aquinas reporting
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BIOETHICSREPORTING
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Born: 1225
Birthplace:Roccasecca, Naples,Italy
Died: March 7,1274
Bibliography
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St. Thomas Aquinas
Saint Thomas Aquinas was a Catholic Priest inthe Dominican Order
One of the most important Medievalphilosophers and theologians.
He wrote many works of philosophy andtheology throughout his life, his most influentialand greatest work is the Summa Theologica, thefullest presentation of his views which consists
of three parts. He worked on it from the time of Clement IV
(after 1265) until the end of his life.
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SummaTheologica
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Summa Theologica
1. The Summa Part I: God
2. The Summa Part II: Ethics
3. The Summa Part III: Christ
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The
Summa
Part I:God
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The Summa Part I: God
Part I treats of God, who is the first cause,
himself uncaused (primum movens
immobile) and as such existent only in act(actu), that is pure actuality without
potentiality and, therefore, without
corporeality. His essence is actus purus et
perfectus.
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This follows from the fivefold proof
for the existence o
fGod:
1st Way:Argument from Motion there must be a first
mover himself unmoved.
2nd Way:Argument from Efficient Causes there
must be a first cause in the chain of causes,
3rd Way:Argument from Possibility and Necessity
there must be an absolutely necessary being,
4th Way:Argument from Gradation of Beingtheremust be an absolutely perfect being,
5th Way:Argument from Design there must be a
rational designer.
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The
Summa
Part II:Ethics
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The Summa Part II: Ethics
It consists oftwo parts:
1. Prima Secundae - the general principles
of morality, including a theory of law,which is the NATURAL LAW.
2. Secunda Secundae - morality in
particular, including individual virtues andvices.
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It talks about the
generalprinciples of
morality,
including laws.
Prima
Secundae
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Passion
Concupiscible passions:
love, hate, desire, aversion, joy, sorrow
Irascible passions:
hope, despair, confidence, fear, anger
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Law
According to St. Thomas Aquinas, Law is
an ordinance of reason for the common
good, decreed by the authorities in charge
of the community.
Lawis a dictate of reason commanding
something.
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First precept of law:
Good is to be doneto be done
and promotedand promotedand
evil is to be avoided.to be avoided.
All other precepts of the natural lawAll other precepts of the natural law
are based on thisare based on this
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Aquinas distinguished four kinds of law:
eternal, natural, human, and divine.
Eternal law is the decree of God that
governs all creation. Natural law is the
human "participation" in the eternal law
and is discovered by reason.
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Classical Natural Law Theory
Four types of law for Aquinas:
Eternal Law: (laws of the universe) the whole
community of the universe is governed by divinereason
Divine Law: (the revealed word of God) we needto be guided to our supernatural destiny, ourreason being inadequate to reveal it to us
Human Law: created by us for the purpose ofcarrying out natural law
Natural Law: eternal law as it applies to us,which we know by reason
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Divine law is
the specially
revealed law inthe scriptures.
Human law is
positive law:
the natural lawapplied by
governments to
societies.
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It merely talks
about morality
and thedifferent virtues
and vices of anindividual.
Secunda
Secundae
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In his ethical discussions
Aquinas distinguishes
theological from naturalvirtues and vices..
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St. Thomas defines virtue as "a good habitbearing on activity
Virtue, which is an operative habit, is agood habit productive of good works.
Not every habit is a virtue, but only onethat so improves and perfects a rational
faculty as to incline it towards good -- goodfor the faculty, for the will and for thewhole man in terms of his ultimate destiny.
VIRTUE
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Theological Virtues
There are, however, three theological virtues:
Faith - steadfastness in belief.
Hope - expectation of and desire of receiving;
refraining from despair and capability of notgiving up.
Charity - selfless, unconditional, and voluntary
loving-kindness such as helping one's
neighbors.
These are supernatural and are distinct from other
virtues in their object, namely, God:
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VICES An evil, degrading, or immoral practice or habit.
A habit inclining one to sin, and the sin itself, which isan individual morally wrong act.
Thomas Aquinas taught that "absolutely speaking, thesin surpasses the vice in wickedness".
On the other hand, even after a person's sins havebeen forgiven, the underlying habit (the vice) mayremain. Just as vice was created in the first place by
repeatedly yielding to the temptation to sin, so vicemay be removed only byrepeatedly resistingtemptation and performing virtuous acts;
The more entrenched the vice, the moretime and effort needed to remove it.
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The vice ofgluttony is the firmly held belief that foodand drink are good.
The vice of lust is the firmly held belief that sexualpleasure is good.
The vice ofgreed is the firmly held belief that moneyand possessions are good.
The vice ofangeris the firmly held belief that injustice
committed against us or others is bad, joined with thefirmly held belief that punishment of such an injustice isgood.
The vice ofenvy is the firmly held belief that theexcellence or superiority of another is bad.
The vice of
sloth is the firmly held belief that activity andeffort are bad.
The vice ofvainglory is the firmly held belief that ashow, or image, of excellence is good.
The vice ofpride is the firmly held belief thatexcellences, not in our power, are good.
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Sins Aquinas defines sin as "a word, deed,
or desire, contrary to the eternal
law. In other words, anything that
disobeys God's will is said to be a sin,
and is synonymous with "evil"
He greatly influenced Catholicunderstandings of mortal and venial
sins.
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Mortal Sins
Mortal Sins - Mortal sin is a grievous
offense against the law of God. It deprives
the sinner of sanctifying grace. Mortal sin
occurs as soon as God is no longer our
final end in our thoughts, words, and
actions.
Example: killing the innocent, adultery,
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Venial Sins
Venial Sins - Venial sin is a less serious
offense against the law of God, which
does not deprive the soul of sanctifying
grace, and which can be pardoned even
without sacramental confession.
Example: impatience, slight faultfinding,
lies that harm nobody.
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The
SummaPart III:
Christ
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The Summa Part III: Christ
In this third part Aquinas discusses the person,
office and work of Jesus Christ, and had begun
to discuss the sacraments, when death put an
end to his labors. The third part of the Summa is also divided into
two parts, but by accident rather than by design.
Aquinas died before he had finished his great
work, and what has been added to complete thescheme is appended as a Supplementum
Tertiae Partis.
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END!Thank you!