arc226 history of architecture 4.pdf
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Indo-Aryan style of templesTRANSCRIPT
History of ArchitectureUNIT 4
Indo-Aryan style of temples(Salient features of Orissa temples)
The Technical treatises in Sanskrit on the basic rules in the field of architecture and sculpture are
called as the Shilpa Shastras and Vastu Shastras.
For Orissan Temple, some Technical treaties for temple construction are Bhusan Pradip,
Silpapothi, Silparatnakar, Silpasarini, Silpaprakash, Padmakesara, Deula Mapagunakara, Bhusan
Prabesh, Soudikagama.
The Mayamata and Mansara are the two well known treatises of South India on architecture
and iconography respectively.
Classification of
Hindu Groups
• Brahman
• Kshatria
• Vaisia
• Sudra
Source: Michell, G. (1977). The Hindu
Temple. London: B.I. Publication.
Classification of
Age Groups
• Bramhacharya
• Grihasta
• Vanaprasta
• Sanyasa
Classification of
Vedas
• Rig
• Yajur
• Sama
• Atharva
Classification of
Directions
• North
• South
• East
• West
Source: Stella Karmisch, The Hindu
Temple, 1976, New Delhi
CONCEPT OF
HINDU TEMPLE
GRABHAGRIHAJAGAMOHANABHOGAMANDAP NATAMANDAP
TYPICAL ORISSAN TEMPLE ELEVATION
Source: Deheja, V. (1979). Early Stone Temples of
Orissa. New Delhi: Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
THE ORISSAN HINDU TEMPLE PLAN
GRABHAGRIHAJAGAMOHANABHOGAMANDAP NATAMANDAP
Source: Deheja, V. (1979). Early Stone Temples of
Orissa. New Delhi: Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
The Orissan Hindu Temple
PIDA DEULA
REKHA DEULA
GARBHAGRIHAJAGAMOHANA
RAHAPAGA
KANAKAPAGA
ANARDHAPAGA
RAHAPAGA
KANAKAPAGA
ANARDHAPAGA
RAHAPAGA
ANARDHAPAGA
KANAKAPAGA
Source: Deheja, V. (1979). Early Stone Temples of
Orissa. New Delhi: Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
PITHA
BADA
GANDI
MASTAKA
Elements of Orissan Hindu temple
PRABHAGA
LOWER JUNGHA
BARANDI
UPPER JUNGHA
AMLA
BHUMI
AMLAKA SHILA
AMLA
RAHAPAGA
KALASA
REKHA DEULA ELEVATIONSource: Deheja, V. (1979). Early Stone Temples of
Orissa. New Delhi: Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
JANGHA
BARANDA
PRABHAGA
BANDHANA
TRIPATI
KHAPURI
REKHA DEULA PLAN
GARBHAGRIHA
ANTARALA
ANARDHAPAGAKANAKAPAGA
RAHAPAGA
PITHA
BADA
GANDI
MAST
AKA
PIDHA
GHANTA
KALASHA
PARAGHAR
KALASA
Source: Deheja, V. (1979). Early
Stone Temples of Orissa. New
Delhi: Vikash Publishing House
Pvt. Ltd.
PRABHAGA
JANGHA
BARANDA
LOWER JUNGHA
BARANDI
UPPER JUNGHA
PRABHAGA
BANDHANA
AYUDHA
ANTARALA
ANARDHAPAGA
KANAKAPAGA
RAHAPAGA
JAGAMOHAN ELEVATION JAGAMOHAN PLAN
Typical Orissan Temple Element
Rekha Deula Pidha Deula Natya Mandap Bhoga Mandap
Pitha
Bada
Gandi
Mastaka
• Pabhaga (foot),
• Jangha
• Baranda
• Pabhaga (foot),
• lower Jangha
• Bandhana (bond),
• Upper Jangha
• Baranda
• Bhumi
• Amalaka
Ratha (on plan)
Paga (on elevation)
• Beki
• Tripati
• Amalaka shila
• Khapuri
• kalasha
Pitha
Bada
Gandi
Mastaka
• Triratha/
• pancharatha
• Para Ghara
• Ghanta kalasha
• Dopicha simhas
• Beki
• Ayadha
• Amalaka shila
• kalasha
Pitha
Bada
Mastaka
• Beki
• Ayadha
• Amalaka shila
• kalasha
• Pillered Hall
• Miniature Pidha
Deula with out
Brushava and having
a decorated Entry
Gate
Other Elements
in Temple
Complex• Anand Bazar
• Koili Vaikuntha
• Ponds
• Niladri Vihar
• Snana Bedhi
Source: Deheja, V. (1979).
