Automotive Worldwide

Extract from the product catalogue

Note: Information contained in this catalogue is subject to change.Please contact our sales team whenever you place an order to ensure that your requirements are fully met.

Please contact us if you have a specific requirement that is not included in the range of products and services covered by this catalogue.We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

Index

ArcelorMittal 2Development Trends 3Product Safety and Toxicology 5Life Cycle Analysis and Recycling 7Product Definition 9Product Selection Guide 17Equivalent Standards Tables 20Worldwide product availability 24Dual Phase steels 25TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steels 32Complex Phase steels 37Hot rolled ferrite-bainite steels 44Steels for hot stamping 49High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels for cold forming 55Bake hardening steels 60High strength IF steels 65Solid solution steels 68High formability steels for drawing 71Extragal® double-sided pure zinc galvanized steels 77Ultragal® 79Galvannealed zinc-iron alloy coated steels 81Steels coated with galfan zinc-aluminium alloy 83Electrogalvanized sheet coated on one or both sides 86Surface treatments 88Thin Organic Coatings (TOCs) 90Steels coated with Alusi®, an aluminum-silicon alloy: general points 93Steels coated with Alusi® aluminum-silicon alloy: specific applications 95iCARe™: ArcelorMittalâ��s range of electrical steels for automotive 100iCARe™ Save 104iCARe™ Torque 106iCARe™ Speed 108Coatings for iCARe™ 110Advanced technical support for iCARe™ 112A range of technical services to support product selection 114Finishing: Auto Processing 115Multi-thickness laser welded blanks: Tailored Blanks 118

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We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

 

 

ArcelorMittal

An unparalleled partner for automotive manufacturers

ArcelorMittal is the world's number one steel company. ArcelorMittal is the leader in all major global markets, including automotive, construction, household appliances and packaging. Supporting our position is a commitment to industry leading R&D and technology. The Group holds sizeable captive supplies of raw materials and operates an extensive distribution network, ensuring sustainability and quality throughout the supply chain. Its industrial presence in 20 countries across Europe, Asia, Africa and America gives the Group exposure to all the key steel markets, from mature to emerging, such as the high growth markets in China and India.

As a supplier of automotive steels, ArcelorMittal is unequaled. The dedicated organization it has put in place to serve automotive manufacturers, sub-contractors and equipment suppliers gives them the benefit of global expertise, state-of-the-art research and development and a comprehensive and internationally available product, solution and service offering.

Within this dedicated organization, separate customer teams are structured to support each customer's worldwide growth while providing local service. Teams are made up of account managers in charge of supporting the customer's strategy and technical experts able to anticipate and facilitate product utilization. The flexibility of this organization enables ArcelorMittal to serve as a co-engineering partner throughout the life of the vehicle, from design through production.

The purpose of ArcelorMittal Research and Development, which has four dedicated automotive laboratories in the United States and Europe, is to propose increasingly innovative solutions to automotive manufacturers. Its primary goal is to stay ahead of the curve, anticipating the environmental, safety and cost control issues facing the automotive sector and devising effective and sustainable solutions to address them. It develops breakthrough product and processing technologies while maintaining a constant focus on cost control.

ArcelorMittal automotive steels have outstanding properties in use and cover the full range of metallurgical families, coatings and surface treatments. ArcelorMittal has a recognized global technological edge in galvanized steels for exposed parts and coated steels for hot stamping. Striking an optimum balance between mass savings and formability, its wide range of products is available throughout the world and is supplemented by services and solutions provided by the Group's international network of wholly-owned and associated processing centers, welded blank production units and drawing partners.

ArcelorMittal offers its customers unrivaled value creation by addressing the ever-changing challenges they face, supporting their expansion and growth and providing them with outstanding products and services.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

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We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

 

 

Development Trends

The Automotive Worldwide catalogue reflects the major trends in new product development being pursued by the  ArcelorMittal group in response to the needs of its automotive sector customers:

Proposals for reducing vehicle weight Cost reductions Environmental protection

As world leader, ArcelorMittal is called upon to take the lead in innovation, focusing on breakthrough technologies that will, in some cases, prove indispensable in the future.

Reduction of vehicle weight

We are constantly extending our range of very high strength steels suitable for structural parts. We have, for example, added several grades in the 800 to1200 MPa tensile strength range. These products-hot and cold rolled, coated and uncoated Dual Phase, Complex Phase and martensitic steels-provide many different combinations of weight reduction capacity and formability.

To meet the need for weight reduction in closures, our catalogue now includes a Dual Phase FF 280 DP Extragal® adapted to the requirements for visible parts.

Other metallurgical concepts are being studied by our R&D team in our ongoing endeavour to further expand our product range.

Cost reduction

ArcelorMittal offers high-performance solutions with proven capacity for reducing certain process costs. For example, the new surface treatments for zinc coatings-NIT and L-Treatment-improve the robustness of the drawing process. Because of their surface properties, the frequency of equipment cleaning operations (which are crucial, especially for skin parts) can often be reduced.

Ultragal® offers new guarantees with respect to waviness and hence to paint appearance in the galvanized range for visible parts. It offers opportunities for synergies with new shorter-and thus more cost-effective-painting processes.

Environmental protection

ArcelorMittal strives to help protect the environment.  For example, Chrome VI has been removed from the group's automotive catalogue. Chromating on a metallic coating has been replaced by E-passivation and surface treatments in the weldable thin organic coatings range are now entirely chromium-free.

Breakthrough technology

The increasingly competitive and global automotive market calls for the development of top-performance products. The quest for combinations of different properties and the need for savings will increasingly require simultaneous product and process development. ArcelorMittal devotes significant resources to the search for breakthrough technologies. A typical example is the emergence of vacuum PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition). New prospects for breakthrough product development have opened up as a result of this technology, which exists in other industries but has never before been applied in a continuous steelmaking process.

The first of these products will probably be the ZEMg coating, obtained by vacuum deposition. The ZEMg PVD coating's capacity for corrosion protection and its surface quality recommend it for many automotive industry applications, for both visible and non-visible parts. These ZEMg PVD coatings have been specially developed to increase corrosion protection in hollow parts and abutments of adjoining parts. They can help reduce the need for additional protective measures such as wax and mastics. They can also improve protection in hollow areas taht are difficult to protect by cataphoresis and can considerably reduce design costs. The main applications are closures, body sides,

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These ZEMg PVD coatings have been specially developed to increase corrosion protection in hollow parts and abutments of adjoining parts. They can help reduce the need for additional protective measures such as wax and mastics. They can also improve protection in hollow areas taht are difficult to protect by cataphoresis and can considerably reduce design costs. The main applications are closures, body sides, underbodies, shock absorbers and all hollow beams in vehicles. These products are aimed at meeting the needs of car body manufacturers with respect to reducting the cost of anti-corrosion guarantees.

Surface appearance of ZEMg PVD coating (Scanning electron micrograph)

Cross-sectional view of ZEMg PVD coating

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

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Product Safety and Toxicology

Compliance of steels with EoL Directive 2000/53/EC and with automotive industry requirements

Directive 2000/53/EC requires that  vehicles placed on the market after 1 July 2003 contain no lead, cadmium, mercury or hexavalent chromium, other than in the cases listed in its Annex 2.

It also requires the identification of other dangerous substances (as defined in Directive 67/548/EEC1 and Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008*

and Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008**) that may be used in the manufacture of vehicles. The amendment of Annex 2 of the Directive, published on 20 September 2005 (Council Decision 2005/673/EC), set 1 July 2007 as the date for a comprehensive ban on the use of hexavalent chromium.

In addition, tolerance thresholds were set for these substances:0.1% (1.000 ppm) for lead, mercury and hexavalent chromium0.01% (100 ppm) for cadmium.

Consequently, there is a twofold requirement:Guarantee of compliance of the steel with the Directive, with provision of information on any use of prohibited substances or metals in our products and timetable for implementation of the heavy metal prohibition in the products involved;Provision of information on the composition of our steels, in particular by reporting such information in databases such as IMDS.

* Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. The  classification of dangerous substances can be accessed via http://ecb.jrc.it/classification-labelling/** Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006

Characteristics of steels supplied to the automotive sector and their compliance with regulations

Composition of steelsThe steels supplied to the automotive sector are often complex, multi-layer products, made up of a substrate with a zinc and/or aluminum based alloy coating, with one or more subsequent surface treatments.

SubstrateThe chemical composition of steel varies from one grade to another. Generally the total concentration of alloying elements does not exceed 3%. The maximum concentration per element may be up to 3% (certain VHS steels contain more than 2% manganese, for example). The most frequently used alloying elements are carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorous, sulphur, niobium, aluminum, boron, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum and titanium.

Trace lead in steel substrates is not due to deliberate additions during production, but rather to the fact that current processes do not fully eliminate trace elements from raw materials and recycled materials.

Metal coatingsThese coatings are obtained either by continuous hot-dip galvanization or by electrodeposition.

Trace lead and cadmium in coatings (dissolved in the metal lattice) are not due to deliberate additions during production, but rather to the fact that current processes do not fully eliminate trace elements from raw materials and recycled materials.

The sum of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) content in spangle-free coating is less than 100 ppm and mercury (Hg) is not detectable.

Surface treatments:

PassivationArcelorMittal has introduced Cr(VI)-free passivation (E-Passivation®), in line with legislation.

PhosphatingThis treatment (42% phosphate, 35% Zn, 5% Mn, 1% Ni) complies with regulations.

Thin organic coatings (TOCs)ArcelorMittal now offers a range of thin organic coatings over hexavalent chromium-free pre-treatment.

Development of environmentally-friendly products

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Development of environmentally-friendly products

ArcelorMittal has implemented a Cr(VI)-free substitution programme, offering Cr(VI)-free solutions for its entire range of products, including sandwich sheet, in accordance with the timetable set by the Directive and/or vehicle manufacturers' decisions.

Communication of information relating to the composition of steel products

Since 2002, the composition of steels supplied to the automotive sector has been available in the IMDS data base.

ArcelorMittal's steels are reported under their commercial name, with a layer by layer description and ID number.

ArcelorMittal's identification number in IMDS is 5502.

We also work with manufacturers who have not joined the IMDS system.

Certification and reporting of dangerous substances

The ArcelorMittal Technology -Health and Safety -Product Safety Department is responsible for the certification procedure.

The risks that might arise during secondary processing of steels are set out in the Safety Data Sheets (SDSs), which may be downloaded from www.arcelormittal.com/fce website under �Products & Services > MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets)'.

Compliance with the REACH Regulation EC 1907/2006

ArcelorMittal is implementing the various aspects of the REACH Regulation according to the regulatory timeframe. In particular, we are making every effort to ensure that the use of our products by our clients is correctly assessed and that all substances present in the products delivered to our clients have been properly registered. Steel coils, slit bands, sheets, blanks and their derivatives are to be considered as articles in the sense of the REACH reglementation. The selection process of substances to be included in the Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern or in REACH Annex XIV is carefully monitored. We are committed to informing our clients about the presence of any such substances in our products, as provided for in this Regulation. Our Safety Data Sheets have been adapted to the new requirements laid down by REACH and the new CLP (Classification Labelling and Packaging) directive. Further updates may be made as additional information becomes available.

If you have any questions on product safety and toxicology, please ask your usual contact or send an e-mail to: fcs-msds@arcelormittal.com.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

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Life Cycle Analysis and Recycling

The environment a priority focus from the R&D stage onward

Protecting the environment is a key challenge of our time and as the world's leading steel company, ArcelorMittal is committed to helping develop sustainable solutions. The Group's research centers have set up dedicated Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and recycling units to assess the impact of new products on the environment at the design stage (by means of LCA) and at end-of-life recovery and disposal (by validating their recyclability).

Life Cycle Analysis

This standardized (ISO 14040) method is used to determine the potential impact of a product on the environment throughout its entire life cycle, i.e. from the extraction of the raw materials needed to produce it (ore, oil, etc.) to its production, utilization and end-of-life disposal (recycling, incineration, etc.). The entire life cycle of steel must be considered in the automotive sector since:    

the utilization phase accounts for some 80% of a vehicle's overall environmental impact;steel often has an impact that is far smaller than that of its competitors in the production phase;steel's recyclability is a major advantage in end-of-life vehicle regulations.

An LCA study is carried out in four phases:Definition of objectives and of the system studied: observation of the life cycle in order to model it and definition of the functional unit (quantity of product studied = 1 m2 of roofing, 100 beverage cans, vehicle traveling 200.000 km, etc.);

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Inventory of flows: list of all the inputs and outputs of the system (quantity of each material needed, emissions, etc.);2. Assessment of impacts: use of inventory data to calculate environmental impact in terms of: global warming, natural resources, acidification, etc.;

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Interpretation: proposal of alternative production processes to reduce impact. Comparison of different products to support the choice of the product that best protects the environment.

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ArcelorMittal and a variety of consortia have carried out studies that have demonstrated the competitive advantages of steel in this area.

End-of-life vehicle recycling

Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 18 September 2000 on end-of-life vehicles was drawn up to limit or prohibit the presence in vehicles of dangerous substances such as lead, cadmium, chromium IV and mercury, in order to reduce the environmental impact of vehicles throughout their lives. It also defines target recycling and waste-to-energy rates with the goal of reducing as far as possible the ultimate waste from of end-of-life vehicles that is landfilled. In 2006, the target was recycling of at least 80% of materials in addition to a maximum 5% waste-to-energy rate to ensure that a maximum of 15% of the average mass of end-of-life vehicles is landfilled. In 2015, these objectives will increase to 85% materials recycling, 10% waste-to-energy and only 5% landfilled. A large number of vehicle shredding and shredded scrap characterization tests have shown that the ferrous fraction of vehicles is both 100% recyclable and 100% recycled. To ensure that this recycling is sustainable, the ArcelorMittal Group undertakes to verify that all new steels developed for automotive production are easy to recover and recycle. In this spirit, a research team at the ArcelorMittal Research Center in Maizières-les-Metz has developed a methodology making it possible for compliance with the specifications of the European Directive described above to be validated at the time new steels are developed (see diagram below). In partnership with professional scrap processors, the ArcelorMittal Recycling R&D team offers solutions for easily recovering the ferrous fraction generated by their processes, including, importantly, non-magnetic steels. The new steels offered by ArcelorMittal are also subjected to the conventional treatment applied to end-of-life capital goods in which they are used. For example, shredding and sorting tests are carried out in industrial facilities and the scrap recovered is then melted in pilot furnaces so as to determine its meltability and verify that scrap melting does not impact the environment. 

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 The ArcelorMittal Group is thus able to provide its customers with a guarantee of sustainable recycling of all the steels offered.

Flowchart -Compliance of new steels with Directive 2000/53/EC

Steel is an environmentally-friendly material in use and is virtually infinitely recyclable.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

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Product Definition

Major metallurgical families and characterization

ArcelorMittal's range of steels for the automotive sector comprises all the main metallurgical families:Steels for drawing: aluminum killed and IF (Interstitial Free);High-strength steels: high yield strength steels, rephosphorized steels, high strength IF steels, isotropic and bake hardening steels;Very high strength multiphase steels: Dual Phase, TRIP, ferrite-bainite, Complex Phase steels.

The mechanical properties of these steels are the result of a combination of parameters that are defined throughout the steel manufacturing process. The two main parameters are:

Chemical composition;Thermo-mechanical process.

Mechanical propertiesTo obtain the required mechanical properties, the steelmaker devises a range of strength/formability combinations suitable for the uses to which products are to be put in the automobile.A number of hardening processes are available. They can be employed alone or in combination:

Steel hardening mechanism

To activate and control these processes, the steelmaker varies:

a) Chemical composition

The composition of the alloy lends the steel its mechanical strength. Iron from the blast furnace, the first stage in the steel production process, is uniform for all products.In the following process stage, alloying elements are added to or removed from the iron. This stage determines the main families of steel, from the strongest to the most formable. The proportion of carbon plays a crucial role in this determination, since it is the main hardening element added to iron. Other elements such as manganese, silicon and phosphorous are also used to adjust the strength of the steel. More selectively, further alloying elements such as titanium, niobium and vanadium can be added to lend specific hardness properties to the steel. These are called micro-alloyed steels, since these elements have an effect even when added in very small quantities compared to the other alloying elements.In multiphase steels (Dual Phase, TRIP, Complex Phase...) it may be necessary to add chromium and molybdenum to obtain hard phases.Nitrogen and carbon are chemical elements of small atomic size compared to iron. They are called interstitial elements because they are easily positioned within the iron crystal lattice (positions 2 and 3 in the figure below: positions 4 and 5 are occupied by substitution elements such as Mn, Si, etc., and position 1 is a vacancy). Placed in the interstices of the crystal lattice, they harden the crystal as a whole by preventing the atomic planes from sliding against each other. The quantity of interstitial elements in steel determines its mechanical properties. Carbon content is adjusted primarily by blowing oxygen through the molten metal and can be further lowered by vacuum treatment.There are two possible methods for removing carbides and nitrides, i.e. for inducing the precipitation of residual carbon and nitrogen atoms contained in compounds too voluminous to occupy interstitial positions. One-the method used for ordinary and high strength steels-consists in adding aluminum (in this case the steels are said to be "aluminum killed"). The other consists in adding titanium (these steels are then said

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There are two possible methods for removing carbides and nitrides, i.e. for inducing the precipitation of residual carbon and nitrogen atoms contained in compounds too voluminous to occupy interstitial positions. One-the method used for ordinary and high strength steels-consists in adding aluminum (in this case the steels are said to be "aluminum killed"). The other consists in adding titanium (these steels are then said to be "titanium killed"). The second method is the more efficient in reducing total interstitial nitrogen and carbon. This method is used to produce "Interstitial Free" (IF) type mild steels.

