arab world golden age. the nile, tigris and euphrates developed this region the waters of these...

Arab World Golden Age

The Nile, Tigris and Euphrates developed this region

• The waters of these rivers enriched the land thereby encouraging nomads to settle and farm.

The coastline of the Mediterranean

• The people became seafarers. • They built ships and traded throughout the

Mediterranean area.

Cultural diffusion

• Low level river plains lacked natural barrier against invasion,

• They were conquered repeatedly and invaders contributed to its civilization.

Sumerians

• 4000 B.C. – 1900 B.C.

• Ziggurats, Cuneiform Writing

Babylonians

• 1. 1900 B.C- 1700 B.C.

• 2. 612 B.C. -539 B.C.Code of Hammurabi, was

the first major collection of laws in history

Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt the canals, temples, walls, and palaces; Hanging Gardens

Hittites

• 1650 B.C. - 1200 B.C. • first to make tools and

weapons of iron

Assyrians

• 1100 B.C. - 612 B.C. • For 500 years they

terrorized the region, earning a lasting reputation as one of the most warlike people in history.

Persians; 539 B.C. - 334 BC

• largest empire yet seen, from Asia Minor to India, including Egypt;

• The Persians were tolerant of the people they conquered; built Royal Road.

Phoenicians

• 1200 to 800 B.C• The Alphabet based on

sounds (phonetic); • Missionaries of

civilization, bringing eastern Mediterranean products and culture to less advanced peoples.

Zoroaster Religion:• Persian• Basic ideas of religion: a

single wise god, Ahura Mazda, ruled the world who was constantly fighting Ahriman, the spirit of darkness and evil.

• Those supporting Ahura-Mazda by living virtuously will reach heaven; those following Ahriman will be punished in hell.

• Goodness will eventually prevail, and the world will achieve eternal peace.

Arab Industry: Textiles

• clothing, fabric, embroidery and rugs


• The Textile Arts changed very little in the Middle East since Ancient Mesopotamia.


• The clothes the ancient Canaanites wore resemble what modern Palestinians wear today.

• long A-shaped dress worn by both men and women


• Purple Dye• It takes a lot of

snails to get enough for one garment


• Homer told of how Paris imported Eastern Mediterranean needlewomen from Canaan’s Tyre and Sidon to make beautifully embroidered clothes for Helen.

Arab Industry: Textiles• The Romans got their

newest fashion ideas from the Canaanites.

• They created the basic linen tunic, the dalmatic, which was introduced to Rome in 220 AD and replaced the toga as the universal item of clothing.

• Everyone (except Senators and the Emperor) wore these new tunics imported from the Middle East. They wore togas.

toga


• The Arab style of ornamentation, tiraz, incorporated a style of ornamentation called tiraz, a word borrowed from the Persian for “embroidery,” which incorporated (included) Arabic calligraphy (fancy writing) into the patterns.

Arab Industry: Textiles• Italian artists were

influenced by Arab textile patterns.

• Several European paintings from the 14th century show embroidered Arabic calligraphy in the costumes of wealthy Europeans.

• The Crusaders in Palestine often adopted Arab dress.


• Women made the Textile Art in the Middle East.

• Embroidery of costume and home accessories was done—and still is done—by women

Arab Art: Literature, Calligraphy and Geometric Art

• Islamic art does not have images of people or animals.

• The Quran does not prohibit the representation of humans or animals in drawings, or paintings.

• It was the custom in the Middle East to oppose figural art (and in some cases all art) as a distraction from the worship of God.

• If you are a Muslim and you paint a person in your painting you will be damned on the Day of Judgment.

• The art Muslims can make includes "arabesque" (designs based on or patterns of leaves and flowers) strictly geometrical forms or calligraphy.

arabesque

geometrical


• The Arabic language spread along with the religion Islam because the Quran was written in Arabic.

• The art of calligraphy is an Islamic tradition.

• (Europeans did not know Latin even though until 1965 the Catholic Bible was only written in Latin)


• Arabic calligraphy.


• Calligraphy is used in Muslim countries on important documents, coins and paper money, wall posters and advertising signs, the cover and title page of every book, and the major headlines in every newspaper and magazine .


• Calligraphy hindered the progress of Muslim countries in the modern era because the cursive nature of the Arabic script made its adaptation to printing difficult and delayed the introduction of the printing press


• Islamic artists use geometric design because of the prohibition on the portrayal of the human and animal forms.

Islam forbids the depiction of animals or humans, but it is OK to depict animals that do not exist – so here we have a lion with stripes like a tiger and a human face on its back.

Mosque in Samarkand https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtdKgMHjfRE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtdKgMHjfRE


• Simple tools like straightedge rulers and compasses were the only tools used to create medieval Islamic designs.


• These artists understood quasi-crystalline geometry


• Western scholars discover not these types of geometric patterns until the 20th century!


• Quasi-crystalline geometry uses symmetrical polygonal shapes to create patterns that can be extended indefinitely without repetition.

Islamic Algebra Questions

• Solve the 3650 year old algebra problem:

Divide 100 loaves among 10 men including a boatman, a foreman and a doorkeeper, who receive double portions.

What is the share of each?