Early Stone Temples of
Orissa. New Delhi: Vikash
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
• Pabhaga (foot),
• Jangha
• Baranda
• Pabhaga (foot),
• Jangha
• Baranda
Time Line of Periods VS Phases
Ashoka, The
Great (262
BC)
Mahameghavahana
Kharavela (50BC)
The Satavahanas and
the Murundas (3rd
centaury )
Formative Phase
Transitional Phase
Mature Phase
Phase of decadence
(6th century to the first
half of the 9th century)
(2nd half of the 9th century to
the first quarter of the 11th
century)
(From middle of the 11th
century till the 13th century)
(14th to 16th century)
The Durjayas
(6th centaury )
The Royal Gangas
(5th to 11th centaury AD)
Mukundadeva
(Chalukya family)
(1560 AD)
Afgan (1572)
Mughal (1607)
Marathas (1751)
British (1757)
Source: Karmisch, S. (1977). The
Hindu Temple. New Delhi.
Source: Deheja, V. (1979). Early Stone Temples of
Orissa. New Delhi: Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Formative phase
(6th century to the first half of the 9th century)
Source: Karmisch, S. (1977). The
Hindu Temple. New Delhi.
Development of Temple Architecture
In Orissa
pista
Entrance
porch
Bada
Mastaka
Gandi
pista
Bada
Gandi
Mastaka
Rekha Deula Pidha DeulaSource: Deheja, V. (1979). Early Stone Temples of
Orissa. New Delhi: Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Parshurameswar at Old Town, Bhubaneswar
PistaEntrance
Bada
Mastaka
Gandi
Pista
Bada
Gandi
Mastaka
Rekha Deula
Pidha Deula
Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Transitional Phase
(2nd half of the 9th century to the first quarter of the 11th century)
Source: Karmisch, S. (1977). The
Hindu Temple. New Delhi.
Shidheswar Temple, Bhubaneswar
Pista
Entrance
porchBada
Mastaka
Gandi
Pista
Bada
Gandi
Mastaka
Rekha Deula Pidha Deula
Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Mukteswar Temple at old town, Bhubaneswar Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Bramheswara Temple, , Bhubaneswar Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Bramheswara Temple, Bhubaneswar Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Megheswar temple , Bhubaneswar Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Mature Phase
(From middle of the 11th century till the 13th century)
Source: Karmisch, S. (1977). The
Hindu Temple. New Delhi.
Rajarani temple at tankapani road, Bhubaneswar
pista
Entrance
Bada
Mastaka
Gandi
pista
Bada
Gandi
Mastaka
Rekha DeulaPidha Deula
Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Rajarani temple at tankapani road, Bhubaneswar Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Mature Phase
Lingaraj Temple Complex , Bhubaneswar
pista
Bada
Mastaka
Gandi
pista
Bada
Gandi
Mastaka
Rekha Deula
Pidha Deula
Natya
Mandap
Bhoga
Mandap
Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Mature Phase
Lingaraj Temple Complex , Bhubaneswar Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Mature Phase
Source: Photograph courtesy by AuthorLingaraj Temple Complex , Bhubaneswar
Source: Photograph courtesy by Stella Karmisch, The Hindu Temple, 1976,
New Delhi
Source: Photograph courtesy by AuthorLingaraj Temple Complex , Bhubaneswar
Jagannath Temple, Puri Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Jagannath Temple, Puri Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Jagannath Temple, Puri Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Sun Temple at Konark Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Phase of decadence
(14th to 16th century)
Source: Karmisch, S. (1977). The
Hindu Temple. New Delhi.