Various positions that alloying elements can occupy in the iron crystal lattice

b) Thermo-mechanical process

The grain structure of steel influences its mechanical behavior at two levels:Microscopically, through alignment irregularities (dislocations) and interstitial or substitutional alloying elements within each grain, which is itself a single crystal of iron;More macroscopically, through the shape (elongated or equi-axed) and size of the grains.

For a given chemical composition, these characteristics of a steel are related to the thermo-mechanical cycles it undergoes throughout the manufacturing process:

Solidification in slab form;Hot rolling;Cold rolling;Annealing;Skin-pass.

Rolling temperatures, cooling speeds, coiling temperatures, thickness reduction rates in the cold rolling mill, annealing cycles and skin-pass parameters are all varied in order to adjust the structure of the steel and hence the product's final properties.

Steel grain structure

Tensile testSteel is characterized by the mechanical properties of products sold both in the cold rolled (thicknesses below 3.0 mm) and the hot rolled (currently, thicknesses higher than 1.8 mm) state. These properties reflect the product's propensity for secondary processing and for forming by means of drawing, bending, hydro-forming, etc. The method most commonly used to determine the mechanical properties of materials is the tensile test.It has two advantages:

It is easy, rapid and standardized.The resulting stress-strain curve provides a large amount of precise information.

The test consists in gradually elongating a specimen of the grade to be characterized. A uniaxial load is applied to the specimen in the rolling or transverse direction. The load needed to deform the specimen to failure and the elongation of the specimen are recorded simultaneously. These values are used to plot stress (load divided by the initial cross-section of the specimen) against strain (expressed as percent

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The test consists in gradually elongating a specimen of the grade to be characterized. A uniaxial load is applied to the specimen in the rolling or transverse direction. The load needed to deform the specimen to failure and the elongation of the specimen are recorded simultaneously. These values are used to plot stress (load divided by the initial cross-section of the specimen) against strain (expressed as percent elongation of the initial gage L0).This is the stress-strain curve, shown in the figure opposite. This uniaxial test is spelled out precisely in the EN 10002-1 standard and elsewhere. The importance of specimen preparation (machining), especially for high strength steels, should be borne in mind.

Shape of the stress-strain specimen

Configuration of the tensile test machine

Shape of the stress-strain curve

RemarksTest specimen dimensions: 1. The dimension of tensile test specimens varies according to the thickness of the product tested:a. thickness ≤ 3 mm: width 20 mm and length 80 mm;b. thickness > 3 mm: width 30 mm and length 5.65 √S0. where S0 = width x thickness. Standard dimensions in Europe (EN standards).2. Specimen dimensions also vary from one country to another:a. Japan (JIS standard): width 25 mm and length 50 mm;b. USA (ASTM standard): width 12.5 mm and length 50 mm.

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b. USA (ASTM standard): width 12.5 mm and length 50 mm.Because of these variations in specimen size, the mechanical properties measured are not directly comparable. However, well-established conversions exist between the different standards.

JIS -EN -ISO elongation value correlations

These conversions are indicative. Our technical department can provide further information as required.

Tensile test directionAll parameters derived from the tensile test reflect the properties of the steel in a specific direction: that of the tensile test. These values depend on the direction in which the sample was taken with respect to the direction in which the thin sheet was rolled.When indicating the mechanical properties of steel, the  sampling direction with respect to the rolling direction must always be specified:

Rolling direction RD (indicated by 0°);Transverse direction TD (indicated by 90°);Oblique direction (indicated by 45°).

Main mechanical properties

The tensile test measures the following parameters, which characterize the material:

a) Yield stress: YS

Point A on the stress-strain curve. It represents the load at which the elastic domain, in which deformation is reversible, ends and the plastic domain, in which deformation is irreversible, begins.

Typically, there are two types of transition:

The transition between the elastic and plastic domains shows a maximum followed by a sudden drop in yield stress and a plateau. A distinction is made between upper yield stress UYS, corresponding to the peak, and lower yield stress LYS, corresponding to the plateau. The length of the plateau is the yield point elongation es.The transition is gradual. Yield stress is then defined conventionally. It is measured for 0.2% elongation and termed 0.2% proof stress (0.2% PS). The term YS will be used to cover both types in this document.

Definition of yield stress and plateau

b) Ultimate tensile stress (or tensile strength or mechanical strength): UTS

Point B on the stress-strain curve. This is the maximum load reached during the tensile test.

Beyond this point, deformation begins to concentrate locally in a phenomenon called "necking", which explains the drop in the load required for further deformation beyond Point B.

c) Fracture elongation: ef%

This is the residual elongation after failure of the specimen at point C on the stress-strain curve.

d) Strain hardening coefficient: n

In the tensile test, loads are measured with respect to the initial cross-section of the specimen. True stress σ and true strain ε are determined by calculating the load with respect to the instantaneous cross section, using the law of conservation of mass/matter.The resulting plot of σ = f(ε) is called the true stress-strain curve. This curve can be described by the Holloman law: σ = k.εn, in which n is called the strain hardening coefficient. It describes the propensity of steel to harden during deformation in  the plastic domain (the higher the value of n, the more rapidly the steel hardens), to deform in the expansion mode and to redistribute strains.

e) Anisotropy coefficient: r

The anisotropy coefficient measures the tendency of the steel to resist thinning during the tensile test. It expresses the ratio between specimen width deformation and specimen thickness deformation and thus reflects the steel's ability to undergo severe deep drawing strains.

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The values of r are usually on the order of 1 for hot-rolled sheet but can go up to nearly 3 for steels with the highest drawability.

f) Bake hardening

Bake hardening describes the steel's ability to harden during paint baking; this is used to increase the yield strength of the finished part.

These steels thus combine good drawability with good dent resistance after paint curing (YS value higher than in the initial blank) and good plastic deformation resistance in the finished part.Bake hardening is determined by measuring the increase in YS following heat treatment at 170°C for 20 minutes, simulating paint curing conditions, after 2% uniaxial pre-strain (most representative value). This parameter is called BH2.

g) Work hardening

Work hardening describes the increase in yield stress compared to a reference level following plastic deformation. It is directly correlated with the steel's strain hardening coefficient n.

Low-carbon flat steel families

Low-carbon flat steels can be grouped into families according to their mechanical properties, their strength/ductility combination and the metallurgy (chemistry and thermo-mechanical processes) employed in their manufacturing. Within the metallurgical families, classification by YS and UTS range defines grades.

Metallurgical families

Range of ArcelorMittal steels for the automotive sector

Usibor® steels for hot forming are not shown. Their mechanical strength is on the order of 1500 MPa after hardening.

Coatings

In the automotive industry, autobody anti-corrosion protection, expressed as the anti-corrosion guarantee, has become a major selling point.

Several protection solutions have been developed and the most widely used can be divided into three groups:

Hot-dip metal coatings applied by immersion in a liquid metal bath (at temperatures up to 700°C);Metal coatings applied by electrodeposition (at temperatures slightly above ambient);Thin (0.5 to 6 µm) organic coatings applied on a substrate previously protected by electrodeposited or hot dip metal coating and pre-treated to increase corrosion resistance and adhesion of the organic coating.

Various families of coatings exist, depending on deposition process, chemical composition, thickness (or weight per unit area), application on one or both sides and surface appearance requirements.

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Various families of coatings exist, depending on deposition process, chemical composition, thickness (or weight per unit area), application on one or both sides and surface appearance requirements. Coating thickness is measured continuously on coating lines by means of x-ray gauges that scan the full width of the moving strip.

Other types of measurement can be carried out to obtain a point value:Permascope, to determine the difference in product thickness with and without the coating;Chemical measurement, to determine the difference in the weight of a sample with and without the coating (this is the most accurate measurement);Optical microscopy, to determine highly local coating thickness values.

Surface condition

The surface condition of steels has a major impact on their service properties, particularly during the forming and painting processes.

Surface quality is characterized primarily by:Surface topography;Lubrication;Chemical treatment.

Surface topographySurface topography describes the surface micro-geometry of the steel sheet. This is essentially a two-dimensional parameter but it is usually characterized by a series of profiles (cross-sections). A profile is measured by means of a roughness tester, generally mechanical, and the profile is recorded by the vertical movements of a stylus placed on the surface. The signal can be broken down into several sinusoidal components with different wavelengths and amplitudes. The shortest wavelengths correspond to roughness and the longest to waviness.

Breakdown of a surface profile: the profile is a superimposed image of roughness, waviness and flatness defect, if any

Roughness:Two parameters are primarily measured:

Roughness, Ra, i.e. the average depth of the surface profile. It generally ranges between 0.5 and 3 µm;Peak count, RPc, i.e. the number of peaks that consecutively project beyond a band of given width (generally ±0.5 µm) centered around the mean profile depth, expressed in number per unit length (n.cm-1).

Increasing surface roughness while holding lubrication constant can help prevent seizing during drawing, especially in the case of uncoated products.

However, any increase in roughness must be assessed in terms of the entire process, with particular attention to surface appearance after painting.

Remark:The calculation of roughness parameters is performed on the basis of a specific length for precise evaluation (at least five times the cut-off length). Depending on the measurement instrument, total length is generally 12.5 mm.The cut-off length is the long wavelength filtering threshold necessary for obtaining measurements representative of local micro-geometry.

Waviness:Profile scanning also includes a measurement of waviness, which is the average value of the amplitudes within the wavelength limits set.Waviness is major factor in appearance after painting (alongside, of course, painting process parameters). It is measured by, for example, the Wa 0.8 parameter.For additional information, please contact our technical support department.

Surface texture controlSurface topography is imprinted on the strip by the roughness of the working rollers.Roughness is transferred in the last stand of the cold rolling mill and during the skin pass operation after annealing or hot-dip galvanizing. Most of the roughness is transferred during the skin pass.ArcelorMittal has developed special expertise in this area and can achieve the best possible combination of drawability and paint appearance.Two main texturing processes are used:

EDT (Electrical Discharge Texturing) produces a stochastic surface texture;

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EDT (Electrical Discharge Texturing) produces a stochastic surface texture;EBT (Electron Beam Texturing) produces a fully controlled displacement of the electron beam, with impingement equally spaced along the axis and circumference of the work rolls.

Examples of roughness profiles (parallel scanning to obtain a 3D image)

Example of surface appearance after skin pass with EDT texture

LubricationLubrication serves two purposes. It:

protects surfaces, both uncoated (red rust) and coated (white rust), against oxidation during storage and handling;reduces friction and the tendency to seize during drawing.

Lubrication consists in depositing oils in a set quantity (ranging between 0.5 and 2.5 g/m2/side).Lubricant suppliers offer a variety of products, from which ArcelorMittal has selected a range corresponding to the various requirements of its customers; certain oils called "prelubes", in particular, spectacularly improve the tribological performance of a given steel at constant texture.ArcelorMittal also offers a range of dry films (drylubes) that can be applied to most coatings and to uncoated steels. These lubricants lend the steel very high friction performance and in most cases eliminate the need to re-oil, even in the most difficult situations. Because they are dry, they also have the advantage of helping to keep the shop floor clean. To develop an appropriate lubrication for an application, full-scale tests should be carried out to investigate forming behavior as well as possible impact on downstream processes (adhesive bonding, de-greasing and surface treatment in particular).

Chemical treatmentsArcelorMittal provides a wide range of chemical post-treatments designed to improve the drawing performance of coated steels:

Specific chemical treatments such as S250 improve the tribological behavior of electrogalvanized products;Pre-phosphating electrogalvanized sheet improves tribological properties, limits particle formation during drawing, increases corrosion protection and facilitates paint adhesion;NIT treatment achieves the tribological performance of pre-phosphating. It is available on electrogalvanized and pure zinc galvanized substrates. It is particularly useful in difficult drawing operations, ensuring uniform friction when the steel has been lightly oiled and limiting particle formation during drawing;

15

NIT treatment achieves the tribological performance of pre-phosphating. It is available on electrogalvanized and pure zinc galvanized substrates. It is particularly useful in difficult drawing operations, ensuring uniform friction when the steel has been lightly oiled and limiting particle formation during drawing;L-Treatment, which serves comparable purposes on Galvannealed substrate.

The friction behavior of NIT on galvanized sheet is similar to that of pre-phosphated electrogalvanized sheet

These post-treatments all strengthen the drawing process. They potentially reduce reject/rework rates.They cannot be considered universal solutions. Their use must be examined on a case-by-case basis and they must be discussed with our technical support teams.

Surface appearance after painting

With ongoing improvements in steel substrates and painting techniques, it is now possible to obtain very good painting quality. Nevertheless, a film of paint is never completely flat and it never completely reflects light, as would a perfect mirror. The discrepancy between this ideal and the painted surface can be expressed in terms of distinctness of image (DOI) and gloss. DOI is the ability of the painted sheet to reflect an image distinctly.It is measured, for example, by the DOI (Distinctness of Image) factor. Gloss is the capacity of the sheet to avoid distortions of the reflected object, often called the orange peel effect.

Painted appearance assessment: typical measurements

The painted appearance quality of a sheet to be used for skin parts is first dependent on painting process parameters-layer thicknesses and application and curing conditions.Once the painting process has been optimized, the best results can be obtained by controlling the topographical parameters of the sheet. The waviness parameter (expressed as Wa 0.8), more than roughness, is crucial in this regard.ArcelorMittal has developed its process for manufacturing coated steels for skin parts to control waviness in the initial blank and limit the recurrence of waviness after drawing.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

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We are also reachable by the e- mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

Product Selection Guide

ArcelorMittal offers a wide range of steel grades and coatings to help its automotive sector customers design and produce vehicle bodies and components meeting the requirements of an increasingly demanding market.

Several elements define a steel product:metallurgical grade, often broken down into several qualities, determining the mechanical strength and formability required for the part;coating, to meet corrosion resistance and surface appearance specifications;surface condition, determining friction behavior during forming as well as adhesion properties and post- paint appearance.

This catalogue is thus organized in dedicated technical sheets:metallurgical grades: products are defined according to their metallurgy and their mechanical strength, often involving specific applications,coatings, including hot- dipped and electrodeposited metal and organic coatings,aluminized steels, specific to exhaust systems, fuel tanks and heat shields. These are covered in a separate chapter,composite products such as sound- absorption sheet and thick polymer core sheet.

This catalogue has been designed as a working tool and reflects the range of products and services available from ArcelorMittal at a given point in time. The range is subject to ongoing development and will be expanded in coming years to include new grades offering improved strength- formability combinations and coatings for a wider range of substrates. All product range extensions and product renewals will be directly accessible from the customer's usual technical or sales contact and posted on the ArcelorMittal catalogue website.

The following section explains the approach to be used to identify the ArcelorMittal product which will best suit a given application, system or component. The reader thus has the benefit of the experience ArcelorMittal has built up with its customers in the area of product selection for the main automotive systems.

Choice of steel grade

The choice of a steel grade is generally a compromise between two more or less conflicting objectives:

1. Part performance in service.

The design office calculates the minimum strength (yield and/ or tensile strength) level required. These must be guaranteed for each component in order to meet the relevant performance requirements, especially in terms of impact strength (deformation resistance or energy absorption in crash conditions) and durability (fatigue strength).

It should be emphasized that the move to save mass (in order to reduce CO2 emissions) is prompting manufacturers to reduce thickness as much as possible, which in turn means that strength levels need to be increased.

2. Industrial feasibility under economically acceptable conditions, generally at high production rates.

To meet this objective, good ductility, generally expressed as high ultimate elongation, is required.

ArcelorMittal steel grades are therefore ranked in the following tables by strength level.

Recommended products

Specifications

Choice of coatings

Product/ coating availability

The final mechanical properties of a steel are determined by all of the mechanical (hot rolling, cold rolling, skin pass, tension leveling, etc,) and thermal (hot rolling, continuous or batch annealing, galvanizing, etc.) treatments that the steel strip undergoes throughout the manufacturing process.

During hot dip coating (zinc or aluminum), the strip passes through a liquid coating bath held at approximately 460°C in the case of galvanizing and 680°C in the case of aluminizing. For Galvannealed type coatings and organic coatings, a further baking stage is required in order to:

achieve Fe- Zn alliation at between 500 and 550°C in the case of Galvannealed,cross- link resins and evaporate solvents at between 150 and 250°C in the case of organic coatings.

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 Clearly, the thermo- mechanical processing plan must include the coating phase to ensure that the required final product mechanical properties are achieved. This means that the choice of a steel grade and the choice of coating are linked. The detailed product sheets provided later on in this catalogue give the combinations of grades and coatings that are currently possible.

In the case of thin organic coatings (TOC), the grade/ coating/ TOC combinations are too complex to be summarized in a simple table and customers are asked to consult us.

Coating properties in service

Apart from the question of availability in the chosen grade (this applies mainly to external body parts), the choice of coating is a compromise between:

1. coating compatibility with the process employed:drawing behaviorinfluence on weldingphosphating aptitude

2. coating characteristics in service:appearance after paintingcorrosion resistance

The tables below give a comparative evaluation of the most common coatings in terms of these criteria:

Extragal® Galvannealed Galfan Electrogalvanized Treated electrogalvanized

Drawing behavior + + [] (1) + + + + +Influence on welding [] + + # + + (2)

Aptitude for phosphating [] (3) + # + + +Appearance after painting + + [] (4) # + + +

Corrosion resistance + + + + + + + + +

+ + Excellent+ Very good[] Good# Good, but with reservations(1) Risk of powdering, based on Fe- Zn alliation rate(2) On electrogalvanized substrate(3) Compatibility to be verified, particularly in the case of Ni- free cataphoresis(4) Prone to cratering

Extragal® Galvannealed Galfan Alusi® Electrogalvanized TOC

Visible parts • •     • •*Structural parts • •     • •

suspension system components • •   • •Exhaust system •

Heat screens •Under- hood parts • •

Fuel tanks •

* Resin deposited on the non- visible side only.

