aquifer recharge contributions for water and enviornmental management in contexts of land use...
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Aquifer Recharge: contributions for water and environmental
manangement in contexts of land use planning – Paracatu River Basin
(SF-7)
PhD student: Vitor Vieira VasconcelosSupervisor: Prof. PhD Jorge Carvalho de Lena
Co-supervisors: Prof. PhD Paulo Pereira Martins Junior
Prof. PhD Renato Moreira HadadProf. PhD Sucharit Koontanakulvong
September 2013
•Objectives
•Methods and Results
Main Objective
• Present methods for assessing recharge and discharge of aquifers, helping decision making and environmental management in the context of environmental and water public policies.
Specific Objectives
• Rapid assessment of aquifer recharge in local contexts
• Assessment of Spatio-temporal dynamics of land use change in the most favorable areas of recharge
• Cartographic characterization of aquifer recharge favorability
• Mapping of specific flow of each flow component (quick, inter and base flow);
• Spatial modeling of the influence of the environmental attributes on the flow components.
Research Context
• Research Group of Paracatu River Basin
2002 to now.
• Institutions
– UFOP
– CETEC-MG
– IGA
– PUC-Minas
Hypotheses
1. The environmental attributes (soils, rocks, vegetation, slope gradient, rainfall, etc.) have distinct influence in the flow components (superficial, subsuperficial and groundwater) that contribute to the rivers
2. The spatial behavior of a spring and the flow behavior of a river can indicate qualitatively and quantitatively the relation among the aquifer recharge and the superficial, subsuperficial and groundwater components of the river flow
3. The comparison of the phenomena described in Hypotheses 1 and 2 allows mapping the areas with higher favorability of aquifer recharge
Environmental Assessment of Paracatu River Basin
• Location• Lithostratigraphy• Structural Geology• Geomorphology• Soils• Integration among Rocks, Relief and Soils• Climatology• Vegetation and Land Use• Hydrogeology
Lithostratigraphy
Structural Schemes
Brittle and Ductile Structures
Geomorphology
Cluster AnalysisAltimetry Slope Gradient
Soils
Hydrography Density andBifurcation Density
Hydrography
Hydrography Patterns
Springs and ponds density
Rainfall Homogeneous Regions of Water Systems
Vegetation and Land Use
Aquifer Systems
Local Method
Rapid Assessment of Potential and Safety of Aquifer Recharge
1 –Areia (Sand) Stream Valley; 2 – Serrinha (Little Ridge); 3 – Plateau of the Serra do Boqueirão (Big Valley Ridge); 4 – Serra do Sabão (Soap Ridge); 5 – Serra das Araras (Macaws Ridge); 6 – Lakes of the Prata (Silver) River; 7 –Water abstraction of the Córrego da Bica(Springlet Stream); 8 – Water abstraction of the Ribeirão dos Órfãos (Orphans’ Creek); 9 –Chapadão do Pau Terra (Big Plateau of the Earth Wood).