Source: Photograph courtesy by Author
Source: Chand, D. S. (July-2005). Orissan
Temple Architecture. Orissa Review, 49-51.
Source: Chand, D. S. (July-2005). Orissan
Temple Architecture. Orissa Review, 49-51.
ParsurameswarTemple, Bhubaneswar
Sun Temple, Konark
36
MukteswarTemple, Bhubaneswar
Rajarani Temple, Bhubaneswar
37
HISTORY1. The temple is more than1100 years old, dating back in its present form to the last decade of
the eleventh century, though there is evidence that part of the temple was built during thesixth century CE as the temple has been emphasized in some of theseventh centurySanskrit texts.
2. Fergusson believes the temple might have been initiated byLelat Indra Kesari who reignedfrom 615 to 657 CE.
3. The Assembly hall (jagamohana), sanctum and temple tower wer built during theeleventhcentury, while the Hall of offering (bhoga-mandapa) was built during thetwelth century.Thenatamandira was built by the wife ofSalini between1099 and 1104 CE.
4. By the time the Lingaraj temple was completely constructed, theJagannath (form ofVishnu) cult had been growing in the region, which historians believe is evidencedby theco-existence ofVishnu andShiva worship at the temple. TheGanga dynastykings wereardent followers of Vaishnavism and built theJagannath Temple at Puri in the 12thcentury.
5. The temple is believed to be built by theSomavanshi king Jajati Keshari, in 11th centuryCE. An inscription from the Saka year 1094 (1172 CE) indicates gifts of gold coinsto thetemple byRajaraja II .Another inscription ofNarasimha I from the 11th century indicatesoffer of beetel leaves astambula to the presiding deity. Other stone inscriptions in thetemple indicateroyal grants from Chodagangato villager.
Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar
INTRODUCTION1. The Lingaraj temple is the largest temple in Bhubaneswar.2. It is enshrined within a spacious compound wall oflaterite measuring520 ft (160 m) by
465 ft (142 m).3. The wall is7.5 ft (2.3 m)thick and surmounted by a plain slant coping.4. Alongside the inner face of the boundary wall, there is a terrace to protect the compound
wall against outside aggression.5. The tower is55 m (180 ft) high and the complex has150 smaller shrinesin its spacious
courtyard.6. Each inch of the 55 m (180 ft) tall tower is sculpted.7. The door in the gate of the entrance porch is made of sandalwood.8. The Lingaraj temple faceseastand is built ofsandstone and laterite.9. Themain entrance is located in theeast, while there aresmall entrancesin thenorth and
south.10. The temple is built in theDeula style that has four components namely,vimana (structure
containing the sanctum),Jagamohana(assembly hall),Natyamandapa (festival hall) andBhoga-mandapa(hall of offerings).
11. The dance hall was associated with the raising prominence of thedevadasi systemthatexisted during the time.
12. The various units from the Hall of offering to the tower of the sanctum increase inheight.
Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar
MAIN ELEMENTS1. TheBhogamandapa(Hall of offering) hasfour doors in each of the sides. Theexterior
walls of the hall hasdecorative sculpturesof men and beast. The hall has apyramidalroof made of up several horizontal layers arranged in sets of two with interveningplatform.It bears aninverted bell and akalasa in the top.
2. TheNatyamandapa(festival hall) has one main entrance and two side entrances. The sidewalls of the hall has decorative sculptures displaying women and couples. Ithas a flat roofsloping in stages. There are thick pylons inside the hall.