As indicated, all automotive manufacturing sectors are called upon to make coating choices; no optimum solution can be identified across the board, since the options selected are determined by each manufacturer's specific constraints, know- how and judgment.

Currently options are under review as a result of three significant trends:

The ongoing extension of anti- corrosion guarantees is prompting automakers and equipment manufacturers to seek products offering the best possible corrosion performance; this has notably resulted in the widespread use of sheet coated on both sides.

1.

Environmental protection standards are being stepped up; this has a number of implications, including discontinuation of the use of heavy metals (especially Chromium VI) in coatings (particularly in zones liable to undergo sanding) and in surface treatments.

2.

Surface appearance has been improved by better control of "dedicated automotive" hot- dip coating processes, enabling these coatings to be used for the majority of visible parts and providing an opportunity for cost savings.

3.

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Surface appearance has been improved by better control of "dedicated automotive" hot- dip coating processes, enabling these coatings to be used for the majority of visible parts and providing an opportunity for cost savings.

3.

ArcelorMittal can supply an optimum coating for each system: alloyed and non- alloyed hot- dip and electrolytic metal coatings in thicknesses ranging from approximately one micron to over 10 microns, with and without thin organic resin films and paint.

As part of the technical support service ArcelorMittal offers its customers, experts are available to help you make the best possible choice.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 09-07-2012

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We are also reachable by the e- mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

Equivalent Standards Tables

The indicative tables below summarize the European standards corresponding to the ArcelorMittal product range. ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical property guarantees than the standards.

Dual Phase steels

  prEN 10338 :2009(uncoated)

prEN 10338 :2009 + EN 10152 :2009

(electrogalvanized)EN 10346 :2009

(Extragal®/ Galvannealed)

FF 280 DP Dual Phase 450 HCT450X HCT450X +ZE HCT450X +Z/ ZF Dual Phase 500 HCT500X HCT500X +ZE HCT500X +Z Dual Phase 600 HCT600X HCT600X +ZE HCT600X +Z/ ZF Dual Phase 780 Y450 HCT780X HCT780X +ZE HCT780X +Z/ ZF Dual Phase 780 LCE Y450 HCT780X HCT780X +ZE HCT780X +Z/ ZF Dual Phase 780 Y500 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 HCT980X HCT980X +ZE HCT980X +Z/ ZF Dual Phase 980 LCE Y660 Dual Phase 980 Y700 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y700 Dual Phase 1180 Dual Phase 600 HDT580X Dual Phase 780

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

FF 280 DP (Full Finished): grade specially developed for skin parts.LCE: Low Carbon Equivalent grade used to optimize properties in service.

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steels

  prEN 10338 :2009(uncoated)

prEN 10338 :2009 + EN 10152 :2009

(electrogalvanized)EN 10346 :2009

(Extragal®/ Galvannealed)

TRIP 590 TRIP 690 HCT690T HCT690T +ZE HCT690T +Z TRIP 780 HCT780T HCT780T +ZE HCT780T +Z/ +ZF

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

Complex Phase steels

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Complex Phase steels

  prEN 10338 :2009(uncoated)

prEN 10338 :2009 + EN 10152 :2009

(electrogalvanized)EN 10346 :2009

(Extragal®/ Galvannealed)

Complex Phase 600 HCT600C HCT600C +ZE Complex Phase 800 Y500 HCT780C HCT780C +ZE Complex Phase 800 Y600 Complex Phase 1000 HCT980C HCT980C +ZE Complex Phase 1000 SF HCT980C Complex Phase 750 HDT750C HDT750C +Z Complex Phase 800 HDT780C HDT780C +Z Complex Phase 1000 HDT950C +Z Martensitic 1200 HDT1200M

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

SF (Stretch Flanging): grade specially developed for improved stretch flangeability.While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

Hot rolled ferrite- bainite steels

  prEN 10338 :2009(uncoated)

EN 10346 :2009(Extragal®)

FB 450 HDT450F HDT450F +Z FB 540 FB 560 HDT560F +Z FB 590 HDT590F FB 590 HHE*

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

HHE: High Hole Expansion

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels for cold forming

  EN 10268 :2006(uncoated)

EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009

(electrogalvanized)

EN 10346 :2009(Extragal®/ galfan/

Galvannealed) HSLA 260 HC260LA HC260LA +ZE HX260LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HSLA 300 HC300LA HC300LA +ZE HX300LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HSLA 340 HC340LA HC340LA +ZE HC340LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HSLA 380 HC380LA HC380LA +ZE HX380LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HSLA 420 HC420LA HC420LA +ZE HX420LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

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While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

  EN 10149-2 :1995 HSLA 320 S315MC HSLA 360 S355MC HSLA 420 S420MC HSLA 460 S460MC HSLA 500 S500MC HSLA 550 S550MC

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

Bake hardening steels

  EN 10268 :2006(uncoated)

EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009

(electrogalvanized)EN 10346 :2009

(Extragal®/ Galvannealed)

180 BH HC180B HC180B +ZE HX180BD +Z 195 BH 220 BH HC220B HC220B +ZE HX220BD +Z 260 BH HC260B HC260B +ZE HX260BD +Z 300 BH HC300B HC300B +ZE HX300BD +Z

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

High strength IF steels

  EN 10268 :2006(uncoated)

EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009

(electrogalvanized)EN 10346 :2009

(Extragal®/ Galvannealed)

IF 180 HC180Y HC180Y +ZE HX180YD +Z/ +ZF IF 220 HC220Y HC220Y +ZE HX220YD +Z/ +ZF IF 260 HC260Y HC260Y +ZE HX260YD +Z/ +ZF IF 300 HX300YD +Z/ +ZF

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

Solid solution steels

  EN 10268 :2006(uncoated)

EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009(electrogalvanized)

H 220 HC220P HC220P +ZE H 260 HC260P HC260P +ZE H 300 HC300P HC300P +ZE

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

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While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

High formability steels for drawing

  EN 10130 :2006(uncoated)

EN 10152 :2009(electrogalvanized)

ArcelorMittal 01 DC01 DC01+ZE ArcelorMittal 02 DC03 DC03+ZE ArcelorMittal 03 DC03 DC03+ZE ArcelorMittal 04 DC04 DC04+ZE ArcelorMittal 05 DC05 DC05+ZE ArcelorMittal 06 DC06 DC06+ZE ArcelorMittal 07 DC07

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

  EN 10346 :2009(Extragal®/ Galvannealed)

ArcelorMittal 51 DX51D +Z/ +ZF ArcelorMittal 52 DX52D +Z/ +ZF ArcelorMittal 53 DX53D +Z/ +ZF ArcelorMittal 54 DX54D +Z/ +ZF ArcelorMittal 56 DX56D +Z/ +ZF ArcelorMittal 57 DX57D +Z/ +ZF

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

  EN 10111 :2008(uncoated)

ArcelorMittal 11 DD11 ArcelorMittal 12 DD12 ArcelorMittal 13 DD13 ArcelorMittal 14 DD14 ArcelorMittal 15 ArcelorMittal 16

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012

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We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

 

 

Worldwide product availability

When the ArcelorMittal Group was set up, one of its major initiatives in the automotive sector was to draw up a worldwide catalogue covering the product range in the various regions in which the Group operates. This document shows:the very broad ArcelorMittal product offering, ranging from IF steels for deep drawing to very high strength hot stamped Usibor® steels;1. the worldwide availability of a large number of widely used products and in particular a broad offering available in both North America and Europe;2. ongoing development aimed at further extending the availability of the worldwide product offering.3.

Products shown as being available in different regions do not necessarily have identical metallurgy. Customers interested in these products should contact their technical support structure about local mechanical property and chemical guarantees. ArcelorMittal R&D has pooled its available resources in the various regions. This enables new products to be developed simultaneously and consistently, reduces development times and ensures optimization of metallurgical choices. ArcelorMittal applies this ambitious product policy in order to offer its automotive sector customers strong support for their worldwide development.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

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We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

Dual Phase steels Very high strength steels

Description

Dual Phase steels offer an outstanding combination of strength and drawability as a result of their microstructure, in which a hard martensitic or bainitic phase is dispersed in a soft ferritic matrix. These steels have high strain hardenability. This gives them good strain redistribution capacity and thus drawability as well as finished part mechanical properties, including yield strength, that are far superior to those of the initial blank. The yield strength of Dual Phase steels is further increased by the paint baking (also called Bake Hardening, BH) process.

High finished part mechanical strength lends these steels excellent fatigue strength and good energy absorption capacity, making them suitable for use in structural parts and reinforcements. The strain hardening capacity of these steels combined with a strong bake hardening effect gives them excellent potential for reducing the weight of structural parts and even " notably in the case of FullFinished 280 DP (FF 280 DP) " skin parts.

Applications

Given their high energy absorption capacity and fatigue strength, cold rolled Dual Phase Steels are particularly well suited for automotive structural and safety parts such as longitudinal beams, cross members and reinforcements. FF 280 DP can be used to make visible parts with 20% higher dent resistance than conventional high strength steels, resulting in a potential weight saving of some 15%.

As a result of its mechanical strength, hot rolled Dual Phase 600 can be used to reduce the weight of structural parts by decreasing their thickness. Relevant automotive applications include:

wheel webslongitudinal railsshock towersfasteners.

Bumper in Dual Phase 1180 (thickness: 1.35 mm)

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B-pillar reinforcement in Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 Extragal®

Wheel web in hot rolled Dual Phase 600 -Patented VersaStyle® wheel from Hayes Lemmerz International

ArcelorMittal has an extensive database on the forming and service characteristics of the entire range of Dual Phase steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modeling and testing.

Designation and standard

  prEN 10338 :2009(uncoated)

prEN 10338 :2009 + EN 10152 :2009

(electrogalvanized)

EN 10346 :2009(Extragal®/Galvannealed)

FF 280 DP

Dual Phase 450 HCT450X HCT450X +ZE HCT450X +Z/ZF Dual Phase 500 HCT500X HCT500X +ZE HCT500X +Z Dual Phase 600 HCT600X HCT600X +ZE HCT600X +Z/ZF Dual Phase 780 Y450 HCT780X HCT780X +ZE HCT780X +Z/ZF Dual Phase 780 LCE Y450 HCT780X HCT780X +ZE HCT780X +Z/ZF Dual Phase 780 Y500

Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 HCT980X HCT980X +ZE HCT980X +Z/ZF Dual Phase 980 LCE Y660

Dual Phase 980 Y700

Dual Phase 980 LCE Y700

Dual Phase 1180

Dual Phase 600 HDT580X

26

Dual Phase 780 

 Hot rolled      Cold rolled

FF 280 DP (Full Finished): grade specially developed for skin parts.LCE: Low Carbon Equivalent grade used to optimize properties in service.

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

Technical characteristics

Mechanical propertiesGuaranteed for 20x80 mm ISO tensile specimens (uncoated sheet)ST -Transverse direction (perpendicular to the rolling direction) / SL -Rolling direction

  YS (MPa) UTS (MPa)ef (%)

L0 = 80 mmth < 3 mm

Ef (%)L0 = 5.65 √S

0 (mm)th ≥ 3 mm

n BH2 (MPa) Direction

 FF 280 DP* 300 -380 ≥ 490 ≥ 25 0.15 30 ST Dual Phase 450 280 -340 450 -530 ≥ 27 0.16 30 ST Dual Phase 500 300 -380 500 -600 ≥ 25 0.15 30 SL Dual Phase 600 330 -410 600 -700 ≥ 21 0.14 30 SL Dual Phase 780 Y450 450 -550 780 -900 ≥ 15 0.10 30 SL Dual Phase 780 LCE

Y450 450 -550 780 -900 ≥ 15 0.10 30 SL

 Dual Phase 780 Y500 500 -600 780 -900 ≥ 13 0.10 30 SL Dual Phase 780 LCE

Y500 500 -600 780 -900 ≥ 13 0.10 30 SL

 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 600 -750 980 -1100 ≥ 10 30 ST

 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y660 660 -830 980 -1100 ≥ 10 30 ST

 Dual Phase 980 Y700 700 -850 980 -1100 ≥ 8 30 SL Dual Phase 980 LCE

Y700 700 -850 980 -1100 ≥ 8 30 SL

 Dual Phase 1180 900 -1100 ≥ 1180 ≥ 5 30 SL Dual Phase 600 330 -460 580 -670 ≥ 22 ≥ 24 30 SL Dual Phase 780* ≥ 450 ≥ 750 ≥ 15 ≥ 18 30 SL

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

* The guarantees for this grade are subject to change.FF 280 DP (Full Finished): grade specially developed for skin parts.LCE: Low Carbon Equivalent grade, used to optimize properties in service.

Chemical Composition (%)

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Chemical Composition (%)

  C Mn Si  Max Max Max

FF 280 DP 0.14 1.6 0.40 Dual Phase 450 0.08 1.6 0.40 Dual Phase 500 0.14 1.6 0.40 Dual Phase 600 0.14 2.1 0.40 Dual Phase 780 Y450 0.17 2.2 0.60 Dual Phase 780 LCE Y450 0.10 2.0 0.40 Dual Phase 780 Y500 0.17 2.2 0.60 Dual Phase 780 LCE Y500 0.10 2.0 0.40 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 0.11 2.9 0.70 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y660 0.11 2.9 0.70 Dual Phase 980 Y700 0.18 2.4 0.60 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y700 0.11 2.9 0.70 Dual Phase 1180 0.18 2.4 0.60 Dual Phase 600 0.09 1.0 0.25 Dual Phase 780 0.09 1.0 0.30

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

FF 280 DP (Full Finished): grade specially developed for skin parts.LCE: Low Carbon Equivalent grade, used to optimize properties in service.

Dual Phase 600

Dual Phase 980 Y700

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The service properties of Dual Phase steels are guaranteed by the controlled manufacturing process. The controlled (temperature, cooling speed) annealing cycle in particular ensures achievement of the Dual Phase microstructure and reproducibility of mechanical properties.

Available coatings and surface conditions

  Uncoated Electrogalvanized Galvannealed Extragal®

FF 280 DP X Dual Phase 450 X X X X Dual Phase 500 X X X X Dual Phase 600 X X X X Dual Phase 780 Y450 X X O X Dual Phase 780 LCE Y450 X X Dual Phase 780 Y500 O X Dual Phase 780 LCE Y500 X X Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 X X X X Dual Phase 980 LCE Y660 X Dual Phase 980 Y700 X X Dual Phase 980 LCE Y700 X X X Dual Phase 1180 X X Dual Phase 600 X Dual Phase 780 X

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

X available / O under developmentFF 280 DP (Full Finished): grade specially developed for skin parts.Please inquire about the availability of products shown as being under development or left blank in the table.LCE: Low Carbon Equivalent grade, used to optimize properties in service.

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

FormingDual Phase steels offer an excellent combination of strength and drawability as a result of their good ductility and strain hardening capacity from the beginning of deformation, which ensure homogeneous strain redistribution and reduce local thinning. For example, in Dual Phase 500, the yield strength increases by about 120 MPa after 2% of plastic strain in uniaxial tension (a phenomenon known as work hardening or WH2). The yield strength can be further increased through bake hardening (BH2) after paint curing. FF 280 DP can also be used to manufacture skin parts, as a result of its excellent biaxial and uniaxial stretch formability. Dual Phase steels can be drawn on conventional tools, provided the settings are properly adjusted. For example, drawing pressure should be increased by approximately 20% for a Dual Phase 600, compared to a micro-alloyed (HSLA) type steel of the same thickness. It should be noted that these steels, especially the highest grades, are sensitive to the so-called springback phenomenon. Component geometry must be carefully studied during design (small die radius, reinforcement perpendicular to bends to stiffen open parts, etc.) and drawing sequence definition (overbending, calibration tool, punch stroke, increased blank-holder force, etc.).ArcelorMittal has developed expertise in controlling springback by means of part and drawing tool design (OUTIFO method).

Forming limit curves for the cold-rolled Dual Phase family of steels (typical data)

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For more information about the forming of Dual Phase steels in special thicknesses and with special coatings, please consult us.

Welding

Although Dual Phase steels are more highly alloyed than HSLA steels, they can be readily welded using conventional resistance spot welding processes, provided the parameters used in industrial conditions are adjusted. The table below gives indicative examples of spot weld properties for homogeneous Dual Phase steel joints complying with the ISO 18278-2 standard.

  Coating Thickness (mm)

Nugget diameter (mm)

Pure tensile (kN)

Weld diameter (mm)

Tensile-shear (kN)

Dual Phase 500 - 1.5 8 14.2 8.8 18.4 Dual Phase 600 Extragal® 1.5 7.7 13.1 9.5 22.3 Dual Phase 780 Extragal® 1.5 8.9 10.5 9.4 25.6 Dual Phase 780

LCE - 1.5 7.6 14.3 6.6 22.7

Dual Phase 980 LCE Extragal® 1.5 8.4 13.2 10.1 30.4

Dual Phase 600 - 3 11.6 32.6 11.2 46.7 

 Hot rolled      Cold rolled

For coated (galvanized and alloy galvanized) products, electrode life tests show values characteristic of the type of coating considered, with no significant modification due to the Dual Phase substrate. In butt or lap MAG (Metal Active Gas) arc welding, maximum hardness in the fusion zone does not exceed 300 HV for a Dual Phase 600, whatever the parameters. The weld seams meet ISO 25817 Class B requirements. Recommended welding consumables are:

Filler: G3Si1 NF EN 440;Protective gas: Ar + 8% CO2.

