Sources: Marlow-Ferguson, Rebecca, and Chris Lopez “World Education Encyclopedia. A Survey of Educational Systems Worldwide”, 2nd ed. Farmington Hills: Gale Group, 2002, Decimus, AncientVine.com,”Alexandria The Pearl of the Meditteranean”,2013, http://www.ancientvine.com/alexandria_egypt.html. Ancient Egyptian Timeline for Children & Kids, http://www.history.timelines.org.uk. Kondos,Ramon,Your Egypt,“Timeline, A Chronology of key events in Egypt’s history”, 2009, http://www.youregypt.com/ehistory/timeline/. 1.Wikimedia Foundation, “Taha Hussein”updated Feb. 23, 2013.

7000 – 2686 BC Pharaonic Age

Higher Ed in Temple Higher

2950 -2575 BC Pyramid Age

Last Pharaoh 525 BC

332 BC Alexander the Great

conquers Great Library of

Alexandria formed

196 BC Rosetta Stone

carved

51 - 31 BC Cleopatra rules, commits suicide

30 BC – 640 AD Roman rule

642 AD Arab rule, Christian society turns Muslim

Arabic language adopted

868 – 1260 AD Dynasties rule, Turkish tribes rule & convert to

Islam

1517 Ottoman Empire

takes over

1250-1798 Mamluk & Turkish rule Education & life rapidly

declines

1798-1801 Napoleon invades, impacts

Egyptian life/French influence Records Egyptian history

1805-1848 Ottoman pasha

Muhammad Ali rules Creates dual ed system

1954 – 1970 Gamal Abdel Nasser

leads for Arab Socialism Expands education,

focus on Islamic values

1970-1981 Anwar Sadat

“Open Door Policy” changes hiring structure

Continues Nasser ed

1982 – 2011 Hosni Mubarak “Grand Revival”

Focus on national planning

2012 Muhammad Morsi

çBC ADèè

1950 Taha Hussein becomes (blind) Minister of Ed

Fights for literacy “Education is like the

air we breathe and the water we drink”1