3. TheJagamohana(assembly hall) has entrances from south and north and has a30 metres(98 ft) tall roof. The hall has a pyramidal roof made of up several horizontal layers arrangedin sets of two with intervening platform as in the Hall of offering. The facade to theentrances are decorated with perforated windows with lion sitting on hindlegs. The invertedbell above second unit is adorned by kalasha and lions.
4. TheRekha Deulahas a60 m (200 ft) tall pyramidal tower over the sanctum. It is coveredwith decorative design and seated lion projecting from the walls. The sanctumis square inshape from the inside. The tower walls are sculpted with female figures in different poses.
Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar
Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar
Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar
Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar
Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar
Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar
Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar
Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar
Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar
Orissa Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar
1. Located on theshoreline, now a little over3 km from the sea, the temple takes the form ofthechariot of Surya (Arka), the Sun God, and is heavily decorated withstone carving.
2. The entire complex was designed in the form of the God's huge chariot drawn bysevenspirited horseson twelve pairs of exquisitely decorated wheels at its base.
3. Thehuge wheelscarved at the base of the temple are one of the major attractions. The spokesof the wheels serve assundialsand the shadows cast by these can give the precise time of theday.
4. The pyramidal roof soars over30 m (98 ft) in height. The temple complex also containserotic sculptures similar to the temple in Khajuraho.
5. The entrance is guarded by two giant lions, which are each shown crushing a warelephant.Each elephant in turn lies on top of a human body. Herelion is represented aspride andelephant is represented asmoney.
6. The temple symbolizes the majestic stride of the Sun God.7. At the entrance of the temple is aNata mandir. This is where the temple dancers used to
perform dances in homage to the Sun God.8. All around the temple, there arevarious floral and geometric patterns. The temple is now
partly in ruins, and a collection of its sculptures is housed in the Sun Temple Museum, whichis run by the Archaeological Survey of India. The poet Rabindranath Tagore wrote of Konark:"Here the language of stone surpasses the language of man."
Konark Temple, Orissa
SUN TEMPLE AT KONARK, ORISSA 1250 AD
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
Konark Temple, Orissa
1. SomeBargujar Rajputs moved eastward to central India; they ruled over theNorth-easternregion of Rajasthan, calledDhundhar, and were referred to asDhundhel or Dhundhela inancient times, for the region they governed.
2. Later on they called themselvesChandelas; those who were in the ruling class havinggotraKashyap were definitely allBargujars; they were vassals ofGurjara - Pratihara empire ofNorth India, which lasted from500 C.E. to 1300 C.E.and at its peak the major monumentswere built.
3. The city was the cultural capital ofChandel Rajputs, a Hindu dynasty that ruled this part ofIndia from the10-12th centuries. The political capital of theChandelaswasKalinjar .
4. TheKhajuraho temples were built over a span of200 years, from 950 to 1150.5. The Chandela capital was moved to Mahoba after this time, but Khajuraho continued to
flourish for some time.Khajuraho has no forts because theChandel Kings never lived intheircultural capital .
6. The whole area was enclosed by a wall witheight originates, each flanked bytwo goldenpalm trees.
7. There were originally over80 Hindu temples, of which only25 now stand in a reasonablestate of preservation, scattered over an area of about20 square kilometres (8 sq mi).
8. Theerotic sculptureswere crafted byChandella artisans.9. The temples, maintained by the locals, were pointed out to the English inthe late 19th century
when the jungles had taken a toll on the monuments. Today, the temples serve as fineexamples of Indian architectural styles that have gained popularity due to their explicitdepiction of sexual life during medieval times.
INDO-ARYAN STYLE: KHAJURAHO (950 -1050 AD)
Left: plan of Kandariya Mahadev temple (11th century):
(1) Garbhagriha, (2) Pradakshinapth, (3) Mandapa, and (4) Arthamandapa.
Right: East–West section of Kandariya Mahadev temple.
front elevation north elevation back elevation.