Dual phase steels have excellent mechanical strength in laser lap welding. Based on long shop-floor experience in characterizing its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters for steels in the Dual Phase range.

Fatigue strength

As a result of their high mechanical strength, Dual Phase steels have good fatigue properties. Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety of Dual Phase steels are given in the two graphs below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for two loading ratios: tension-compression R=-1 and tension-tension R=0.1.

Wöhler curves or S-N curves for a variety of Dual Phase steels

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The graph below shows the low-cycle fatigue or E-N curves for the same steels. The curves plot strain amplitude versus number of reversals to failure (one cycle corresponds to two reversals). Other high and low cycle fatigue data can be provided on request.

ArcelorMittal can make a Dual Phase steel fatigue database available to its customers.

Impact strength

As a result of their very high tensile strength, Dual Phase steels are particularly suitable for parts designed to absorb energy during an impact. Dual Phase steels have been characterized in dynamic axial compression tests using an top hat structure with a spot-welded closure plate at an impact velocity of 56 kph. These tests have demonstrated the good impact behavior of these steels.

Mass reduction potential compared to that of an HSLA 380 steel (reference)

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

31

We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steels Very high strength steels

Description

TRIP steels offer an outstanding combination of strength and ductility as a result of their microstructure. They are thus suitable for structural and reinforcement parts of complex shape. The microstructure of these steels is composed of islands of hard residual austenite and carbide-free bainite dispersed in a soft ferritic matrix. Austenite is transformed into martensite during plastic deformation (TRIP: TRansformation Induced Plasticity effect), making it possible to achieve greater elongations and lending these steels their excellent combination of strength and ductility.

These steels have high strain hardening capacity. They exhibit good strain redistribution and thus good drawability. As a result of strain hardening, the mechanical properties, and especially the yield strength, of the finished part are far superior to those of the initial blank.High strain hardening capacity and high mechanical strength lend these steels excellent energy absorption capacity. TRIP steels also exhibit a strong bake hardening (BH) effect following deformation, which further improves their crash performance.The TRIP range of steels comprises three cold rolled grades in both uncoated and coated formats (TRIP 590, TRIP 690 and TRIP 780) and one hot rolled grade (TRIP 780), identified by their minimum tensile strength expressed in MPa.

Applications

As a result of their high energy absorption capacity and fatigue strength, TRIP steels are particularly well suited for automotive structural and safety parts such as cross members, longitudinal beams, B-pillar reinforcements, sills and bumper reinforcements.ArcelorMittal has extensive data on the forming and service characteristics of the TRIP family of steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modeling and experimental tests.

B-pillar reinforcement in electrogalvanized TRIP 780 (thickness: 1.2 mm)

Bumper cross member in electrogalvanized TRIP 780 (thickness: 1.6 mm)

Designation and standard

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Designation and standard

  prEN 10338 :2009(uncoated)

prEN 10338 :2009 + EN 10152 :2009

(electrogalvanized)

EN 10346 :2009(Extragal®/Galvannealed)

TRIP 590

TRIP 690 HCT690T HCT690T +ZE HCT690T +Z TRIP 780 HCT780T HCT780T +ZE HCT780T +Z/+ZF

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

Technical characteristics

Mechanical propertiesGuaranteed for 20x80 mm ISO tensile specimens (uncoated sheets) with the tensile axix parallel to the rolling direction

  YS (MPa) UTS (MPa)ef (%)

L0 = 80 mmth < 3 mm

n BH2 (MPa)

 TRIP 590 380 -480 590 -700 ≥ 26 ≥ 0.20 40 TRIP 690 410 -510 690 -800 ≥ 25 ≥ 0.19 40 TRIP 780* 450 -550 780 -900 ≥ 23 ≥ 0.18 40

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

* The product is also available with a minimum yield stress of 500 MPa

Typical cold rolled electrogalvanized TRIP 780 microstructure (residual austenite fraction about 18%)

Typical hot dip galvanized TRIP 690 microstructure (residual austenite fraction about 10%)

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Chemical composition (%)

  C Mn Al +Si  Max Max Max

TRIP 590 0.175 2.0 2.0 TRIP 690 0.200 2.0 2.0 TRIP 780 0.250 2.0 2.0

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Available coatings

  Uncoated Electrogalvanized Galvannealed Extragal®

TRIP 590 X TRIP 690 X X X TRIP 780 X X X O

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

X Available - O Under development

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

FormingTRIP steels offer high ductility for their tensile strength. For example, cold rolled TRIP 780 has uniform elongation comparable to that of an ArcelorMittal 04.

The figure below shows examples of forming limit curves for cold rolled TRIP 690 and TRIP 780 steels in 1.5 mm thickness. Their formability is superior to that of a lower strength Dual Phase 600 steel.

Forming limit curves for TRIP 690 and 780 (thickness: 1.5 mm)

Please consult us for more information about the forming of TRIP steels.

In order to fully exploit the potential of TRIP steels, the metal characteristics after forming rather than those of the initial blank should be used in the design stage.

Because of their very good drawability, this family of steels can be used to make safety and structural parts with both simple and complex geometries, provided springback is taken into account at the design stage.

Welding

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Welding

Resistance spot welding

TRIP steels can be readily welded using conventional welding processes, provided the parameters are adjusted. Because of the high carbon equivalent, electrode forces must be increased and welding cycles adjusted to obtain high-quality weld spots. The risk of interface fracture, which can occur in TRIP-TRIP welds, can be reduced by optimizing the welding parameters.

The table below gives examples (indicative only) of spot welding parameters for TRIP 690 Extragal® and TRIP 780 electrogalvanized matching joints, determined according to the ISO 18278-2 standard:

  Coating Thickness (mm)

Max. intensity (kA)

Nugget diameter (mm)

Pure tensile (kN)

Tensile-shear (kN)

TRIP 690 Extragal® 1.0 8.3 6.5 6.7 13

TRIP 780 Electrogalvanized 1.0 7.7 6.7 5.5 13.7

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

MAG arc welding

MAG (Metal Active Gas) arc welding employs a filler wire in a protective gas shield. It can be used for thicknesses greater than 0.8 mm. MAG weldability of TRIP 780 has been assessed using CMOS technology according to the EN 288 and EN 25817 standards for 1.5 mm thick butt joints. Heat input is of the order of 2 kJ/cm.

As a result of its chemical composition, TRIP 780 typically has a relatively high carbon equivalent of about 0.50. However, no particular precautions are needed to prevent cold cracking. The small thicknesses employed (< 2 mm) minimize restraint stresses during welding.

The most appropriate combination for MAG welding of TRIP 780 in a thickness range of about 1.5 mm is the following:Filler: G3Si1 type in accordance with EN 440;Protective gas: Ar + 8% CO2.

(M21 according to EN 439).

The CMOS evaluation shows satisfactory overall weld behavior meeting the mechanical strength criteria set out in the standards, given that:bends are good up to 120° and crack on the reverse side at 180°;all tensile test failures occur in the base metal, even with G3Si1 filler metal, as a result of the associated dilution.

Laser welding

Laser welding tests have revealed no particular difficulties.Laser lap welding is particularly suitable for TRIP/TRIP joining.Based on long shop-floor experience in characterizing its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters for all steels in the TRIP range.

Fatigue strength

Due to their high mechanical strength, TRIP grades have significantly better fatigue properties than conventional steels.

Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety TRIP grades are shown in the two graphs below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for two loading ratios: tension-compression R=-1 and tension-tension R=0.1.

Wöhler curves or S-N curves for TRIP steels

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The graph below shows the low-cycle fatigue or E-N curves for the same steels. The curves plot strain amplitude versus number of reversals to failure (one cycle corresponds to two reversals). Other high and low cycle fatigue data can be provided on request.

Low-cycle fatigue or E-N curves for TRIP steels

ArcelorMittal can make a TRIP steel fatigue database available to its customers.

Impact strength

As a result of their very high tensile strength, TRIP steels are particularly suitable for parts designed to absorb energy in an impact.

TRIP steels have been characterized in dynamic axial compression tests using an omega structure with a spot-welded closure plate at an impact velocity of 56 kph. These tests have demonstrated the very good impact behavior of these steels.

Mass reduction potential compared to that of an HSLA 380 steel (reference)

These results are obtained for specimens produced by bending. Strain hardening during drawing enhances the energy absorption capacity of this grade. In order to fully exploit the potential of TRIP steels, the metal characteristics after forming (hardening) rather than those of the initial blank should be used in the design stage. Crushing tests have shown a 9% gain in energy absorption of drawn parts compared to parts obtained by bending.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

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We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

Complex Phase steels Very high strength steels

Description

The Complex Phase family of steels supplements ArcelorMittal's VHSS (very high strength steel) product range. These steels are cold formed to make lightweight structural elements. A number of automotive parts, such as sills and door reinforcements, have simple shapes and the steel is therefore only slightly deformed. For this reason, ArcelorMittal has added the Complex Phase family of steels to its range. These steels offer high as-delivered yield strength and good bendability and stretch flangeability.

Applications

Given their high energy absorption capacity and fatigue strength, these grades are particularly well suited for automotive safety components requiring good impact strength and for suspension system components.

Seat flange in Complex Phase 600 (thickness: 1.5 mm)

Door bar in Complex Phase 1000 (thickness: 2 mm)

Tunnel stiffener in Complex Phase 800 (thickness: 1.6 mm)

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Fender beam in Complex Phase 1000 (roll-formed)

Fender beam in Complex Phase 1000 (roll-formed)

Suspension arm in Complex Phase 800 (thickness: 3.1 mm)

Designation and standard

  prEN 10338 :2009(uncoated)

prEN 10338 :2009 + EN 10152 :2009

(electrogalvanized)

EN 10346 :2009(Extragal®/Galvannealed)

Complex Phase 600 HCT600C HCT600C +ZE Complex Phase 800 Y500 HCT780C HCT780C +ZE Complex Phase 800 Y600

Complex Phase 1000 HCT980C HCT980C +ZE Complex Phase 1000 SF HCT980C Complex Phase 750 HDT750C HDT750C +Z Complex Phase 800 HDT780C HDT780C +Z Complex Phase 1000 HDT950C +Z Martensitic 1200 HDT1200M

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

SF (Stretch Flanging): grade specially developed for improved stretch flangeability.

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SF (Stretch Flanging): grade specially developed for improved stretch flangeability.While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

Technical characteristics

Mechanical propertiesGuaranteed values for ISO 20x80 specimen of uncoated sheet in the strip center at ambient temperatureST -Transverse direction (perpendicular to the rolling direction) / SL -Rolling direction

  YS (MPa) UTS (MPa)ef (%)

L0 = 80 mmth < 3 mm

Direction

 Complex Phase 600* 360 -440 600 -700 ≥ 19 SL Complex Phase 800 Y500 500 -650 780 -900 ≥ 13 SL Complex Phase 800 Y600 600 -700 780 -900 ≥ 10 SL Complex Phase 1000 700 -850 980 -1200 ≥ 8 SL Complex Phase 1000 SF 750 -950 980 -1200 ≥ 7 SL Complex Phase 750 620 -750 ≥ 750 ≥ 10 SL Complex Phase 800 680 -830 ≥ 780 ≥ 10 ST Complex Phase 1000* 800 -950 ≥ 950 ≥ 10 SL Martensitic 1200 900 -1150 ≥ 1200 ≥ 5 ST

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

SF (Stretch Flanging): grade specially developed for improved stretch flangeability.* The guarantees for this grade are subject to change.

Microstructure of hot rolled Complex Phase 800

Microstructure of hot rolled Complex Phase 1000

Chemical composition (%)

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Chemical composition (%)

  C Mn Si  Max Max Max

Complex Phase 600 0.10 1.60 0.40 Complex Phase 800 Y500 0.17 2.20 0.60 Complex Phase 800 Y600 0.17 2.20 0.60 Complex Phase 1000 0.18 2.40 0.60 Complex Phase 1000 SF 0.18 2.40 0.60 Complex Phase 750 0.25 1.40 0.40 Complex Phase 800 0.10 2.00 0.25 Complex Phase 1000 0.14 1.70 0.25 Martensitic 1200 0.15 1.50 0.25

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

SF (Stretch Flanging): grade specially developed for improved stretch flangeability.

Available coatings and surface conditions

  Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal®

Complex Phase 600 X X Complex Phase 800 Y500 X X O Complex Phase 800 Y600 X X O Complex Phase 1000 X X O Complex Phase 1000 SF X X O Complex Phase 750 X X Complex Phase 800 X X Complex Phase 1000 O X Martensitic 1200 X

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

X  Product available /O Product under developmentSF (Stretch Flanging): grade specially developed for improved stretch flangeability.Please consult us about products under development.

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

FormingAlthough their ultimate elongation is lower than that of DP and TRIP steels, Complex Phase steels have good formability for their high strength level.Forming limit curves can be used to define maximum strains without necking for different deformation paths.

Forming limit curves for Complex Phase steels:

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Forming limit curves for Complex Phase steels:

Cold rolled in 1.5 mm thickness

Hot rolled in 3 mm thickness

In addition, Complex Phase steels exhibit good roll-forming, bending and hole expansion behavior. The graph below illustrates hole expansion behavior according to the ISO 16630 standard for a number of Dual Phase and Complex Phase steels with UTS=1000 MPa. The Complex Phase family -and especially the Complex Phase Stretch Flangeable (SF) product, which was specially designed for exceptional stretch flangeability -has higher hole expansion values.

The table below shows  typical minimum bending radius values for Complex Phase steels in 1.5 mm thickness.

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The table below shows  typical minimum bending radius values for Complex Phase steels in 1.5 mm thickness.

  Rolling direction Transverse direction

Complex Phase 600 0 0 Complex Phase 800 Y500 0 0.5 Complex Phase 800 Y600 0.5 0.5 Complex Phase 1000 0.5 1 Complex Phase 1000 SF 0.5 1

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Rolling direction

Transverse direction

Bending method: 90° flanging

For more information about the forming of Complex Phase steels in special thicknesses and with special coatings, please consult us.

Welding

Resistance spot weldingThe Complex Phase range of steels has very good resistance spot weldability. The welding range, determined according to the ISO 18278-2 standard, is quite wide. The table below shows examples (indicative) of spot welding characteristics for Complex Phase matching joints, determined according to the ISO 18278-2 standards.

  Coating Thickness (mm)

Nugget diameter (mm)

Pure tensile (kN)

Weld diameter (mm)

Tensile-shear (kN)

Complex Phase 600 - 1.5 8.4 15.1 9 21.2

Complex Phase 800 - 1.5 8.7 13.2 7.6 24.2

Complex Phase 1000 - 1.6 7.2 9.9 6.9 28.1

Complex Phase 800 - 3 11.3 41.4 9.6 48.2

Complex Phase 1000 Extragal® 3 9.8 31.1 9.4 51.1

Martensitic 1200 - 3 9.4 20.9 9.2 51 

 Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Laser weldingLaser welding tests have revealed no particular difficulties.ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters for all steels in the Complex Phase range.

Fatigue

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Complex Phase steels exhibit good fatigue properties and can be used in suspension system parts such as suspension arms. The table below gives examples of Wöhler curves for a variety of Complex Phase steels. They are expressed as stress amplitude versus cycles to failure and are obtained with a stress ratio of R = 0.1 and repeated tensile loading.

Wöhler or SN curves for Complex Phase steels (R=0.1)

The graph below shows the low cycle or EN curves for the same steels. These are expressed as strain amplitude versus number of reversals (one cycle equals two reversals). Other high and low cycle fatigue data are available on request.

Low cycle or EN curves for Complex Phase steels (R=-1)

ArcelorMittal can provide a full database on the fatigue performance of Complex Phase steels.

Impact strength

As a result of their very high YS and UTS values, Complex Phase steels are particularly well suited for anti-intrusion parts.Complex Phase steels have been characterized in the 3-point bending flex test using top hat cross-section specimens impacted at 30 kph. The tests showed very good behavior of these steels.

Mass savings potential compared to an HSLA 380 steel (reference)

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

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We are also reachable by the e- mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

Hot rolled ferrite- bainite steels Very high strength steels

Description

This range of hot- rolled high strength steels has been developed to meet weight reduction requirements. It comprises four strength levels: FB 450, 540, 560 and 590. This family of steels extends the HSLA range of micro- alloyed steels to include products combining high tensile strength (UTS) with excellent formability and hole expansion (stretch flangeability) based on their ferrite- bainite microstructure.

Applications

These steels are cold- drawn. The main applications are:

structural parts (longitudinal beams, cross beams, car- body and ground liason parts),wheels,mechanical parts (ground liason parts, gear boxes...).

ArcelorMittal has an extensive database relating to the forming and service properties of the entire range of ferrite- bainite steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to perform specific studies based on modeling or laboratory tests.