ATTRIBUTEP
OTE
NTI
AL
OF
REC
HA
RG
E (A
MO
UN
T O
F W
ATE
R)
Vegetation in the area of recharging (infiltration less evapotranspiration)
Steppe
Field
Savannah
Forested Savannah
Deciduous forest
Forested Steppe
Permanent crop
Temporary crop
Deforested area
Semi deciduous forest
1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8
Steepness (infiltration)
Plan
0-3%
Smooth-Wavy
3-8%
Wavy
8-20%
Hard-Wavy
20-45%
2.5 1.5 1 0.5
Soils (drainage)
Quartzipsamments
(deep sandy soils)
Latosols
(deep non sandy soils -
Oxisols)
Cambisols (shallow soils)
Soils of textural B horizon
(soils with clay layer) or
Plinthic (hardened)
Lithic entisols
(very shallow soils with rocky
outcrops)
6 2.5 1 0.6
Rocks (water potential of the aquifer)
Sandstone
(porous deep)
Detritus-laterite deposits
(porous shallow)
Karst Basaltic
3 2.2 1.4 0.9
Typology of recharging and discharging
Sinks and resurgences on
karst
Wetlands (Veredas)
Dolines
Headspring of lithological
contact or water bed
Headspring of fracture
1.5 1.3 1.2 0.8
Land use (soil compaction and sealing)
Native Permanent crop
Temporary crop
Pasture Exposed soil
1.5 0.8 0.5 0.3
Techniques for the conservation of soil and water
Percolation dams Terracing Ridges on contour lines Tillage
3 1.5 1.4 1.2
ATTRIBUTEP
RO
TEC
TIO
N O
N T
HE
REC
HA
RG
E (W
ATE
R Q
UA
LITY
)Pollution sources
Untreated sewage
Treated sewage
Black pit
Garbage Dump
Mining (metals)
Septic pit
Sanitary landfill
Pigsty
Corral
Grange
Mining (non-metals)
Pasture
Planting
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
Distance from the source of pollution to the discharge point (subsurface and underground depuration of the pollutant)
Direct dump 1-5 meters 6-25 meters26-50 meters
Diffuse pollution
> 50 Meters
0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8 1
Topographic position of the source of pollution to the discharge point (depth of groundwater level)
FloodplainRiver valley
HillsideTop of elevation (wavy or
mountainous topography)
Plateau on the top of
the elevation
0.2 0.4 1 4 10
Transmission in the soil (under surface depuration of the pollutant)
Hydromorphic and alluvial soils Lithic entisols
(very shallow soils with rocky
outcrops)
Quartzipsamments
(deep sandy soils)
Cambisols (shallow soils)
Soils of textural B horizon
(soils with clay layer)
Latosols
(deep non sandy soils -
Oxisols)
0.1 0.3 0.5 1 3
Transmission of the aquifer (underground depuration of the pollutant)
Karstic (sinks and resurgences) Karstic (ducts)
Basaltic
Alluvial Fractured Porous
0.3 0.5 0.6 1 3
Erosional processes
Gully erosions Ravines Furrows Laminar Without erosion
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
River bed aggradation
Sediments do not allow water to
emerge
More than 50% of the width of the
bed with emerging sediments
Sediment banks emerging in
the riverbed
Sediments at the bottom of
the riverbed
Without sediments (less
than 5% of the bottom
of the riverbed)
0.6 0.75 0.9 1 1.2
Vegetation in the vicinity of the discharge point (buffer function and biological filtration)
No vegetation, with sealed or
compacted soil
No vegetation, with permeable
soil
Meadow
Up to 5 meters of forest
Up to 10 meters of savannah
5-30 meters of forests
> 10 meters of savannah
> 30 meters of forest
0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.5
Techniques for the conservation of soil and water
Without techniques Tillage Ridges on contour lines Terracing Percolation dams
1 1.3 1.7 2 3
Local Assessment of Recharge Potential and Safety
Local Assessment of Recharge Potential and Safety
Local Assessment of Recharge Potential and Safety
Delimitation of the most Favorable Recharge Areas and Environmental Impact Assessment
Entre-Ribeiros Basin
Rainfall
Land Use Change – 1975/1989/2008
Km
Classes
1975
Change
