foul, musty – almost

garlic-like odor• Gray-green branched

multi-cellular algae • No flower• Will not extend above the

water surface• Texture is “grainy” or

“crunchy” • Cylindrical, whorled

branches with 6 to 16 branchlets around each nodeChara spp.

Macro-algae (Nitella)

• Branched multicellular algae

• No flower• Will not extend above the

water surface• Nitella has no odor and

are soft to the touch, unlike Chara

• Light to dark green in color with forked, bushy branches 1/16 to 1/8 inches in diameter.

Nitella spp.

PresenterPresentation NotesAlso called stoneworts

Floating plants

DuckweedsWatermealMosquito fern (Azolla)Salvinia

common & giantWater lettuceWater hyacinth**Water lilies and similar plants are not

considered floating**

DuckweedLeaves:

• Clusters of 2-5+• Round or egg-shaped• Slightly curving

Flowers:• 2-3 flowers

Fruit: • Slightly winged

Seeds:• Smooth with a spongy

outer layerRoots:

• 3-11 nerves

Lemna minor

PresenterPresentation NotesStill waters Common duckweed=native

Oxygen depletion

Full shading of areas and light deprivation

WatermealBody:

• Rootless• Floating plant• Barely visible to the

naked eye• Form large, green

masses on the surface of water (thin green scum)

• Spherical or oval shape, sometimes flattened

• About the size of a pinhead

Wolffia spp.

PresenterPresentation NotesStill waters Watermeal= smallest flowering plant Common duckweed=native

Azolla (Mosquito Fern)

Leaves:• Free-floating, forming

dense mats• Small leaves arranged

oppositely around stem

Fruit:• Located on lower

lobe of leafColor:

• Reddish or green in color

Azolla spp.

PresenterPresentation NotesUp to ½” wide & 2” deep, green-red, looks like liverworts, usually found along banks in slow/still water

Submerged plants

CoontailEelgrassEgeriaElodeaFanwortHydrilliaBushy PondweedParrotfeather

American PondweedBladderwort Curly-leaf Pondweed Illinois PondweedSago PondweedVariable-leaf PondweedEurasian WatermilfoilVariable-leaf WatermilfoilWater Star Grass

CoontailLeaves:

• ≤12 leaves per whorl• Forked• Small teeth• ~0.5” long

Stems:• ≤11.4’ long• Branching• Form large masses• Brittle• Cord-like and flexible

Fruit/Seeds:• Elliptical-shaped• Tightly packed• Smooth• About 0.16-0.19

inches long

Ceratophyllum demersum

PresenterPresentation NotesNativeLoosely connected to pond bottom Tips of leaves are crowded with leaves giving coontail appearanceReproduction by seeds and fragmentation

CoontailLeaves:

• ≤12 leaves per whorl• Straight and flat• ~0.5” long

Stems:• ≤11.4’ long• Branching• Form large masses• Brittle• Cord-like and flexible

Fruit/Seeds:• Elliptical-shaped• Tightly packed• Smooth• About 0.16-0.19

inches long

Ceratophyllumdemersum

PresenterPresentation NotesFruits are consumed by ducks

Bushy Pondweed(Southern Naiad)Leaves:

• Linear• Opposite to

somewhat alternate

• ~0.5” long & 0.12” wide

• Decrease in size towards tip

• Usually tipped with 1-2 spines

• Rounded or sloping at the base

Stems:• Slender• Branching• ~ 2’ long

Najas guadalupensis

PresenterPresentation NotesNativeDark green, branching profusely, Thread-like leaves that are opposite or in whorls of 3Flowers at base but only observed through magnification Seeds are encased in leaf sheath and are the primary source of food for many duck sp

American Pondweed

Stem:• Submerged• Thread-like

Leaves:• Leather-like• Elliptical• ~2" wide• ~4" long

Flowers: • Immobile• Green-Brown

Potamogeton nodosus

PresenterPresentation NotesStringy stem, floating leavesNativeFruits are on spikes above the waters surface , source of food for ducks and wildlife

Sago Pondweed

Increased water loss of 200 – 300%*Non-native*

Leaves:• Threadlike• ≤6” long • Strong cross veins• Small leaves at the base

of normal leafFlowers:

• Nearly immobile• Greenish • Oval- to elliptical-

shapedFruit:

• Nut-like • ~¼” long

Stem:• Horizontal stem branching• Abundantly branched near

top

Stuckenia pectinata

PresenterPresentation NotesNative

Sago Pondweed

Increased water loss of 200 – 300%*Non-native*

Leaves:• Threadlike• ≤6” long • Strong cross veins• Small leaves at the base

of normal leafFlowers:

• Nearly immobile• Greenish • Oval- to elliptical-

shapedFruit:

• Nut-like • ~¼” long

Stem:• Horizontal stem branching• Abundantly branched near

top

Stuckenia pectinata

PresenterPresentation NotesWaterfowl eat both the fruits and tubers

Illinois Pondweed

Submersed Leaves:• Thin• Elliptical• Wavy• Prominent

midvein• Immobile

Floating Leaves:• Leather texture• Elliptical• Usually absent

Flowers:• Cylindrical spike• 8-15 whorls

Potamogeton illinoensis

PresenterPresentation NotesNative Wrinkled leaves, stringy stem, seed headUsed in restoration efforts to stabilize soils and remove nutrients from water column Ducks and wildlife

Illinois Pondweed

Submersed Leaves:• Thin• Elliptical• Wavy• Prominent

midvein• Immobile

Floating Leaves:• Leather texture• Elliptical• Usually absent

Flowers:• Cylindrical spike• 8-15 whorls

Potamogeton illinoensis

PresenterPresentation NotesWrinkled leaves, stringy stem, seed headUsed in restoration efforts to stabilize soils and remove nutrients from water column

Water Star GrassLeaves:

• Ribbon-like• No distinct

midvein• ≤6” long• Thin sheaths

Flowers:• Single• < 1” long• Exposed• Yellow

Seeds:• Egg-shaped

Stem:• Slender• Branching

Heteranthera dubia

PresenterPresentation NotesCan be consumer by ducks and wading birds but not considered an important food item, Seeds and fragmentation

Emergent Plants

ArrowheadButtonbushCattailCommon ReedGiant ReedHorsetailLizard’s-tailPickerelweedRushes & Sedges

SmartweedSouthern WatergrassTorpedograssWaterleafWaterliliesWater PennywortWater PrimroseWater Shield Willow

AlligatorweedLeaves:

• Opposite• Thick and fleshy• Linear to sword-

shaped • 0.78-4.33” long• 0.2-0.78” wide

Flowers:• Bractlets• Silvery-white• Papery• ~1/4” long

Stem:• Hollow• Smooth • On ground, curving

upward

Alternantheraphiloxeroides

PresenterPresentation NotesOriginally from South AmericaSimple leaves, smooth margins, opposite leaf pattern, hollow stems, small papery white-pink flowersFlowers from April-October, resemble white clover No known value to wildlife

Leaves:• Opposite• Thick and fleshy• Linear to sword-

shaped • 0.78-4.33” long• 0.2-0.78” wide

Flowers:• Bractlets• Silvery-white• Papery• ~1/4” long

Stem:• Hollow• Smooth • On ground, curving

upward

Alligatorweed

Alternantheraphiloxeroides

PresenterPresentation NotesOriginally from South AmericaSimple leaves, smooth margins, opposite leaf pattern, hollow stems, small papery white-pink flowersFlowers from April-October

Arrowhead

Leaves:• Long leaf stalks• Bladeless or with

unlobed or arrow-shaped blades

Flowers:• Whorls of 3• 3 sepals• 3 petals• White, rarely pink

Fruit:• One seed• Does not release

when ripe• Flattened

Sagittaria spp.

PresenterPresentation NotesThere are many spp, Native and introduced species. Some have 3 points giving arrowhead appearance and some are more slender Tubers are preferred food of ducks, geese, muskrats and nutria. Seeds sometimes consumed by ducks

Arrowhead

Leaves:• Long leaf stalks• Bladeless or with

unlobed or arrow-shaped blades

Flowers:• Whorls of 3• 3 sepals• 3 petals• White, rarely pink

Fruit:• One seed• Does not release

when ripe• FlattenedSagittaria spp.