Front and rear underseat cross member in galvanised FB 560 (thickness: 1.8 mm)

Suspension arm in uncoated FB 540 (thickness: 4 mm)

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Suspension arm in Extragal® FB 560 (thickness: 4 mm)

Pillar reinforcement in galvanised FB 560 (thickness: 1.8 mm)

Wheel in FB 590

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Designation and standards

  prEN 10338 :2009(uncoated)

EN 10346 :2009(Extragal®)

FB 450 HDT450F HDT450F +Z FB 540 FB 560 HDT560F +Z FB 590 HDT590F FB 590 HHE*

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

HHE: High Hole Expansion

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

Technical characteristics

Mechanical propertiesGuaranteed for ISO 20X80 (thickness < 3 mm) or proportional (thickness ≥ 3 mm) test specimen of uncoated sheet.

ST - Transverse direction (perpendicular to the rolling direction) / SL - Rolling direction

  YS (MPa) UTS (MPa)ef (%)

L0 = 80 mmth < 3 mm

Ef (%)L0 = 5.65 √S0

(mm)th ≥ 3 mm

Direction

 FB 450 300 - 380 450 - 510 ≥ 25 ≥ 32 SL FB 540 400 - 485 540 - 610 ≥ 18 ≥ 25 SL FB 560 450 - 530 560 - 640 ≥ 17 ≥ 22 SL FB 590 480 - 600 590 - 670 ≥ 16 ≥ 21 ST FB 590 HHE* 480 - 600 590 - 670 ≥ 16 ≥ 21 ST

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

* FB 590 HHE: we recommend this option for parts requiring very high hole expansion (HHE: High Hole Expansion grade). For this grade, the minimum guaranteed JIS elongation is 18%.

Chemical composition (%)

  C Mn Si  Max Max Max

FB 450 0.17 0.8 0.05 FB 540 0.17 1.5 0.15 FB 560 0.1 1.6 0.15 FB 590 0.1 1.6 0.15 FB 590 HHE 0.05 2.0 0.8

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

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Ferrite- bainite microstructure of FB 540

Available coatings

  Uncoated Extragal® FB 450 X X FB 540 X X FB 560 X FB 590 X FB 590 HHE X

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

X available product

Recommendations for use and for secondary processing

High hole expansion gradeArcelorMittal offers an FB590 HHE (High Hole Expansion) grade, which is recommended for parts with sheared edge stretchability requirements (stretch flangeability, edge flanging, edge stress during secondary processing, etc.). The images opposite shows an example of hole expansion behaviour according to the ISO standard for grades FB 590 and FB 590 HHE.

View of hole expansion in grades FB 590 and FB 590 HHE in 4 mm thickness.The HHE achieves a much higher hole expansion value.

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FormingThe graph below gives critical forming limits calculated for the FB family of steels in 2.5 mm thickness.

Forming limit curves for the FB family of steels

Please consult us for further information relating to the forming of steels in the FB range with specific thicknesses and coatings.

Welding

Examples of data relating to resistance spot welding of coated and uncoated steels of different thicknesses in the FB product range, determined according to the ISO 18278 method. These steels can be arc welded.

  Coating Thickness (mm) Welding range (kA) FB 450 Extragal® 2 2.6 FB 590 uncoated 2.5 4.3

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

The following indicative welding parameters are used in MAG welding:Filler metal: GS2- type wireProtective gas: ATAL 5 or ATAL 18Welding speed: 80 cm/ min

ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters of any other steel in the FB range product.

Fatigue strength

As a result of their high tensile strength and their microstructure, FB steels have good fatigue strength.

Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety of FB steels are given in the graph below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for a tension- tension loading ratio of R = 0.1.

Wöhler curves of the FB range of steels

ArcelorMittal can provide a full database on the fatigue performance of FB steels.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012

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We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

Steels for hot stamping Very high strength steels

Description

Usibor® 1500 P and 22MnB5, which have very high mechanical strength after hot stamping, are two steels in the range of products developed to meet vehicle weight reduction requirements. Usibor® 1500 P and 22MnB5 are intended for use in automobile structural and safety components.These steels are designed to be heat treated and then quenched during the hot stamping process. The mechanical properties of the final part make significant weight savings possible (up to 50% compared to standard high yield strength steel). The very high yield strength of these steels after heat treatment and hot stamping make them suitable for anti-intrusion components (fender beams, door reinforcements, B-pillars, windscreen uprights, etc.).

The manufacturing process of these steels and the thermo-mechanical treatment they undergo during hot rolling lend them excellent quenchability and good structural homogeneity, ensuring good response to mechanical stress.

The main advantages of Usibor® 1500 P and 22MnB5 are:Separation of forming and service properties;High hot formability and total absence of springback;Exceptional fatigue and impact strength, allowing substantial thickness and hence weight reduction.

ArcelorMittal was the first steelmaker to offer the automotive industry a coated press hardened steel: Usibor® 1500 P. Usibor® 1500 P has an aluminum-silicon pre-coating and was developed to protect the metal from oxidation (scale) and decarburization during hot stamping. The pre-coating is applied to the coils in a continuous process and offers excellent resistance to hot stamping heat treatment; final parts using this forming technology have improved corrosion resistance after painting, eliminating the need for anti-corrosion post-treatment. The additional advantages of Usibor® 1500 P (above and beyond those of 22MnB5) are:

Elimination of the shot-blasting step required for conventional uncoated hot forming steels (no scale);Very good final part geometric tolerance (no shot-blasting, hence no deformation);Excellent final part corrosion resistance;No decarburization;Simplified process and cost savings (no shot-blasting, no inert atmosphere in ovens).

Two safety data sheets are available for each steel, one for the as-delivered product and one for the product after heat treatment. These steels require no special precautions. ArcelorMittal has now added the new Ductibor® 500 P grade to its range of hot stamping steels. This product is offered in association with Usibor® 1500 P for use in Tailor Welded Blanks (TWBs), where it locally provides softer, more ductile properties than those of Usibor® 1500 P. This enables automotive manufacturers to meet new crashworthiness requirements by precisely controlling the crash deformation of specific vehicle parts such as the B-pillar in lateral impact and the longitudinal beams in front and rear impact.

Applications

Because of their high impact and fatigue strength, 22MnB5 and Usibor® 1500 P are particularly well suited for the entire range of structural parts and especially for safety parts.

Most of the current applications are intrusion-resistant passenger and engine compartment components:Front and rear bumper beams;Door reinforcements;Windscreen upright reinforcements;B-pillar reinforcements;Floor and roof reinforcements.

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Floor and roof reinforcements.

B-pillar (thickness: 1.85 mm)

Bumper beam (thickness: 2.3 mm)

Door reinforcement (thickness: 1 mm)

Windscreen upright (thickness: 1.2 mm)

ArcelorMittal has a complete set of data relating to the forming and the service properties of steels for hot stamping. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modeling or laboratory tests.

Technical characteristics

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Technical characteristics

Mechanical propertiesAs delivered, before hot stamping (for information only)

  YS (MPa) UTS (MPa)ef (%)

L0 = 80 mmth < 3 mm

 Usibor® 1500 P 350 -550 500 -700 ≥ 10 22MnB5* 320 -550 500 -700 ≥ 10 Ductibor® 500 P 450 -650 550 -680 ≥ 20

* Please consult us about size availability.

After hot stamping according to best practices � typical values* (for information only)

  YS (MPa) UTS (MPa)ef (%)

L0 = 80 mmth < 3 mm

 Usibor® 1500 P 1100 1500 6 22MnB5* 1100 1500 6 Ductibor® 500 P 400 570 22

* 5 to 10 minutes 900°C to 950°C type heat treatment followed by quenching in perfectly cooled stamping tools (cooling speed > 50°C per second).

Application and use of Ductibor® 500 P and final part performance values are described in the "Multi-thickness laser welded blanks: Tailored Blanks" chapter.

The metallurgy of Ductibor® 500 P was developed to provide, following hot stamping, a Dual Phase type structure with very stable mechanical properties regardless of the cooling speed.

Die-quenched (cooling rate 30°C/s) � Ferrite + Martensite (10%)

In Usibor® 1500 P and 22MnB5 steels, the addition of carbon, manganese, chromium and boron ensure good quenchability in the hot stamping tool after austenitization in the ovens. Water quenching results in substantially higher mechanical properties (an additional 100 to 150 MPa). Prior to hot stamping heat treatment, Usibor® 1500 P and 22MnB5 exhibit homogeneous distribution of pearlite and an equiaxed grain ferritic matrix. The Usibor® 1500 P coating, with a thickness of about 25µm, consists of an Fe-Al-Si alloy diffusion layer and an aluminum-silicon layer. Following heat treatment and quenching, the microstructure is 100% martensitic. The Al-Si coating is transformed in the oven into a protective Al-Fe-Si alloy layer adhering perfectly to the substrate.

Microstructure prior to hot stamping heat treatment (as delivered).Appearance of the coating prior to hot stamping.

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Martensitic microstructure following hot stamping heat treatment(example: 5-minute austenitization at 900°C, followed by water quenching or die quenching). Scanning electron micrograph.

Appearance of the coating after hot stamping(optical microscopy)

The chemical composition and microstructure of Usibor® 1500 P and 22MnB5 have been optimized to promote the formation of a homogeneous martensitic structure over a wide range of cooling speeds, which ensures very good, highly regular mechanical properties in the final part.

The Al-Si coating of Usibor® 1500 P has been optimized to withstand heat treatment and the hot stamping process as well as to avoid oxidation and scale formation.

Heat treatment

Usibor® 1500 P was specially developed for a direct hot stamping process consisting of austenitization of blanks in the heat treatment oven, hot stamping of these hot blanks in a press and martensitic quenching in the water-cooled stamping tool. All forming is "hot". We advise against cold pre-forming prior to austenitization.

Please consult us for information and advice relating to Usibor® 1500 P hot stamping. The 22MnB5 grade is well suited to both hot and cold forming and can therefore be used in both direct and indirect processes.

Usibor® 1500 P hot stamping heat treatment

Surface treatment

Adhesive bonding parameters are similar to those of other uncoated carbon steels. After hot stamping and quenching, Usibor® 1500 P components can be painted directly. There is no surface scale and the Al-Fe-Si alloy layer obtained after heat treatment adheres perfectly to the substrate. This layer provides good protection against overall corrosion.

Parts made of Usibor® 1500 P can be painted by cataphoresis or any other organic painting system.

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Following hot stamping, the surface of Usibor® 1500 P is not affected by immersion in phosphating baths and it does not contaminate the latter through dissolution of aluminum.

Most adhesives, including structural adhesives, can be used on hot stamped Usibor® 1500 P components.

Please consult us for information and advice relating to surface treatment of Usibor® 1500 P after hot stamping.

Following hot stamping, quenching and shotblasting, the surface of 22MnB5 can receive the same treatment as most uncoated carbon steels.

After phosphating, parts made of 22MnB5 can be painted by cataphoresis or any other organic painting system. Compatibility with adhesives is comparable to that of other uncoated carbon steels.

Welding

Usibor® 1500 P has excellent spot weldability for both matching and non-matching joints at both 50 and 1000 Hz.

The product has a wide welding range and the mechanical (tensile, shear) performance of the joints complies with automotive manufacturer requirements and with standards. Thanks to the alloy layer obtained after hot stamping, welding electrode life is considered exceptional (several thousand spots without deterioration) compared to that of conventional metal coatings. MAG, MIG and conventional metal welding techniques, including brazing, can readily be applied.

Based on long shop-floor experience in the characterization of its products for purposes of resistance spot welding and arc welding, ArcelorMittal can provide technical support for welding parameter adjustment. The weldability of 22MnB5 is comparable to that of other carbon steels of similar composition.

Matching Usibor® + Usibor® joint

Triple thickness non-matching joint with multiphase steel

MAG weld

Fatigue strength

Fatigue strength can be expressed as an endurance limit (maximum stress).Usibor® 1500 P offers excellent fatigue properties (superior to those obtained in uncoated steels for hot stamping) with decarburized surface.

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Usibor 1500 P offers excellent fatigue properties (superior to those obtained in uncoated steels for hot stamping) with decarburized surface.

The table below shows 2 million cycle endurance limits, expressed in MPa, in a uniaxial tension-compression test for R = 0.1 and R = -1.

 σD A 2.106 cycles (MPa)

R=0.1σD A 2.106 cycles (MPa)

R=-1

Usibor® 1500 P 727 475Standard uncoated 22MnB5 (without pre-coating)* 617 305

* Decarburized surface after hot stamping with a thickness of approximately 30 µm.

These tests were carried out on 1.5 mm specimens. This example again shows the weight saving potential of Usibor® 1500 P.

Impact resistance strength

Impact strength is the area in which Usibor® 1500 P and 22MnB5 come into their own. We can supply detailed information about the exceptional impact strength and the anti-intrusion properties of these two products.

When these steels are used, the thickness required to achieve the same performance as standard drawing steels can be halved.

The example below shows the results of a three point bending flexural test at 29 kph with 10 kJ energy equivalent. The maximum loads recorded on specimens with an top-hat type cross-section and 1.5 mm thickness are shown. This example demonstrates the potential weight reduction offered by hot stamped steels compared to more conventional steels.

Specimen shape used in the three point bending flexural test

Ultimate load measured during a bending flexural test at 29 kph (10kJ)(thickness: 1.5 mm)

Three point bending flexural test specimen before and after crash test

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

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We are also reachable by the e- mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels for cold forming High yield and tensile strengthsteels

Description

Steels in the HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) range are hardened by a combination of precipitation and grain size refining, resulting in high strength with low alloy content. This enhances weldability and choice of coatings, since these steels exhibit neither weld zone softening nor grain coarsening. These grades are particularly suitable for structural components such as suspension systems and chassis and reinforcement parts.For their respective yield strength levels, these steels all exhibit excellent cold forming and low- temperature brittle fracture strength (starting at grade 320).The entire range of HSLA steels offers good fatigue strength (suspension arm, shock tower) and impact strength (longitudinal beams, cross members, reinforcements, etc.).Because of their mechanical strength, the weight of reinforcement and structural components can be reduced.The HSLA range of products is available in hot and cold rolled grades. The various grades are identified by their yield strength.Hot rolled HSLA grades can be given a Class 1 hot- dip galvanized coating according to the EN 36503 standard (post- galvanizing).

Applications

The steels in the HSLA range are suitable for structural parts such as suspension systems, reinforcements, cross members, longitudinal beams, chassis components, etc. The mechanical properties of  hot rolled HSLA steels and their excellent cold forming performance and low- temperature brittle fracture resistance support cost- effective solutions for many parts and sub- assemblies for which weight, thickness and size reduction are sought, such as:

chassis components;wheels;slide rails;cross members.

Rear cross member in Extragal®- coated HSLA 300

Front reinforcement in Dual Phase 780Shock absorber in HSLA 300

Designation and standard

  EN 10268 :2006(uncoated)

EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009

(electrogalvanized)

EN 10346 :2009(Extragal®/ galfan/

Galvannealed) HSLA 260 HC260LA HC260LA +ZE HX260LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HSLA 300 HC300LA HC300LA +ZE HX300LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HSLA 340 HC340LA HC340LA +ZE HC340LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HSLA 380 HC380LA HC380LA +ZE HX380LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HSLA 420 HC420LA HC420LA +ZE HX420LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

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While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

  EN 10149-2 :1995 HSLA 320 S315MC HSLA 360 S355MC HSLA 420 S420MC HSLA 460 S460MC HSLA 500 S500MC HSLA 550 S550MC

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

Technical characteristics

Mechanical propertiesGuaranteed for uncoated sheet in the transverse direction.

  YS (MPa) UTS (MPa)ef (%)

L0 = 80 mmth < 3 mm

 HSLA 260 260 - 320 350 - 410 ≥ 28 HSLA 300 300 - 360 390 - 450 ≥ 26 HSLA 340 340 - 400 420 - 490 ≥ 23 HSLA 380 380 - 450 460 - 530 ≥ 20 HSLA 420 420 - 520 470 - 590 ≥ 17

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Guaranteed for uncoated sheet in the rolling direction.

  YS (MPa) UTS (MPa)ef (%)

L0 = 80 mmth < 3 mm

Ef (%)L0 = 5.65 √S0 (mm)

th ≥ 3 mm HSLA 320 325 - 385 415 - 470 ≥ 24 ≥ 28 HSLA 360 360 - 435 450 - 520 ≥ 21 ≥ 25 HSLA 420 420 - 500 490 - 570 ≥ 20 ≥ 23 HSLA 460 460 - 550 550 - 650 ≥ 17 ≥ 21 HSLA 500 500 - 590 570 - 670 ≥ 15 ≥ 19 HSLA 550 550 - 650 650 - 730 ≥ 15 ≥ 18

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

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Because HSLA steels can exhibit an extended elastic- plastic transition zone with variations in YS values, by convention only the lower yield strength (LYS) is taken into account in this zone.

Microstructure of a cold rolled HSLA 340 steel

Chemical composition (%)

  C Mn Si  Max Max Max

HSLA 260 0.080 0.50 0.04 HSLA 300 0.080 0.50 0.04 HSLA 340 0.080 0.70 0.04 HSLA 380 0.080 0.90 0.35 HSLA 420 0.140 1.60 0.40 HSLA 320 0.080 0.50 0.03 HSLA 360 0.080 0.60 0.03 HSLA 420 0.080 0.75 0.03 HSLA 460 0.120 1.60 0.40 HSLA 500 0.090 1.50 0.03 HSLA 550 0.090 1.65 0.35

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Available coatings and surface conditions

  Uncoated Electrogalvanized Galvannealed Extragal® HSLA 260 X X X X HSLA 300 X X X X HSLA 340 X X X X HSLA 380 X X X X HSLA 420 X X X X HSLA 320 X X HSLA 360 X X HSLA 420 X X HSLA 460 X X HSLA 500 X HSLA 550 X

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

X Available

Please consult us about the availability of additional HSLA products.