1975-1989
(%)
1989
Change
1989-2008
(%)
2008
Change
1975-2008
(%)Hectare % Hectare % Hectare %
Conventional
Agriculture
Irrigation
Cattle Raising
Settlements
Forestry
Flooded Area
Savannah
Forest
3287,91
0,00
58564,34
0,00
0,00
6011,93
285968,28
42300,10
0,83
0,00
14,78
0,00
0,00
1,52
72,19
10,68
+1189,18
-
+83,01
-
-
-69,12
-32,23
-14,50
42387,22
14743,63
107181,11
0,00
0,00
1856,74
193797,94
36168,39
10,70
3,72
27,06
0,00
0,00
0,47
48,92
9,13
+135,47
+165,41
+7,72
-
-
-61,79
-55,72
+17,66
99808,69
39131,38
115452,98
11426,19
1230,89
709,38
85821,77
42555,09
25,20
9,88
29,14
2,88
0,31
0,18
21,66
10,74
+2935,63
-
+97,14
-
-
-88,20
-69,99
+0,60
Sub-Total
Antropic61852,25 15,61 +165,65 164311,96 41,48 +62,53 267050,13 67,41 +331,75
Sub-Total Native 334280,32 84,39 -30,65 231823,07 58,52 -44,32 129086,24 32,59 -61,38
Total 396132,57 100,00 396135,03 100,00 396136,36 100,00
Changes in Area and Percentage of Land Use in Entre-Ribeiros Basin
Classes
1975 Variação
1975-
1989(%)
1989 Variação
1989-2008
(%)
2008 Variação
1975-2008
(%)Hectare %Hectare
%
Hectare
%
Conventional
Agriculture
Irrigation
Cattle Raising
Settlements
Forestry
Flooded Area
Savannah
Forest
277,25
0,00
7274,44
0,00
0,00
124,99
48555,24
6212,83
0,44
0,00
11,65
0,00
0,00
0,20
77,76
9,95
+1244,57
-
+112,95
-
-
0,00
-21,15
-26,65
3727,76
256,51
15491,11
0,00
0,00
124,99
38287,76
4557,05
5,97
0,41
24,81
0,00
0,00
0,20
61,31
7,30
+108,26
+2150,62
+60,75
-
-
0,00
-75,60
+6,78
7763,27
5773,15
24901,27
9674,50
0,00
124,99
9341,92
4866,17
12,43
9,25
39,88
15,49
0,00
0,20
14,96
7,79
+2700,14
+242,31
-
-
0,00
-80,76
-21,68
Sub-Total
Antropic7551,69 12,09 +157,89 19475,38 31,19 +147,04 48112,19 77,05 +537,10
Sub-Total Native 54893,06 87,91 -21,72 42969,79 68,81 -66,64 14333,08 22,95 -73,89
Total 62444,75 100,00 62445,17 100,00 62445,27 100,00
Changes in Area and Percentage of Land Use in themost favorable areas for aquifer recharge in Entre-Ribeiros Basin
Integral Approach:Land Use
XRecharge of Water Systems
• Irrigated and conventional agriculture in the valley push the cattle raising areas to the upper basin (plan or wavy areas)
• Agrarian Reform Settlements on the most favorable areas for aquifer recharge
Cartography of AquiferRecharge Favorability
Weighting of features used to evaluate recharge favorabilitySoil (drainage)
Quartzarenicneosols
Latosols Cambisol,Textural or Plinthic
Horizon B soil
Lithosols Gleysols and fluvisols
6 2.5 1 0.6 0.3Lithostratigraphy (aquifer recharge)
Deep porous aquifers
Shallow porous aquifers
Karst Karstic/fissured Fissured
3 2.2 1.4 1.1 0.7Slope (infiltration)
Flat0-3%
Gentle-Undulating
3-8%
Undulating8-20%
Steep-Undulating20-45%
Steep> 45%
2.5 1.5 1 0.5 0.25RainfallMeters of rainfall/yearTopographic height to the level of the springs
Below - 5 metersDischarge
From - 5 to 5 metersFluctuation of phreatic
contact
From 5 to 20 metersTransience
Above 20 metersRecharge
0.7 0.85 1.6 2.25Height to the downstream watercourse
Below 10 metersDischarge
From 10 to 20 metersFluctuation of phreatic
contact
From 20 to 40 metersTransience
Above 40 metersRecharge
0.7 0.85 1.6 2.25
Method for Regional Assessment
Estimation of Flow Components usingRecursive Filters
1. Selection of the Gauge Stationsi. Period 1976-2000: 23 stations.
ii. Another 3 stations with shorter time series
2. Stationary and Correlation Tests
3. Gap Fillingi. Selection of support stations
ii. Segregation of rainy and dry semesters
iii. Gap filling through Expectation Maximization and Multiple Imputation
4. Partitioning of flow components using recursive filters
i. Maps of specific flow for baseflow, interflow, quickflowand total flow
Gap filling of the Rainy Seasons for the Station 42251000 by Expectation Maximization (EM) and by Multiple Imputation (MI).