Water Primrose

Leaves:• Oval- or sword-

shaped• Up to 6” long• Covered on both

sides by small, soft hairs

Flowers:• Flower in all seasons,

except winter• 4-5 petals• Yellow

Stem:• Branched• Spongy when in

water

Ludwigia spp.

PresenterPresentation NotesNative and introducedGreen to red stems, yellow flowers with 4 petals, 12 species commonly found in TX Waterfowl eat seedsStands erect but has long runners that can float







water

Water Primrose

Ludwigiaspp.

PresenterPresentation NotesGreen to red stems, yellow flowers with 4 petals, 12 species commonly found in TX







water

Water Primrose

Ludwigia spp.

PresenterPresentation NotesGreen to red stems, yellow flowers with 4 petals, 12 species commonly found in TX

Waterhyssop

Stem:• Emergent• Fleshy• Green

Leaves:• Opposite• Thick• 1/8" wide• 5/8" long

Flowers: • Small• 4-5 petals• White-blue

Bacopa spp.

PresenterPresentation NotesNative and introduced, 2 common speciesNearly rounded off leavesSimple, Fleshy, opposite leaf patterns

Waterhyssop

Stem:• Emergent• Fleshy• Green

Leaves:• Opposite• Thick• 1/8" wide• 5/8" long

Flowers: • Small• 4-5 petals• White-blue

Bacopa spp.

PresenterPresentation NotesNearly rounded off leavesSimple, Fleshy, opposite leaf patterns

Waterhyssop

Bacopa monnieri

PresenterPresentation NotesNearly rounded off leavesSimple, Fleshy, opposite leaf patterns

Cattail

Leaves:• Arranged &

straight• Immobile• Linear• Fleshy

Flowers:• Long, dense

cylindrical spike• End of stem

Seeds:• In the air

Stem:• Simple & jointless

Typha spp.

PresenterPresentation NotesNative and introduced

Cattail

Leaves:• Arranged &

straight• Immobile• Linear• Fleshy

Flowers:• Long, dense

cylindrical spike• End of stem

Seeds:• In the air

Stem:• Simple & jointless

Typha spp.

Lily-like Plants

• Floating leaves• Flexible stalks• Thick rhizomes

PresenterPresentation NotesWith all of these, the leaves float at or just above the waterWaterlily= “Pac Man” leaves Spatterdock= yellow flowers that look partially open

White Water Lily

Leaves:• Green on top• Slightly green with

red or purplish-red on bottom

• “Pac-man” shapedFlowers:

• White• Fragrant• Sepals often

purplish on back• Elliptical, egg-

shaped or sword-shaped

• Usually more than 25 petals

Nymphaea odorata

PresenterPresentation NotesNativeWith all of these, the leaves float at or just above the waterWaterlily= “Pac Man” leaves Spatterdock= yellow flowers that look partially open

Yellow Water Lily

Leaves:• Oval-shaped• Up to 9 inches

wide• Fleshy• Bright-green on

top• Purple or deep-red

on bottomFlowers:

• Bright yellow • Sepals are sword-

shaped• ~25 petals• Elliptical or sword-

shaped

Nymphaea mexicana

PresenterPresentation NotesNativeWith all of these, the leaves float at or just above the waterWaterlily= “Pac Man” leaves Spatterdock= yellow flowers that look partially open

SpatterdockLeaves:

• Growing upward• Oval- to almost

disk-shaped•

American Lotus

Leaves:• Disk-shaped• Centrally shield-

shaped• Up to 2.75 feet in

diameter• Center cupped• Peduncles thick

Flowers:• Pale yellow in

color• Up to 10 inches

wide• 20+ sepals and

petals

Nelumbo lutea


Water ShieldLeaves:

• Leaf stalks long• Shield- or oval-

shaped• Jelly-like on

bottom• Up to 4 inches

longFlowers:

• Small• Dull-purple• 3-4 petals and

sepals each

Brasenia schreberi


Banana Lily or Floating Hearts

Leaves:• Yellowish-green

on upper surface• Dark on lower

surface• Slender leaf stalks

Flowers:• White• Petals elliptical- or

sword- shaped• Small (Petals ~0.4”

long)

Nymphoides spp.