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Please consult us about the availability of additional HSLA products.

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

FormingDrawability declines progressively with increasing yield strength. Forming limit curves can be used to define maximum strains without necking for different deformation paths.

Example of forming limit curves calculated for cold rolled HSLA sheet (thickness: 1.0 mm)

We can provide additional forming data for steels in the HSLA range with particular thicknesses and coatings.

Welding

Weldability is determined according to the ISO 18278-2 method.

  Welding range (kA) HSLA 300 Extragal®

(thickness: 2 mm) 3.5

HSLA 340 Extragal® (thickness: 1 mm) 1.1

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Cold rolledHSLA steels can be readily welded using all common welding processes.

Based on long experience in the characterization of its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the resistance spot and arc welding parameters of any steel in the HSLA range.

Fatigue strength

HSLA steels have good fatigue strength.

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Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety of HSLA steels are given in the graph below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for a tension- tension loading ratio of R = 0.1.

Wöhler curves for cold rolled HSLA steels

Because of their high endurance limits, these steels are particularly well suited to parts subject to fatigue stress. To restore the base metal endurance limit adjacent to welds in areas subjected to severe cyclic loading, a post- weld treatment such as TIG melting, hammering, peening or grinding should be applied to the weld toe.Hot rolled grades above HSLA 420 in thicknesses greater than 6 mm are generally used for fatigue applications and applications involving straightening and stress relieving treatments. These steels cannot be heated above 700°C without risk of impairing the mechanical properties obtained by thermo- mechanical treatment.

ArcelorMittal can make available a comprehensive database concerning the fatigue performance of the steels in its HSLA range.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012

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We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

Bake hardening steels High yield and tensile strengthsteels

Description

The composition and processing of these steels are designed to promote a significant increase in yield strength during low-temperature heat treatment, particularly paint curing. ArcelorMittal Bake hardening steels can thus achieve higher strength in the finished part while retaining good forming performance. The gain in yield strength through the "bake hardening" (BH) effect is generally greater than 40 MPa. Thanks to this BH effect, ArcelorMittal steels offer two advantages compared to conventional drawing quality steels:

Improved dent resistance in all finished parts in the case of low forming strains (hood, roof, doors and wings);Substantial weight reduction potential at equivalent dent resistance (the decrease in thickness is offset by increased yield strength resulting from the heat treatment process).

Bake hardening steels thus offer a suitable response to automotive bodywork requirements. By providing an excellent drawability-dent resistance combination, they enhance vehicle weight reduction and aesthetics.

Applications

Steels in the BH range are designed for visible (door, hood, tailgate, front wing, roof) and structural (underbody, reinforcement, cross member, lining) parts.

Hood in 180 BH

Door in 260 BH

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Front longitudinal beam in 300 BH

Designation and standard

  EN 10268 :2006(uncoated)

EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009

(electrogalvanized)

EN 10346 :2009(Extragal®/Galvannealed)

180 BH HC180B HC180B +ZE HX180BD +Z 195 BH

220 BH HC220B HC220B +ZE HX220BD +Z 260 BH HC260B HC260B +ZE HX260BD +Z 300 BH HC300B HC300B +ZE HX300BD +Z

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

The 195 BH grade corresponds to Japanese standards.

Guaranteed for ISO 20X80 test specimen in the transverse direction

  YS (MPa) UTS (MPa)ef (%)

L0 = 80 mmth < 3 mm

r n BH2 (MPa)

 180 BH 180 -230 300 -360 ≥ 34 ≥ 1.6 ≥ 0.17 ≥ 35 195 BH 195 -270 340 -400 ≥ 32 ≥ 1.3 ≥ 0.16 ≥ 35 220 BH 220 -270 340 -400 ≥ 32 ≥ 1.5 ≥ 0.16 ≥ 35 260 BH 260 -300 370 -430 ≥ 30 ≥ 0.15 ≥ 35 300 BH 300 -360 420 -480 ≥ 28 ≥ 0.14 ≥ 40

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Chemical composition (%)

  C Mn Si  Max Max Max

180 BH 0.04 0.70 0.50 195 BH 0.06 0.70 0.50 220 BH 0.06 0.70 0.50 260 BH 0.08 0.70 0.50 300 BH 0.10 0.70 0.50

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

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Definition of BH2

"Bake hardening" is a controlled aging phenomenon related to the presence of carbon and/or nitrogen in solid solution in the steel. The BH2 parameter is used to evaluate the resulting increase in dent resistance. It is given by: BH2 = LYS � 2% PS, in which LYS is the lower yield stress measured after heat treatment and PS is the yield stress after initial 2% plastic pre-strain. BH2 measurement is a reliable and reproducible way to quantify the metal's ability to harden during cataphoresis.

The diagram below illustrates the Bake hardening mechanism and shows the displacement of carbon atoms in solution during heat treatment�typically 20 minutes at 170°C to block the dislocations generated by forming. This ultimately increases the metal's yield strength.

BH effect

Available coatings and surface conditions

  Uncoated Electrogalvanized Galvannealed Extragal®

180 BH XX XX XX 195 BH XX 220 BH XX XX XX 260 BH XX XX XX 300 BH X X X

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

X Available -XX Available in visible part quality

For additional information about the availability of thin organic coatings for the ArcelorMittal range of BH steels, please refer to the coating technical sheets. Curing of these organic coatings may lead to changes in mechanical properties. 

Microstructure of grade 180 BH

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

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FormingThe bake hardening family of steels exhibits good drawability in all strain modes; its drawability is essentially equivalent to that of IF (interstitial-free) steels of similar yield strength.

The figure below shows examples of forming limit curves for the bake hardening family of steels in a thickness of 1.0 mm.

Curvas límite de conformado para la familia de aceros Bake Hardening(esp.: 1.0 mm)

ArcelorMittal has a database on the forming of BH grade steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to perform specific studies based on modeling or shop-floor experience.

Welding

Weldability is determined by means of the method set out in the ISO 18278-2 standard.

Examples of resistance spot welding parameters for the bake hardening range of products:

  Welding range (kA)

180 BH Ez (thickness: 0.75 mm) 1.6

180 BH nu (thickness: 0.75 mm) 1.4

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Due to their low alloy content, bake hardening steels can be readily welded by all conventional welding processes.ArcelorMittal can provide technical support in adjusting the welding parameters for any other product in its Bake Hardening range.

Fatigue strength

Fatigue strength can be expressed as an endurance limit (maximum stress).

  σD A 5.106 cycles (MPa)

180 BH uncoated after curing (thickness: 0.8 mm) 334

260 BH uncoated after curing (thickness: 1.2 mm) 384

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

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Examples of endurance limits at 5.106 cycles under tension-compressionfor a loading ratio of R = 0.1:

Wöhler curves for 180 BH and 260 BH steels after 2% elongation and heat treatment

ArcelorMittal can make available a comprehensive database covering the fatigue performance of its bake hardening steels.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

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We are also reachable by the e- mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

High strength IF steels High yield and tensile strengthsteels

Description

These steels were designed to provide an excellent combination of drawability and mechanical strength based on their specific interstitial free (IF) metallurgy. IF180 offers drawability similar to that of ArcelorMittal 04 combined with tensile strength comparable to that of H220, for example. These steels are hardened by adding manganese, silicon and phosphorous in solid solution to the ferrite. The metallurgy of IF steels optimizes their drawability.

Their low YS/ UTS ratio and high strain hardening coefficient n ensure excellent deep- drawability and good strain redistribution.Their high strain ratio r ensures good deformation behavior, making them suitable for deep- drawing.

These steels are particularly suitable for complex parts requiring high mechanical strength, such as wheel arches, toe- boards, reinforcements, etc. These steels have high strain hardening potential during forming, lending deep- drawn parts (trunks, tailgates, doors, linings, wheel arches, etc.) good dent resistance. The IF180 to IF 260 grades can be used, with certain coatings, to manufacture visible parts such as door panels. The IF 300 grade is designed for more complex structural parts (longitudinal beams, cross members, suspension and chassis components, etc.).

Application

With their high mechanical strength guaranteeing good fatigue and impact resistance, these steels are intended for structural parts (longitudinal beams, cross members, B- pillars, etc.) as well as for skin parts, in which they provide good indentation resistance. In contrast to that of conventional drawing qualities, the weight reduction potential of these products increases with drawing depth.

Hood in IF220 Extragal®

(thickness: 0.7 mm)

Designation and standard

  EN 10268 :2006(uncoated)

EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009

(electrogalvanized)EN 10346 :2009

(Extragal®/ Galvannealed)

IF 180 HC180Y HC180Y +ZE HX180YD +Z/ +ZF IF 220 HC220Y HC220Y +ZE HX220YD +Z/ +ZF IF 260 HC260Y HC260Y +ZE HX260YD +Z/ +ZF IF 300 HX300YD +Z/ +ZF

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

Technical characteristics

Mechanical properties 65

 

Mechanical properties Guaranteed for ISO 20x80 specimen of uncoated sheet in the transverse direction

  PS0.2 (MPa) UTS (MPa)ef (%)

L0 = 80 mmth < 3 mm

r n

 IF 180 180 - 230 340 - 400 ≥ 35 ≥ 1.7 ≥ 0.19 IF 220 220 - 260 340 - 400 ≥ 33 ≥ 1.7 ≥ 0.19 IF 260 260 - 300 380 - 440 ≥ 30 ≥ 1.5 ≥ 0.18 IF 300 300 - 340 400 - 460 ≥ 28 ≥ 1.5 ≥ 0.17

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Chemical composition (%)

  C Mn Si  Max Max Max

IF 180 0.010 1.00 0.25 IF 220 0.010 0.70 0.50 IF 260 0.010 1.00 0.50 IF 300 0.010 1.00 0.50

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Available coatings and surface finishes

  Uncoated Electrogalvanized Galvannealed Extragal® IF 180 XX XX XX XX IF 220 XX XX XX XX IF 260 XX XX X XX IF 300 X X X X

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

X Available - XX Available in visible part quality

Microstructure of IF 180

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

FormingIF steels offer excellent drawability for their strength level as a result of their very good fracture elongation, normal strain ratios and strain hardening coefficients.

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IF steels offer excellent drawability for their strength level as a result of their very good fracture elongation, normal strain ratios and strain hardening coefficients.

The diagram opposite shows examples of forming limit curves for the IF family of steels in 1.00 mm thickness.

Forming limit curves calculated for IF 180 and 260 steels(thickness: 1.0 mm)

ArcelorMittal has an extensive database on the forming of IF steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modeling or shop- floor experience.

Welding

IF steels can be readily welded by all welding processes. The table below shows examples of spot welding parameters according to the ISO 18278-2 method for products in the IF range:

  Welding range (kA) IF 180 Galvannealed

(thickness: 2 mm) 1.8

IF 260 Extragal® (thickness: 1 mm) 1.4

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Based on long experience in the spot and arc welding characterization of its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters of any other product in the IF range.

Fatigue strength

Fatigue strength can be expressed as an endurance limit (maximum stress).

Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety of IF steels are given in the graph below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for a tension- compression loading ratio of R = 0.1.

Wöhler curves for a variety of IF steels

ArcelorMittal has a comprehensive database on the fatigue performance of IF steels.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012

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We are also reachable by the e- mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

Solid solution steels High yield and tensile strengthsteels

Description

Solid solution steels are designed to provide high strength while maintaining good drawability. These steels are hardened by phosphorous in solid solution in the ferrite. Their combination of mechanical strength and drawability makes these grades suitable for numerous applications. They are particularly recommended for structural and reinforcement parts requiring good fatigue and impact strength (longitudinal beams, cross members, B- pillars, etc.). Solid solution steels are killed aluminum grades with lower drawing quality than the IF range of steels.The ArcelorMittal range of continuous hot dip galvanized (Extragal®/ Galvannealed) steels is described under interstitial- free steels.

Applications

Longitudinal beam in H 260(thickness: 1.8 mm)

Cross members in H 260

Designation and standard

  EN 10268 :2006(uncoated)

EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009(electrogalvanized)

H 220 HC220P HC220P +ZE H 260 HC260P HC260P +ZE H 300 HC300P HC300P +ZE

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

Technical characteristics

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Technical characteristics

Mechanical propertiesGuaranteed for ISO 20x80 specimen of uncoated sheet in the transverse direction

  YS (MPa) UTS (MPa)ef (%)

L0 = 80 mmth < 3 mm

r n

 H 220 220 - 280 340 - 400 ≥ 32 ≥ 1.3 ≥ 0.16 H 260 260 - 320 380 - 440 ≥ 29 H 300 300 - 360 400 - 480 ≥ 26

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Chemical composition (%)

  C Mn Si  Max Max Max

H 220 0.060 0.70 0.50 H 260 0.080 0.70 0.50 H 300 0.100 0.70 0.50

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Available coatings and surface finishes

  Uncoated Electrogalvanized H 220 XX XX H 260 X X H 300 X X

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

X available - XX available in visible part quality

Microstructure of grade H 260

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

FormingArcelorMittal has an extensive database on the forming of solid solution steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modeling or shop- floor experience.

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The diagram opposite shows examples of forming limit curves for the solid solution family of steels in 1.0 mm thickness.

Forming limit curves for solid solution steels(thickness: 1.0 mm)

Welding

Solid solution steels can be readily welded by all welding processes.ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters of any other product in the solid solution range, and can advise on the arc and laser weldability of these of steels.

Fatigue strength

Fatigue strength can be expressed as an endurance limit (maximum stress).

Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety of Solid solution steels are given in the graph below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for a tension- compression loading ratio of R = 0.1.

Wöhler curves for a variety of Solid solution steels

ArcelorMittal can provide full data relating to the fatigue performance of Solid solution steels.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012

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We are also reachable by the e- mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

High formability steels for drawing Drawing steels

Description

This range of non- alloyed mild steels is designed for deep and extra deep drawing applications. These products are used extensively in the automotive industry, both for visible and structural parts. The guaranteed low scatter in their mechanical properties ensures optimum productivity in drawing press operations. The range of cold rolled steels has been extended to include the ultra high drawability qualityArcelorMittal 07, ensuring maximum efficiency in the production of the most difficult- to- form parts (body sides, door liners, tailgates, etc.). The range of ArcelorMittal hot rolled mild steels covers the four levels of drawing difficulty listed below:

ArcelorMittal 12: for drawing, with minimum guaranteed yield strengthArcelorMittal 13: for deep drawingArcelorMittal 14: for very deep drawingArcelorMittal 15: for drawing particularly difficult parts requiring performance regularity at high production rates (transfer presses).

These ArcelorMittal steel grades are non- ageing, conserving their mechanical properties and their formability over time. They are also suitable for class 1 hot dip galvanizing according to the EN 36503 standard.The ArcelorMittal range offers better guarantees than the usual standard- compliant drawing steels, while remaining compatible with standards.

Applications

These ArcelorMittal steels are designed for deep and extra deep drawing of visible and structural parts.

Door lining in ArcelorMittal 54 Extragal® (thickness: 0.7 mm)

Load floor in ArcelorMittal 54 Extragal®(thickness: 0.7 mm)

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Wheel arch in ArcelorMittal 57 Extragal®(thickness: 0.9 mm)

Crankcase in ArcelorMittal 57 Extragal®(thickness: 1 mm)

Designation and standard

  EN 10130 :2006(uncoated)

EN 10152 :2009(electrogalvanized)

ArcelorMittal 01 DC01 DC01+ZE ArcelorMittal 02 DC03 DC03+ZE ArcelorMittal 03 DC03 DC03+ZE ArcelorMittal 04 DC04 DC04+ZE ArcelorMittal 05 DC05 DC05+ZE ArcelorMittal 06 DC06 DC06+ZE ArcelorMittal 07 DC07

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

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  EN 10346 :2009(Extragal®/ Galvannealed)

ArcelorMittal 51 DX51D +Z/ +ZF ArcelorMittal 52 DX52D +Z/ +ZF ArcelorMittal 53 DX53D +Z/ +ZF ArcelorMittal 54 DX54D +Z/ +ZF ArcelorMittal 56 DX56D +Z/ +ZF ArcelorMittal 57 DX57D +Z/ +ZF

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

  EN 10111 :2008(uncoated)

ArcelorMittal 11 DD11 ArcelorMittal 12 DD12 ArcelorMittal 13 DD13 ArcelorMittal 14 DD14 ArcelorMittal 15 ArcelorMittal 16

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).

Technical characteristics

These ArcelorMittal steels have high drawability as a result of the tight margins in their chemical composition and mechanical properties, ensuring consistent behavior during secondary processing.