Gap Filling of the Rainy Season for the Station 42250000 by EM and MI
Integrated to a logic constraint to avoid flow overestimation
Conceptual Hydrograph
Chapman & Maxwell (1996) fillter, parameter α = 0,925, for daily flow data of the Station 42290000, hydrologic year of 1976.
Partitioning of Interflow and Baseflow for the Station 42860000, hydrologic year of 1996, using Bflow filter (Lyne & Hollick, 1979).
Modeling of Water System using Partial Least Squares - PLS
• 26 cases – 2 multivariate axes for explanation
• Variables• independent: environmental attributes• dependent: flow components
• Cluster Analysis of the Variables
• Comparison of the models:• Without regional flow• With regional flow
• Flow Regionalization for the Paracatu River outfall
• Maps of Weighted Specific Flows for Total Flow, Quick flow, Interflow and Base Flow
• Graphic and cartographic analysis of the variables
Attributes
Ind
ep
end
en
t v
aria
ble
s
Morphometric variables: elevation, normalized elevation, standardized
elevation, mass balance, slope height, slope, accumulated slope of the
watershed, curvature, absolute curvature, convergence index, ruggedness index,
vectorial ruggedness index, flow dispersion, topographic wetness index,
topographic index of subsurface flow, sky view factor, land view factor, sky
visibility, total annual insolation, diurnal anisotropic heating, prevailing
windward index (East-Northeast - ENE), prevailing leeward index (ENE),
prevailing wind effect index (ENE), effective strength of the prevailing air flow
(ENE)
Morphometric drainage variables: channel network base level, water springs
level, vertical distance to channel network base level, horizontal overland
distance to watercourse, vertical overland distance to watercourse, distance to
basin outfall (mouth)
Distance to Brittle Structures
Average annual rainfall
Drilled Wells Attributes (flow stabilization, specific flow, dynamic level, water
table lowering)
Space Variables (latitude, longitude, distance to the edge of the basin)
Dependent
VariableTotal Flow, Base Flow, Interflow and Quickflow
PLS Model Results
Regression Model without
Regional Flows
Model with
Regional Flows
R2 Q2 Standard
Deviation
R2 Q2 Standard
Deviation
Total Flow 0.35 -0.10 0.84 0.84 0.73 0.42
Quickflow 0.40 -0.12 0.81 0.76 0.43 0.51
Interflow 0.40 -0.04 0.81 0.43 -0.12 0.79
Base Flow 0.35 -0.21 0.85 0.84 0.67 0.42
Prediction Corrigido com desvio
de predição da
última estação à
montante
Specific
Flow
(m3.s/km2)
Average
Annual
Flow
(m3.s)
Specific
Flow
(m3.s/km2)
Average
Annual
Flow
(m3.s)
Total Flow 4.31 194719.87 4.41 199070.7
Quickflow 1.48 66703.57 1.50 67917.31
Interflow 1.19 53411.52 1.10 49518
Base Flow 1.67 75184.58 1.81 81797.97
Components sum 4.33 195299.67 4.41 199233.3
Flow Regionalization and its components for the Paracatu River Basin
Model Analysis
• Coeficients
• Standardized Coeficients
• Standard Deviation of the Standardized Coeficients
• VIP – Variable Importance in Projection
• VIP Standard Deviation
• Spatial Patterns
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Elev
atio
n
Ch
ann
el N
etw
ork
Bas
e Le
vel
Wat
er S
pri
ngs
Le
vel
Stan
dar
diz
ed E
leva
tio
n
Sky
Vie
w F
acto
r
Sky
Vis
ibili
ty
Effe
ctiv