PresenterPresentation NotesNative and introducedWith all of these, the leaves float at or just above the waterWaterlily= “Pac Man” leaves Spatterdock= yellow flowers that look partially open

Smartweed (Water Pepper)

Leaves:• Alternate• Sword-shaped• Paper-like sheath

at base Flowers:

• Clusters of 1-9 at ends of branches

• Pink, green, or white

Fruit:• One seeded• Does not open to

release seed when ripe

Polygonum spp.

PresenterPresentation NotesNative and introduced9 species common in TX, Swollen node= ocrea , alternate leaf pattern, small white-pink flowers in clusters, can roots at nodes (vegetative offshoots)Seeds are preferred by ducks, and small birds and mammals

Smartweed (Water Pepper)

Leaves:• Alternate• Sword-shaped• Paper-like sheath

at base Flowers:

• Clusters of 1-9 at ends of branches

• Pink, green, or white

Fruit:• One seeded• Does not open to

release seed when ripe

PresenterPresentation Notes9 species common in TX, Swollen node= ocrea , alternate leaf pattern, small white-pink flowers in clusters, can roots at nodes (vegetative offshoots)

WaterleafStem:

• Sturdy & erectLeaves:

• 1-4” inches long• ≤1” wide• Spike at each

nodeFlowers:

• Bright blue• Showy• ≤1” wide• Sepals shorter

than the flowerFruit:

• Egg-shaped or spherical

• Many, small seeds

Hydrolea spp.

PresenterPresentation NotesNative2 common spp to TXNo food value to wildlife

WaterleafStem:

• Sturdy & erectLeaves:

• 1-4” inches long• ≤1” wide

Flowers:• Bright blue• Showy• ≤1” wide• Sepals shorter

than the flowerFruit:

• Egg-shaped or spherical

• Many, small seeds

American Water WillowLeaves:

• Linear or sword-shaped

• Thin at base• Opposite • 2-6” long

Flowers:• Spikes up to

1.18 inches long• Sepals form a

whorl around the petals

• Violet or whiteStem:

• Upright• Angular

Justicia americana


Giant Reed

Stem:• Thick• Hollow• Up to 30'

Leaves:• Alternate• Firm• 1-2' long

Flowers: • Thick cluster

Arundo donax

PresenterPresentation NotesCan grow up to 2” every day and a total of 30’ Introduced intentionally during 1820s from erosion controlBlackbirds & other birds roost in giant reedRodents eat roots and shoots

Giant Reed




PresenterPresentation NotesCan grow up to 2” every day and a total of 30’ Introduced intentionally during 1820s from erosion control

Giant Reed




PresenterPresentation NotesCan grow up to 2” every day and a total of 30’ Introduced intentionally during 1820s from erosion control Giant reed chokes riversides and stream channels, crowds out native plants, interferes with flood control, increases fire potential, and reduces habitat for wildlife, including the Least Bell's vireo, a federally endangered bird. The long, fibrous, interconnecting root mats of giant reed form a framework for debris dams behind bridges, culverts, and other structures that lead to damage. It ignites easily and can create intense fires.

Types of ControlMechanical Biological ChemicalHerbicides

Mechanical ControlFrequent cuttingRequires removal of cut vegetationOnly cuts & does not eliminateCan make problem worse if done incorrectly Expensive

“If you like mowing your yard, your

going to love mowing your

pond!”