Mechanical propertiesGuaranteed for uncoated sheet in the transverse direction

  YS (MPa) UTS (MPa)ef (%)

L0 = 80 mmth < 3 mm

Ef (%)L0 = 5.65 √S0

(mm)th ≥ 3 mm

r n

 ArcelorMittal 01 140 - 280 270 - 400 ≥ 28 ArcelorMittal 02 140 - 240 270 - 360 ≥ 34 ≥ 1.3 ≥ 0.16 ArcelorMittal 03 180 - 230 280 - 360 ≥ 34 ≥ 1.3 ≥ 0.17 ArcelorMittal 04 160 - 200 280 - 340 ≥ 38 ≥ 1.8 ≥ 0.19 ArcelorMittal 05 140 - 180 270 - 330 ≥ 40 ≥ 1.9 ≥ 0.21 ArcelorMittal 06 120 - 160 270 - 330 ≥ 42 ≥ 2.2 ≥ 0.22 ArcelorMittal 07 100 - 140 250 - 310 ≥ 44 ≥ 2.5 ≥ 0.24 ArcelorMittal 51 140 - 280 270 - 400 ≥ 28 ArcelorMittal 52 140 - 240 270 - 360 ≥ 34 ≥ 1.3 ≥ 0.16 ArcelorMittal 53 180 - 230 280 - 360 ≥ 34 ≥ 1.3 ≥ 0.17 ArcelorMittal 54 160 - 200 280 - 340 ≥ 38 ≥ 1.8 ≥ 0.19 ArcelorMittal 56 140 - 180 270 - 330 ≥ 40 ≥ 1.9 ≥ 0.21 ArcelorMittal 57 120 - 160 270 - 330 ≥ 42 ≥ 2.2 ≥ 0.22 ArcelorMittal 11 170 - 360 275 - 440 ≥ 24 ≥ 28 ArcelorMittal 12 200 - 330 300 - 420 ≥ 27 ≥ 32 ArcelorMittal 13 200 - 330 300 - 400 ≥ 29 ≥ 34 ArcelorMittal 14 220 - 280 320 - 370 ≥ 33 ≥ 37 ArcelorMittal 15 180 - 270 270 - 350 ≥ 33 ≥ 40 ArcelorMittal 16 180 - 260 270 - 350 ≥ 33 ≥ 40

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

The n, r and elongation guarantees are reduced slightly with Galvannealed coating, resulting in a loss of 0.3 in the r coefficient and about 2% in elongation. Please consult us for more information.

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The n, r and elongation guarantees are reduced slightly with Galvannealed coating, resulting in a loss of 0.3 in the r coefficient and about 2% in elongation. Please consult us for more information.

For products with a thickness of 0.7 mm or less, the minimum guaranteed fracture elongation values should be reduced by 2 units.

ArcelorMittal 57 for skin parts has a guaranteed yield strength of 130 to 170 MPa instead of 120 to 160 MPa.

Interstitial- free (IF) metallurgy is systematically used to produce ArcelorMittal 06 and 07. This type of metallurgy is also required for the hot- dip coated (Extragal® and Galvannealed) versions of ArcelorMittal 54 and 56.

Microstructure of ArcelorMittal 56(IF- Ti B type metallurgy)

Chemical composition (%)

  C Mn Si  Max Max Max

ArcelorMittal 01 0.100 0.50 0.10 ArcelorMittal 02 0.100 0.50 0.10 ArcelorMittal 03 0.100 0.50 0.10 ArcelorMittal 04 0.080 0.50 0.10 ArcelorMittal 05 0.060 0.35 0.10 ArcelorMittal 06 0.010 0.25 0.03 ArcelorMittal 07 0.010 0.25 0.03 ArcelorMittal 51 0.100 0.50 0.10 ArcelorMittal 52 0.100 0.50 0.10 ArcelorMittal 53 0.100 0.50 0.10 ArcelorMittal 54 0.080 0.50 0.10 ArcelorMittal 56 0.060 0.35 0.10 ArcelorMittal 57 0.010 0.25 0.03 ArcelorMittal 11 0.100 0.50 0.03 ArcelorMittal 12 0.080 0.40 0.03 ArcelorMittal 13 0.080 0.35 0.03 ArcelorMittal 14 0.080 0.35 0.03 ArcelorMittal 15 0.080 0.30 0.03 ArcelorMittal 16 0.080 0.30 0.03

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Available coatings and surface finishes

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Available coatings and surface finishes

  Uncoated Electrogalvanized Galvannealed Extragal® ArcelorMittal 01/03 X X ArcelorMittal 04 XX XX ArcelorMittal 05 XX XX ArcelorMittal 06 XX XX ArcelorMittal 07 XX XX ArcelorMittal 51 X X ArcelorMittal 52 X XX ArcelorMittal 53 X XX ArcelorMittal 54 XX XX ArcelorMittal 56 XX XX ArcelorMittal 57 X XX ArcelorMittal 11 X X ArcelorMittal 12 X ArcelorMittal 13 X X ArcelorMittal 14 X ArcelorMittal 15 X ArcelorMittal 16 X

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

X available - XX available in visible part quality

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

FormingThis family of ArcelorMittal steels has high and even very high drawability in all deformation modes (low yield strength and high ductility and normal strain ratio). They can be used to manufacture complex parts incorporating several functions, generating cost savings. Forming limit curves can be used to define the maximum strains without necking for different deformation paths.

Examples of forming limit curves calculated for cold rolled steels in the ArcelorMittal 03 to 07 range (thickness: 1.0 mm)

Welding

Resistance spot weldingThe table below gives examples of resistance spot welding parameters for ArcelorMittal products, determined according to the ISO 18278-2 standard. The resistance spot weldability of hot rolled ArcelorMittal products is similar to that of cold rolled products of the same grade (C/ Mn).

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The resistance spot weldability of hot rolled ArcelorMittal products is similar to that of cold rolled products of the same grade (C/ Mn).

  Welding range (kA) ArcelorMittal 03

Electrogalvanized (thickness: 0.75 mm)

2.0

ArcelorMittal 54 Extragal® (thickness: 1.5 mm) 1.7

ArcelorMittal 05 Electrogalvanized (thickness: 0.8 mm)

1.9

ArcelorMittal 06 Electrogalvanized (thickness: 0.8 mm)

1.8

ArcelorMittal 14 (thickness: 2.5 mm) 3.0

  Hot rolled      Cold rolled

Arc weldingThe electric arc weldability of ArcelorMittal steels is similar to that of the equivalent C and Mn structural steels. The table below gives welding recommendations for different arc welding processes.The chemical composition of ArcelorMittal steels supports all welding processes without pre- or post- treatment.

Filler materials recommended for arc welding

  Encased Electrode (SMAW) Gaz with fuse wire (GMAW and FCAW) Flux (SAW)

Esab OK 48.00 OK Autrob 12.51OK Tubrod 14.02 Flux AS50

SAF Safer MF48 Nertalic 70 S Wire AS26

Based on its long shop- floor experience in resistance spot welding and arc welding characterization of its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters for any product in the ArcelorMittal range.

Fatigue strength

Fatigue strength can be expressed as an endurance limit (maximum stress). Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety ArcelorMittal steels are shown in the graph below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for a tension- tension loading ratio of R=0.1.

Wöhler curves for ArcelorMittal steels(cold rolled)

ArcelorMittal can provide a full data base with fatigue performance values for the ArcelorMittal range of products.

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Extragal® double-sided pure zinc galvanized steels Zinc coatings and thin organic coatings

Applications

Because of their high corrosion protection capacity and surface quality, Extragal® coated products are recommended for numerous automotive applications, for both visible and non-visible parts.The Extragal® production process, involving a continuous single-step operation after rolling, makes it nearly always the most cost effective pre-coating solution for obtaining the corrosion resistance required in automotive sheet applications.

Technical characteristics

Surface appearanceThe crystal structure of Extragal® coatings is not visible to the naked eye. The high surface quality leads to a finished paint appearance meeting the severest requirements of the automotive industry for visible bodywork parts.

Hardness Extragal® coatings are relatively ductile, with limited risk of damage in the drawing tools.

Morphology

Scanning electron micrograph of an Extragal® coating surface

Cross section of an Extragal® coating

Coating thicknessUnless otherwise specified, the standard Extragal® coating thicknesses offered (per side, measured at three points) are as follows:

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Similar standard Minimum

(double-sided)(g/m²)

Minimum(per side)

µm          g/m²

Maximum(per side)

µm          g/m²

Z100  100  7.0           50   9.0           65Z140  140  10.0          70  12.0          85Z200  200  14.0         100  17.0         120Z225  225  15.5        112.5  18.5        132.5

Other coating thicknesses may be considered. Please consult us.

Coating process

Extragal® coatings are produced by continuous hot dip galvanizing, in which the steel strip is fed through a molten zinc bath. The steel substrate can be almost any of our cold rolled steels and some of our hot rolled grades.The Extragal® manufacturing process includes adjustments at all stages of the process, from the steelworks to the skin-pass. It is subject to rigorous control and inspection. As a result of these measures, an exceptional galvanized coating with an optimized surface is obtained. This ensures a very high quality painted appearance in automotive bodywork parts.

Typical layout of a galvanising line

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

CorrosionExtragal® coating provides excellent corrosion protection, even in the event of damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement), due to the electro-chemical behavior of the Fe-Zn galvanic couple, in which the zinc acts as a sacrificial anode.

DrawingIndustrial experience shows that the drawing performance of Extragal® products is superior to that of other coating systems.Extragal® has a friction coefficient of approximately 0.10 to 0.14 (with standard oiling), which lends it excellent drawability. The type and quantity of lubricant and the surface texture are obviously of prime importance during sheet-tool contact; any comparison of coatings must be carried out under identical conditions. Furthermore, the ductility of pure zinc limits the risk of powdering in the drawing tools.

WeldingExtragal® coated products offer a welding range suited to industrial requirements. The welding process, and in particular electrode life (typically 400 spot welds without current adjustment according to ISO standard 18278-2 on a 0.8 mm substrate), can be optimized by fine-tuning electrode composition, geometry and current adjustment frequency as well as welding parameters (current type and intensity, current incrementation, joining pressure, cycle time).

ArcelorMittal specialist teams are available to assist clients in optimizing the welding process.

Adhesive bondingExtragal® coating has good adhesive bonding behavior, good adhesion to the coating, good adhesion of the coating to the metal and good cohesion of the coating. The most significant parameters determining bond quality remain the type of adhesive, the joining conditions, the nature of the protective oil, and any chemical treatments that may have been performed.

Surface treatmentExtragal® can be phosphated and painted at the user's premises using current trication processes (Zn, Ni, Mn). Alternative "environmentally-friendly" (particularly nickel-free) treatment processes are being developed; however any change in the bodywork surface treatment process must undergo prior validation.

Recommendations: Alkali degreasing to remove any organic residues and oxides present on the surface,F- ions should be present in the bath to neutralize any Al3+ ions that may reduce its activity.

ArcelorMittal can provide specialized technical assistance regarding these issues.

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Ultragal®

Zinc coatings and thin organic coatings

Applications

With its ability to limit repeated waviness during deformation, combined with the proven qualities of Extragal® (surface quality, corrosion protection), Ultragal® is a coating specifically recommended for visible part applications in the automotive sector.With the Ultragal® production process, waviness in steel products can be controlled both before and after forming. In an optimized painting process configuration, Ultragal® lends the painted part very high- quality paint appearance (even better than a standard galvanized substrate). With waviness reduced to a very low value, Ultragal® also contributes to enhanced reproducibility of paint appearance quality. 

Technical characteristics

Surface appearanceThe crystal structure of Ultragal® is not visible to the naked eye and the product offers optimum surface quality before and after painting. Control of the operating drive factors amplifying waviness at the secondary processing stage, in particular during drawing, further enhances paint appearance.We offer a waviness guarantee expressed as Wa 0.8 mm after drawing, which ensures product quality. 

HardnessUltragal® coating is relatively ductile, which reduces the risk of coating damage in the drawing tool.

Morphology

Surface appearance of Ultragal® coating (scanning electron micrograph)

Cross- section of Ultragal® coating

Coating thicknessUnless otherwise specified, the standard coating thicknesses offered for Ultragal® (per side, measured at 3 points) are as follows:

79

Similar standardMinimum(2 sides)(g/ m²)

Minimum(per side)

µm          g/ m²

Maximum(per side)

µm          g/ m²Z100 100   7.0          50   9.0          65Z140 140 10.0          70 12.0          85

Other coating thicknesses may be considered. Please consult us.

Coating process

Ultragal® coating is obtained by hot dip galvanizing (the steel sheet is fed through a bath of molten zinc) of a steel substrate which can be selected from most of our cold rolled steels.The Ultragal® manufacturing process involves adaptations at all process stages, from steelworks to skin pass. It is subject to rigorous control and inspection. These measures produce an exceptional galvanized coating with surface optimized for top- quality paint appearance in automotive body parts.

Typical layout of a galvanizing line

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

CorrosionUltragal® coating provides excellent corrosion protection, even in the event of damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement), due to the electro- chemical behavior of the Fe- Zn galvanic couple, in which the zinc acts as a sacrificial anode.

DrawingUltragal® offers drawing quality equivalent to that of Extragal®, the galvanized steel product with pure zinc coating on both sides. Ultragal® has a friction coefficient of approximately 0.10 to 0.14 (with standard oiling), which lends it excellent drawability. The type and quantity of lubricant and the surface texture are obviously of prime importance during sheet- tool contact; any comparison of coatings must be carried out under identical conditions. Furthermore, the ductility of pure zinc limits the risk of powdering in the drawing tools.

WeldingUltragal® coated products offer a welding range suited to industrial requirements. The welding process, and in particular electrode life (typically 400 spot welds without current adjustment according to ISO standard 18278-2 on a 0.8 mm substrate), can be optimized by fine- tuning electrode composition, geometry and current adjustment frequency as well as welding parameters (current type and intensity, current incrementation, joining pressure, cycle time). ArcelorMittal specialist teams are available to assist customers in optimizing the welding process.

Adhesive bondingUltragal® coating has good adhesive bonding behavior, good adhesion to the coating, good adhesion of the coating to the metal and good cohesion of the coating. The most significant parameters determining bond quality remain the type of adhesive, the joining conditions, the nature of the protective oil, and any chemical treatments that may have been performed.

Surface treatment Ultragal® can be phosphated and painted at the user's premises using current trication processes (Zn, Ni, Mn). Alternative "environmentally- friendly" (particularly nickel- free) treatment processes are being developed; however any change in the bodywork surface treatment process must undergo prior validation.

Recommendations: Alkali degreasing to remove any organic residues and oxides present on the surface;F- ions should be present in the bath to neutralize any Al3+ ions that may reduce its activity.

ArcelorMittal can provide specialized technical assistance regarding these issues.

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Galvannealed zinc- iron alloy coated steels Zinc coatings and thin organic coatings

Applications

The excellent corrosion protection and high surface quality offered by Galvannealed coatings make these products well suited for numerous automotive applications involving both visible and non- visible parts. The presence of iron in the coating improves resistance spot welding behavior, so that Galvannealed products are especially recommended when joining proves difficult with other coatings.

Technical characteristics

Surface appearanceThe high surface quality of Galvannealed coatings leads to a finished paint appearance meeting the most stringent requirements of the automotive sector for visible bodywork parts.

HardnessGalvannealed coatings are hardened by the presence of iron. Hardness depends on the proportions of the different alloy phases, which can be controlled via the galvannealing parameters. This hardness can lead to a certain risk of powdering during severe deep drawing operations, particularly for higher coating weights. For this reason, we recommend thinner coatings than in the case of Extragal®.The coating hardness also leads to a reduction in the Lankford ratio r, as measured during tensile tests, resulting in reduced deep- drawability.

Morphology

Surface view of Galvannealed coating(scanning electron micrograph)

Cross- sectional view of Galvannealed coating

Coating thicknessUnless otherwise specified, the standard Galvannealed coating thicknesses offered are as follows (per side, measured at one point):

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Reference (or similar standard)   Minimumµm         g/ m2

Maximumµm         g/ m2

ZF90 4.2         30 7.7         55ZF100 5.6         40 9.1         65

However, other thicknesses may be considered. Please consult us about other thicknesses.

Coating process

Galvannealed coatings are produced by continuous hot dip galvanizing, in which the steel strip is fed through a bath of molten zinc. The steel substrate can be almost any of our cold- rolled steel products.After leaving the zinc bath, the strip is subjected to heat treatment, which causes iron atoms in the substrate to diffuse into the zinc layer. The Galvannealed coating formed in this way is a zinc/ iron alloy containing about 10% iron. 

See availability in each product technical sheet.

Typical layout of a galvannealing line in the Galvannealed configuration

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

CorrosionGalvannealed coatings provide excellent corrosion protection, even in the event of damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement), due to the electrochemical behavior of the Fe- Zn galvanic couple (sacrificial anode effect).In the event of damage, the presence of iron in the coating gives the Galvannealed corrosion products a reddish tinge, which should not be interpreted as a sign of substrate corrosion.

DrawingGalvannealed coating has a low friction coefficient, facilitating metal flow between the punch and the die.The friction coefficient may vary significantly as a result of lubrication factors (type and quantity of oil or pre- lubricant).However, the greater hardness of this coating (due to the presence of iron) can make deep drawing operations more difficult (risk of powdering, decrease in r value). 

Remark:The galvannealing treatment used to diffuse iron into the zinc coating can be varied to control the properties of the coated product, particularly the tendency to powdering. We recommend that you contact our technical support teams to specify the exact coating parameters.

WeldingThe hardness and melting point of this coating leads to weldability close to that of uncoated sheet, with excellent electrode life values.Example based on ISO standard 18278-2: ArcelorMittal 04 steel Galvannealed 45/45 with 0.7 mm thickness: weldability range from 8.6 to 9.6 kA with electrode life of 1200 spots without adjustments. 

Adhesive bondingGalvannealed layers have good bonding behavior, adhesion to the coating, adhesion of the coating to the metal and cohesion of the coating.The most important parameters determining bond quality are the type of adhesive, the joining conditions, the nature of the protective oil, and any chemical treatments that may have been performed. 