e S
tren
gth
of
the
Air
Flo
w
Mas
s B
alan
ce
No
rmal
ize
d E
leva
tio
n
Pre
vaili
ng
Win
d S
tren
gth
Win
dw
ard
Tota
l An
nu
al In
sola
tio
n
Ver
tica
l Dis
tan
ce t
o B
ase
Leve
l
Ver
tica
l Dis
tan
ce t
o W
ater
Co
urs
e
Slo
pe
Ru
gged
nes
s
Ab
solu
te C
urv
atu
re
Slo
pe
Hei
ght
Flo
w D
isp
ers
ion
Acc
um
ula
ted
Slo
pe
Top
ogr
. In
dex
of
Sub
surf
ace
Flo
w
Dis
tan
ce t
o B
asin
Ou
tfal
l
Ave
rage
An
nu
al R
ain
fall
Dyn
amic
Le
vel o
f th
e W
ells
Wat
er T
able
Lo
wer
ing
at W
ells
Diu
rnal
An
iso
tro
pic
He
atin
g
Leew
ard
Lati
tud
e
Dis
tan
ce t
o B
ritt
le S
tru
ctu
res
Cu
rvat
ure
Spec
ific
Flo
w o
f th
e W
ells
Terr
ain
Vie
w F
acto
r
Vec
tori
al R
ugg
edn
ess
Top
ogr
aph
ic W
etn
ess
Ind
ex
Ho
rizo
nta
l Dis
tan
ce t
o W
ater
Co
urs
e
Co
nve
rgen
ce
Dis
tan
ce t
o t
he
Edge
of
the
Bas
in
Lon
gitu
de
Stab
iliza
tio
n F
low
of
the
We
lls
Total FlowlQuickflowInterflowBase Flow
Macro Depth ofthe Aquifer
AttributesRelated to
Relief
Depth ofthe Water
Table
Waviness of the Relief
Relief ofthe Valleys
Variable Importance in the Projection (VIP) values of the independent variables, multiplied by the signal of the respective coefficients
Total Flo
w
Base
Flow
Inte
rflow
Qu
ickFlow
Slope Height, Height to Water Course, Normalized Watercourse, Height to the Base Level (Micro-relief)
+ + -
Stabilization Flow of the Wells, Specific Flow of the Wells
+ + -
Horizontal Distance to Watercourse - + -
Diurnal Anisotropic Heating - - +
Elevation, Height to Springs Level, Base level, Distance to the Basin Outfall, Rainfall (macro-relief)
+ -
Distance to Brittle Structures + -
Mass Balance + +
Convergence +
Water Table Lowering at Wells +
• Valleys near the watercourses– Higher quickflow and total flow
– Lower Base Flow and Interflow
– Stronger effect in V-valleys
• Wavyness of the relief diversidade de geotopos– Convergence, slope gradient, ruggedness, slope aspect (exposition to
solar radiation and wind), curvature e absolute curvature
Quickflow
Interflow
Total Flow
Base Flow
Total Flo
w
Base
Flow
Inte
rflow
Qu
ickflow
Longitude - +
Latitude -
Distance to the Basin Edge - -
Higher effect
Lower effect
Publications Journal SituationAquifer Recharge: epistemology and interdisciplinary
Interthesis Accepted for publication
Environmental Characterization of Paracatu River Basin
Technical Report, SACD project
Officialy submitted to the Basin Comitte of the Paracatu River. Available online
Methodology for Rapid Assessment of Aquifer Recharge Areas
Geologia USP Published
Hydrographic and hydrogeological basin of Entre-Ribeiros: probable recharge zone delimitation and environmental impact assessment
EngenhariaAgrícola
Published
Cartographic Methodology for Assesing Aquifer Recharge Potential: a case study of the Paracatu River Basin, Brazil
Boletim doMuseu Paraense
Emílio Goeldi
Accepted for publication
Estimation of Flow Components by Recursive Filters: Case Study on Paracatu River Basin –(SF-7), Brazil
Geologia USP Published
Spatial Modeling of Water Systems using Partial Least Squares: case study for Paracatu Basin (SF-7), in Minas Gerais State, Brazil
Águas Subterrâneas
Published
Aquifer Recharge: contributions for waterresources and environmental management
Holos Submitted