Biological ControlInsects - not generally available to publicTriploid grass carp - requires TPWD permit &

escapement barrier Consume most submerged macrophytes

Tilapia (Mozambique only)

Herbivorous Fish

Triploid Grass Carp Mozambique Tilapia

TPWD permit No permit

Effective control for 5-7 years

Stock yearly(die off when water temperature < 55°F)

HydrilliaBushy pondweed

American pondweedIllinois pondweed

Filamentous algaeDuckweed

Azolla

PresenterPresentation NotesAny out flow at all needs an escapement barrier , application fee is $26 plus $2 per proposed fish then you actually have to buy your fished if you get approved. If rejected you will not get app fee back but will get fish fee

Mozambique tilapia no longer require exotic species permit or exotic species transport permit from TPWD topurchaseMozambique tilapia must be purchased from TPWD certified tilapia dealerItemized receipt including sellers address and contact information now serves as the exotic species transportpermit for the general public when buying Mozambique tilapia and must be in the vehicle at all times duringtransport

Other species of tilapia Blue or redbelly either require permit or is illegal Start stocking tilapia when water temp reaches 65F

Penalties for escapement or illegal release to public water

HerbicidesFourteen aquatically labeled herbicides:Copper & complexes of copperCarfentrazone2,4-DDiquatEndothallFluridoneImazamoxFlumioxazin

Sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate

TriclopyrImazapyrBispyribacGlyphosatePenoxsulam

**NOT Karmex – no round-up**

PresenterPresentation NotesTakes about 250 tests on quality, safety, and efficacy (4-5 years)7 different MOA

The label is the law Legal Applications rates Legal applications methods

Texas Parks & Wildlife13. Harmful or potentially harmful exotic

plants §57.112. General Rules: An offense for any person to Release into public waters, import, sell,

purchase, transport, propagate, or possess Any species, hybrid of a species,

subspecies, seeds, or any part of any species defined as a harmful or potentially harmful aquatic plant

Identified Harmful Plants of Texas Submerged:

Hydrilla Eurasian watermilfoil

(not variable-leaf or northern)

Lagarsiphon (African Elodea)

Ambulia Floating:

Any water hyacinth (floating or rooted)

Water lettuce Any Salvinia (giant &

common) Giant or dotted

duckweed

Emergent Alligatorweed Torpedograss (also

floating) Water spinach or

swamp morning glory Narrowleaf &

heartshaped false pickerelweeds

Duck lettuce Wetland nightshade Exotic burr-reed Brazilian peppertree Purple loosestrife

POP QUIZ

“Scum”

“Filamentous Algae”

??

PresenterPresentation NotesStill waters Watermeal= smallest flowering plant Common duckweed=native

Brittany Chesser, M.S.

[email protected]

Aquatic Vegetation �Ecology & ID�Slide Number 2http://Aquaplant.tamu.edu Slide Number 4Slide Number 5http://Fisheries.tamu.edu Pros/ConsSlide Number 8Slide Number 9Why does aquatic vegetation become problematic?Why does aquatic vegetation become problematic?Why does aquatic vegetation become problematic?Why does aquatic vegetation become problematic?Why does aquatic vegetation become problematic?Why does aquatic vegetation become problematic?Why does aquatic vegetation become problematic?Why does aquatic vegetation become problematic?Why does aquatic vegetation become problematic?Why does aquatic vegetation become problematic?Spread of Aquatic VegetationSame Plant?Same Plant?Same Plant?Same Plant?Slide Number 25AlgaePlanktonic Algae Planktonic Algae Filamentous algaeFilamentous algaeMacro-algae (Chara)Macro-algae (Nitella)Floating plantsDuckweedWatermealAzolla (Mosquito Fern)Azolla (Mosquito Fern)Submerged plantsCoontailCoontailBushy Pondweed(Southern Naiad)American PondweedSago PondweedSago PondweedIllinois PondweedIllinois PondweedWater Star GrassEmergent PlantsAlligatorweedAlligatorweedArrowheadArrowheadWater PrimroseWater PrimroseWater PrimroseWaterhyssopWaterhyssopWaterhyssopCattailCattailLily-like PlantsWhite Water Lily Yellow Water Lily SpatterdockAmerican LotusWater ShieldBanana Lily or Floating HeartsSmartweed (Water Pepper)Smartweed (Water Pepper)Smartweed (Water Pepper)WaterleafWaterleafAmerican Water WillowGiant ReedGiant ReedGiant ReedTypes of ControlMechanical ControlBiological ControlHerbivorous FishHerbicidesTexas Parks & WildlifeIdentified Harmful Plants of TexasSlide Number 84??????????Slide Number 90

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