100 divided into 13 = 7.69

7.69 loaves for single shares 15.38 loaves for the double shares


• Algebra means in Arabic the reunion of broken parts


• Abu Ja'far Muhammad’s other mathematical breakthroughs: decimals and the algorithm

{What other civilization did we study ‘invented’ algorithm?}

Gupta

• Before the rise of the Arab Empire, the Hindu-Arabic numeral system was already moving West.


• The common origin of the words ‘Algebra’ and ‘Algorithm’ derived from the mathematician Abu Ja'far Muhammad’s name


• Algebra was brought to Europe from ancient Babylon, Egypt and India to Europe via Italy by the Arabs.


• An abacus can fall ruining a set of calculations


• Ancient Egyptians (1650 B.C) first developed algebra.


• In 300 BC the Egyptians could solve problems with two unknowns


• The mathematicians in the Babylonian Period (1800 -

1600 B.C.) solve quadratic equations (those equations with x²).

• (They were limited in that they recognized only one root and that had to be positive.)


• Islamic empire in the 7th and 8th centuries included India, across northern Africa, to Spain.


• How we would write 500 if we used the style of English Left to right:

005 we use Arabicto write numbers?

Roman numerals:


The concept of zero understood by the Arabic mathematician Muhammad Bin Ahmad in 967 AD.


al-Khawarzmi’s contribution to quadratic equations was to recognize that quadratic equations have two roots


Arab mathematician, Al-Karaki, developed an approximate method of finding square roots.


Arabs preserved the Greek knowledge which allowed these mathematicians’ work to be preserved for the modern world.


• The Arab mathematician, Ibn al-Haitham wrote a book on geometrical optics


• The Arab mathematician, Nassereddine al-Tusi separated trigonometry from astronomy.

What does that mean? Ask a math teacher.


• Arabs learned mathematics from the Hindus, but they did not adopt negative numbers.

• This was a step backward in the advancement of mathematical knowledge.

Islamic Medicine Questions• Scientists fled from the

Byzantine Empire to the Islamic Empire because learning was regarded as heresy, and the Eastern Christian Church persecuted all scientists.

• They fled from persecution by going to the Islamic Empire, which took them in.

Islamic Medicine Questions

• The ancient scientific knowledge these refugee scientists brought with them the scientific heritage of the Greeks.


• The pre-Islamic Arabs presumably live lives with very little disease because they tended to live frugally, and to eat a simple diet, and this may well have protected them against many diseases.


• Prophet Mohammed sent back the Egyptian doctor who had been sent to him as a present saying “We have no need of doctors, for we are people who eat only when we are hungry, and when we eat it is never to excess".


• Egypt and the Byzantine and Persian empires were the 3 civilizations that were sources of medical knowledge for the Arabs.


• Religion and medicine combined in ancient Egypt because medical schools were part of to ancient Egyptian temples, and the physicians used to combine medicine with the priesthood.


• manuscripts and books of the ancients were important booty to the Umayyad Caliphate Empire when it conquered other people.


The Arabs translated all that they acquired of Greek, Persian and Indian manuscripts.

Diseases Learned About

• A treatise (book) on nutrition.

• a treatise on poisons.• women's diseases and

midwifery, hereditary diseases, and eye diseases

• smallpox and measles• pulmonary tuberculosis

smallpox

Medical Care Provided• hospital for lepers • regular visiting of prisons by

medical officers. • hospitals • pharmacies, libraries,

lecture-rooms for medical students,

• Ibn Sina 980-1033 wrote The Canon of Medicine. This is an encyclopedic work of medicine in fourteen volumes. It deals with diseases, their classification, description, and causes

Drugs Discovered

• absolute alcohol

• simple and compound remedies

Procedures Developed• an examination of

medical competence. • and separate wards for

men and women.• operating to relieve

various conditions, including the amputation of limbs, the removal of foreign bodies, and the crushing of bladder stones

• forceps for use in midwifery


• Physicians attained great wealth and positions which were sometimes higher than those of princes or ministers in the Islamic Empire.

Islamic Astronomy Questions

• Ptolemy wrote about laying out maps by three different methods of projection provided coordinates for some eight thousand places, and treated such basic concepts as geographical latitude and longitude that helped sailors navigate the seas.


• The Arabs borrowed knowledge from Indians, Persians, the ancient Near East and especially the Greeks

Islamic Astronomy QuestionsIn Islam, Ramadan is determined by the phases of the moon.

Islamic Astronomy Questions• There was a 13th month

every once in a while because the approximately 29.5-day lunar months are not commensurable (don’t fit )with the 365-day solar year;

• The periodic insertion of a 13th month kept calendar dates in step with the seasons.


• It is important for Muslims to know what time it is and how to determine the North/South/East/West directions because of the requirement for Muslims to pray toward Mecca 5 times a day.


• Astrolabe used to tell location and direction.

• They are two-dimensional model of the sky, astrolabes are used to show how the sky looks at a specific place at a given time.


• The primary use of the astrolabe include finding the time during the day or night to help Muslims to know in what direction to pray 5 times a day.


• The astrolabe was adapted for sailors by adding a ring marked in degrees for measuring celestial altitudes.


• Astrolabes were developed by the Ancient Greeks


• the oldest one in existence is 2013 - 927 = 1086 years old

Bronze astrolabe made in Iraq in 927-28

arab world golden age. the nile, tigris and euphrates developed this region the waters of these...

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