(a) Top: 9-Squares mandala. Bottom: sides of a 9-squares mandala are bumped up 1 pada along
the cardinal directions.
(b) Left: plan of Kandariya Mahadev temple. Right up: outer corner of 1 pada and development
of a element having golden proportion with a quarter of the pada. Right bottom: outer
corner of figure filled by the newly born element from a pada in its three sides and
overlapped with the self similar but opposite pattern to get final fractal patterned plan of
the temple.
Geometric operation of mandalas and that of some symbolic geometry for the development of
the plan of Kandariya Mahadev temple.
(a) Repetitions of towers and their elements in the shikhara; and
(b) whole form of shikhara is repeated in a part within another part (marked by red colour).
Repetitions of tower above the mandapas (marked by green colour) create angle for upward
eye movement to the summit of main shikhara.
Peaks of all self similar towers follow the rule golden sequence.
Whole in a part in the shikhara:
(a) whole body of shikhara above the sanctuary;
(b) self similar part of the whole shikhara; and
(c) self similar smaller part of the whole shikhara.80
INDO-ARYAN STYLE: KHAJURAHO (950 -1050 AD)
INDO-ARYAN STYLE: KHAJURAHO (950 -1050 AD)
INDO-ARYAN STYLE: KHAJURAHO (950 -1050 AD)
BALCONIED PORCHES
&HIGH PLINTH
DOMICAL CEILING
&INTERIOR
DOMICAL
CEILING
&
INTERIOR
INDO-ARYAN STYLE: KHAJURAHO (950 -1050 AD)
INDO-ARYAN STYLE: KHAJURAHO (950 -1050 AD)
Introduction1. The Sun Temple, Modhera, at Modhera in Gujarat, is a temple dedicated to theHindu Sun-
God, Surya.2. It was built in1026 ADby King Bhimdev of theSolanki dynasty.3. In the present times, prayers are not offered in this temple.4. According to theSkanda PuranaandBrahma Purana, the areas near Modhera were known
during ancient days asDharmaranya (literally meaning the forest of righteousness).5. This was the time whenSomnathand the adjoining area was plundered byMahmud Ghazni
and reeled under the effects of his invasion.6. The temple is partially in ruins after it was also finally destroyed bytheAllauddin Khilji .
Surya Temple at Modhera, Gujarat
Suryakunda1. ThisSuryakunda, also known asRamakunda, is a large rectangular stepped tank measuring53.6 x 36.6
meters under theeast faceof sabhamandap used to store pure water. Devotees were required toperform ceremonial ablutions here before worshiping the Sun God.
2. TheSuryakund is a finest example ofgeometry. The organization of stone into composition gives shapeto adazzling pattern of art.
3. It is proportioned with innumerable stone steps leading devotees down to its base.4. 108 miniature shrinesare carved in between the steps inside the tank. Also number 108 considered to be
auspicious by Hindusas Hindu rosary has same number of beads.
Reservoir deities1. There arefour terraces to descend to reach the bottom of the tank.Small pyramid-shaped
steps are for each terrace. God and Goddess depicted in immortalized stone unfold thesculpture wealth:Lord Vishnu, Lord Ganesh, Lord Natraj, Sitlamata's presence a marvelcreated duringSolanki era.
2. Two huge ornamental arches calledToran forms a gateway to theSabha Mandap(assemblyhall).
This hall of religious gatherings is a magnificent pillared hall. It is open from all sides and has52intricately carved pillars representing 52 weeks in a year. The carvings depictepisodesfromthe Hindu epics ofRamayan, Mahabharat and Krishna Lila (i.e., story of Lord Krishna).
Sabha Mandap
Surya Temple at Modhera, Gujarat
PILLARS
Thank You
Presented By
Partha Sarathi MishraAsst. Prof.Lovely Professional UniversityB Arch (ABIT-PMCA) M Arch (IIT Roorkee) email:- [email protected]