Surface treatmentGalvannealed products can be phosphated and painted at the user's premises using current processes. The cataphoresis process may have to be adapted to avoid cratering problems caused by the particular micro- texture of this coating.

ArcelorMittal can provide customers with technical assistance to overcome problems of this type.

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Steels coated with galfan zinc- aluminium alloy Zinc coatings and thin organic coatings

Applications

The ductility and strong anti- corrosion properties of galfan make it a coating highly suited for deep- drawn parts and parts requiring a high level of corrosion protection.  In certain applications, a 10 micron galfan coating can replace a 20 micron galvanized coating, providing better weldability, drawability, and corrosion resistance.Galfan can thus reduce costs, symplifying secondary processes and eliminating the need for post- treatment..It can be used to replace thick galvanized coating and post- galvanizing treatments.

Parts:Electric motor housingsFilter, airbag cartridgesWindscreen wipers and mechanismDoor platesWindow drive railsOil sumpsElectronics boxes

Technical characteristics

Surface appearanceGalfan has a cellular surface which appears mottled.Unpainted galfan acquires a patina over time, its initial metallic appearance dulls to a matte gray.

Cellular surface appearance  � galfan

HardnessThe coating, composed of 95% zinc and 5% aluminum, has a eutectic structure lending it excellent ductility and the thin intermetallic layer at the steel/ coating interface guarantees excellent coating adhesion. These two properties enable galfan to be used for making components that are particularly difficult to form.

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These two properties enable galfan to be used for making components that are particularly difficult to form.

Micrographic cross- section and structure

Surface finishThe three surface finishes defined in the EN 10327 standard are available to suit customer requirements.

Coating thicknessThe standard galfan coating values and corresponding thicknesses are as follows:

EN 10327standard µm per side Minimum nominal

g/ m² double side (3 pts)ZA095 7 95ZA130 10 130ZA200 15 200ZA255 20 255ZA300 23 300

Coating process

Galfan is obtained by continuous hot dip coating in a bath of molten metal made up of approximately 95% zinc and 5% aluminium.

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

CorrosionIn general, galfan has a higher corrosion resistance compared to a standard galvanized product.Sacrificial protection provides effective corrosion resistance at the sites of mechanical damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement) and also prevents corrosion of cut edges.

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Sacrificial protection provides effective corrosion resistance at the sites of mechanical damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement) and also prevents corrosion of cut edges.Its superior corrosion resistance allows galfan to be an alternative to thicker galvanised coatings and post- galvanization treatments.

Full- side corrosion resistance during an automotive cyclical corrosion test

Example of resistance to salt spray: 5% NaCl

DrawingDue to its eutectic structure and the thin intermetallic layer, galfan is a ductile coating suitable for deep- drawing operations, without risk of cracking, delamination or contamination of the equipment by powdering. The use of pre- lubricating oils and of thin organic films (ExtrafilmTM) can further improve drawing properties.

Welding

Galfan performs well in spot welding with:a welding range well suited to industrial requirements,longer electrode life compared to galvanised steel with the same corrosion resistance (coating twice as thin).                       

This advantage arises mainly in the case of applications where the corrosion resistance specified would require very high zinc values when using hot- dipped galvanized.

Comparison of electrode life

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Electrogalvanized sheet coated on one or both sides Zinc coatings and thin organic coatings

Applications

Due to their high corrosion resistance, electrogalvanized products are recommended for numerous applications in the automotive industry.Electrogalvanized products, in both single and double sided versions, are particularly well suited for visible parts. 

Technical characteristics

The dimensional feasibility of electrogalvanized coatings depends on the choice of steel substrate (see corresponding technical sheets) and on the manufacturing route involved.

Surface appearance The surface quality obtained meets the most stringent requirements with regard to final painted appearance of external body components.

HardnessThe electrogalvanized coating consists of pure zinc and is therefore ductile, enabling it to withstand large deformations.Suitable surface preparation prior to electrogalvanizing ensures coating adhesion.

Morphology

Cross section of a 7.5 x 7.5 µmelectrogalvanized coating (x 1000)

Surface appearance of anelectrogalvanized coating (x 2000)

Coating thicknessUnless otherwise specified, the standard coating thicknesses offered are 5 and 7.5 µm per side; However, other thicknesses may be considered. Please consult us.

Coating process

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Coating process

The electrogalvanized coating is obtained by electrolytically depositing a layer of pure zinc. The absence of heating during the coating process enables electrogalvanized coatings to be employed without restriction on virtually all the steel grades developed by ArcelorMittal for the automotive industry.The electrolytic process makes it possible to achieve a very high purity coating.

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

CorrosionElectrogalvanized coatings offer excellent corrosion protection, even when damaged (impact, scratches, gravel impingement), due to the sacrificial electrochemical behaviour of zinc with respect to iron.

DrawingElectrogalvanized coatings have excellent intrinsic formability, making them suitable for the most severe drawing operations.The tribological behavior of electrogalvanized coatings is slightly inferior to that of hot dip coatings, and for the most difficult parts can justify the use of an appropriate chemical surface treatment.ArcelorMittal has a range of in- line surface treatments. Please consult us if necessary. 

WeldingElectrogalvanized steels have a wide resistance spot welding range suited to industrial requirements. 

Adhesive bondingLike all zinc coatings, electrogalvanized films show good adhesive bonding behavior, adhesion to the coating, adhesion of the coating to the metal and cohesion of the coating itself. The quality of bonding is determined essentially by the type of adhesive, the joining conditions, the nature of the protective oil and any chemical treatment that may have been performed.

Surface treatmentElectrogalvanized products coated on one or both sides can be phosphated and painted at the user's premises using all current processes.

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Surface treatments Zinc coatings and thin organic coatings

Description

ArcelorMittal's range of hot and cold rolled, coated and uncoated steels can be delivered with different types of surface treatments. Surface treatments protect the material from corrosion and/ or improve its drawing properties.Oils are one such treatment. They are generally applied electrostatically. Drylubes are lubricants which appear dry at ambient temperature and liquefy when heated during the drawing process. There is also a range of surface treatment products that react chemically with the coating to provide the desired properties. Surface treatments are applied by spraying or roll- coating, followed by removal of excess product in some cases.

Technical characteristics

Protective oils are the most commonly used treatment. They provide temporary protection from corrosion until secondary processing of the material. A number of high quality oils called prelubes (prelubricants) provide excellent lubricating properties in addition to corrosion protection. They are used to draw certain parts without re- oiling blanks.When even more exacting drawing performance is required, ArcelorMittal can offer several surface treatments for zinc coatings: prephosphating for electro- galvanized steels, NIT for electro- galvanized and hot dip galvanized sheet, L- Treatment for Galvannealed. These are very thin surface treatments. They are detected by analysis of the chemical surface elements and are systematically associated with protective oil or a prelube.

Drylubes are useful when very low friction coefficients are required. Due to their dry nature they also have the advantage of helping to keep the shop floor clean. Their viscosity generally allows hydrodynamic friction systems to be initiated.  

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

FormingThe different surface treatments improve drawing by reducing the friction coefficients of coated and uncoated steel. At the top end of the range (NIT, L- Treatment, Prephosphating, drylube) stick slip phenomena are also reduced, thus lowering the risk of seizure and fracture.

Comparison of the friction coefficients of Extragal® with and without NIT and  comparison of a prephosphated electro- galvanised steel with Extragal® + NIT

NIT, L- Treatment and drylube also contribute to ensuring very uniform tribologic behavior even for parts requiring very light oiling. In some cases they can limit zinc abrasion, reducing the re- work rate and cleaning frequency in drawn visible parts.

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drylube also contribute to ensuring very uniform tribologic behavior even for parts requiring very light oiling. In some cases they can limit zinc abrasion, reducing the re- work rate and cleaning frequency in drawn visible parts.

Joining / painting processSurface treatments have a very minor effect on surface electrical resistance. Therefore, they have very little impact on the welding process.However, they do have a considerable effect on surface chemistry. Their compatibility with the adhesive bonding and painting processes specific to individual users must therefore be verified.

ArcelorMittal's team of experts can offer guidance on the most suitable choice of surface treatment.

Sizes available / optionsThe choice of surface treatment depends on the substrate and also on the intended application and effects. The process conditions (drawing, assembly, painting, etc.) should be considered when making a choice. Size options also depend on the substrate. ArcelorMittal's technical teams can help you select the best surface treatment for your application.

Surface treatment Electrogalvanized Extragal®  Galvannealed Uncoated cold rolled Uncoated hot rolledProtective oil/ Prelubs I* I* I* I I

Prephosphating I*        L- Treatment     I*    

NIT I* I* D*    Drylubes D* D* D* D I

I    IndustrialD   Under development*   Available in visible part quality

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Thin Organic Coatings (TOCs) Zinc coatings and thin organic coatings

Description

Thin organic coatings offer very high corrosion resistance based on a barrier effect. They are designed to retain good weldability by means of metallic particles included in their organic matrix.Lubricants are also present in the resin to improve drawability. The chemical affinity between the main structural adhesives and the TOC surface increases the durability of adhesive bonds, even after ageing.

Applications

Steels with organic coatings are protected from corrosion, have a high- quality surface and can be readily shaped and welded. They are therefore recommended for numerous automotive applications. The single- sided version can be used to make both visible and non- visible parts. The double- sided version is used for non- visible parts.

TOCs for the automotive industry are specially designed to increase hollow body corrosion protection. They can help reduce the use of additional protection measures such as wax or mastics. They can also improve protection in hollow areas that are difficult to protect by cataphoresis and substantially reduce design costs. The main applications are vehicle closures, body sides, under bodies, shock absorbers and the full range of hollow body beams. These products are designed to meet automobile body manufacturers' requirements in terms of reducing the cost of anti- corrosion guarantees.

Technical characteristics

Thin organic coatings are applied over a metal coating. They can be applied to one or both sides.The ArcelorMittal product line is composed of first and second generation organic resins in conjunction with a surface treatment.The surface treatments used by ArcelorMittal are now chromium- free.

Substrate Coating Target corrosion performance1st generation

Thin Organic CoatingsZn

electrogalvanized sheet (pure zinc)

Chromium- free surface treatment + 2.5 to 4.5 µm organic coating containing conductive particles

10 cycles of accelerated VDA corrosion test without appearance of

red rust2nd generation

Thin Organic CoatingsZn

electrogalvanized sheet (pure zinc)

Chromium- free surface treatment + 3 to 5 µm organic coating containing conductive particles

20 cycles of accelerated VDA corrosion test without appearance of

red rust

Other thin organic coatings are currently being industrialized.The goal is to offer, in the short term, an optimized substrate � surface treatment � organic coating system using new generations of chromium- free surface treatments (in 1 or 2 steps) to further enhance product corrosion performance.

First generation type organic coatings are compatible with all substrate qualities except bake hardening steels. Second generation type resins are compatible with BH steels.

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First generation type organic coatings are compatible with all substrate qualities except bake hardening steels. Second generation type resins are compatible with BH steels.

Morphology

Cross- section of a first generation TOC containing conductive particles

Scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a first generation TOC

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

The TOC layer substantially increases protection against pitting corrosion.In lock seam configuration, TOC applied to 5/5ì electrogalvanized steel withstands 10 cycles of VDA 621-415 accelerated corrosion testing without the appearance of red rust.This makes it possible to reduce the use of additional protective measures in hollow bodies and lock seams.Sheet coated with organic coatings can be readily formed in chrome- plated tools.

The figure below shows an example of a plane/ plane friction curve on an oiled TOC.

Measured friction coefficient of a TOC coated sheet

These products can be spot- welded. To lengthen electrode life, direct contact between the TOC and the electrode should be avoided (single- sided organic coatings).Based on its experience in characterizing these products for spot and laser welding, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters to all commercially available organic coatings.These products can be joined mechanically and by adhesive bonding. They are compatible with most structural epoxy adhesives used in the automotive industry.

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These products can be joined mechanically and by adhesive bonding. They are compatible with most structural epoxy adhesives used in the automotive industry.Products can be phosphated and painted at the customer's premises using standard processes.  They lend themselves to cataphoretic painting with excellent paint adhesion.

Please consult us for additional information concerning specific adhesives and mastics.

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Steels coated with Alusi®, an aluminum-silicon alloy: general points Aluminized steels

Applications

Alusi®  coating is resistant to heat, high temperature oxidation and corrosion, and offers a high level of reflectivity, making it suitable for applications in a corrosive atmosphere at high temperatures.With its favorable properties, Alusi® can be widely used, allowing a reduction of overall operating costs when used in place of more expensive materials. Its high level of reflectivity makes it an ideal coating for thermal insulation applications.

Parts:Insulating heat shieldsEngine heat shieldsExhaust systemsFuel tanksBiodiesel filtersMachinery casingsUnderbody parts

Technical characteristics

Surface appearanceAlusi® has a shiny surface (high reflectivity) with coating spangles visible to the naked eye. Alusi® retains its original appearance up to 400°C with a reflectivity level of 80%.

CoatingComposed of 90% aluminum and 10% silicon, Alusi® is split into one ternary layer of alloy at the steel-coating interface, ranging from 4 to 7 microns, and an overlay of binary aluminum-silicon alloy. 

Cross-section of Alusi® coating

Coating thicknessUnless otherwise specified, the standard Alusi® coating weights and corresponding thicknesses  offered are as follows (measured at 3 points):

EN Standard 10327 g/m² double-sided µm per side

AS 60 60 10AS 80 80 14

AS 100 100 17AS 120 120 20AS 150 150 25AS 180 180 30AS 200 200 33

However, other requirements may be considered. Please consult us.

Coating process

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Coating process

Alusi® is produced by continuous immersion in a bath of molten alloy made up of approximately 90% aluminum and 10% silicon.

Recommendations for use and secondary processing

CorrosionAlusi® coating provides excellent corrosion protection, in hydrocarbon and outdoor environments and at high temperatures (650-800°C).The formation of stable and impermeable corrosion products (alumina) make this a long-lasting durable coating, clearly superior to other galvanized coatings when used for recommended applications.

DrawingThe presence of a hard ternary alloy layer containing iron lends Alusi® coating a hardness that reduces the Lankford r ratio when measured in a tensile test.By controlling this ternary layer and reducing the coating weight, however, Alusi® can be used for complex deep drawn parts such as fuel filters and fuel tanks.The use of prelube oils and of thin organic films (EasyfilmTM) improves the deep drawing properties even further.

Temperature resistanceAlusi® coating differs from other coatings by its ability to resist high temperatures (650°C and up to 800°C for steel quality ArcelorMittal 55+AS), without delamination or scaling. This property allows Alusi® to be used in exhaust systems.

ReflectivityAlusi® coating retains its original shiny appearance up to 400°C with a reflectivity level of 80%. This property makes Alusi® the ideal coating for use in heat protection applications such as engine heat shields and underbody parts.

Surface appearenceAlusi® is supplied with a matte finish; three types of surface finish can be provided according to customer requirements. For certain applications, a smooth shiny finish can also be produced.

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Steels coated with Alusi® aluminum-silicon alloy: specific applications Aluminized steels

Applications

Exhaust systems

Alusi® coating withstands temperatures of up to 650°C and even 800°C (ArcelorMittal 55+AS steel) without scaling or delamination and exhibits excellent corrosion resistance. For these reasons it is widely used in exhaust systems.For each major exhaust system component, there is an Alusi® grade meeting performance requirements in service.

Primary downpipe Catalytic converterParticle Filter

Catalytic converter/muffler connection

Front muffler/intermediate pipe Rear muffler

Temperature 400 -750°C 400 -750°C 200 -500°C 250 -500°C Internal: 400 -110°CExternal: 50 -300°C

Aggression Hot gas,salt, mud Hot gas, salt, mud Hot gas, salt, mud Hot gas, salt, mud Internal: condensates

External: atmosphere, salt, mud

Grade ArcelorMittal 55+AS ArcelorMittal 55+AS ArcelorMittal 55+AS ArcelorMittal 55+AS

Internal casing:ArcelorMittal 53+AS

External casing:ArcelorMittal 54+AS

Pipe:ArcelorMittal 51+AS -ArcelorMittal 52+AS

In the exhaust system application, a coating weight of 150 g/m² and the use of EasyfilmTM can further increase corrosion resistance.The ArcelorMittal 55+AS grade, specifically developed to guarantee coating integrity up to 800°C and to resist high-temperature oxidation, is recommended for parts upstream of the front muffler.

Corrosion resistance comparison:Galvanised/galfan/Alusi® in salt spray

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High temperature cyclic oxidation comparison

Secondary processing -WeldingMost welding techniques (spot, seam, high frequency) and the MIG, MAG and TIG processes can be applied on Alusi® without special equipment.

Heat shieldsAs a result of its very good reflectivity and resistance to high temperature and corrosion, the Alusi® coating is suitable for use in the following applications:

Engine heat shields,Underbody heat shields.

The mechanical properties of the Alusi® coating under ambient and high temperatures allow for the use of very thin coating layers, thus reducing material costs as compared to alternative rival solutions.

Reflectivity -Thermal insulationAlusi®  coating offers excellent thermal insulation properties due to its high level of reflectivity. Its aluminized surface reflects about 80% of the radiation emitted by a heat source between 200 and 600°C.

Alusi® ArcelorMittal 54+AS

Stiffness -Resistance to high temperature -Creep resistanceAt ambient temperature, Alusi® sheet exhibits substantially higher stiffness than other solutions.At high temperature, Alusi® retains excellent mechanical properties, lending it good creep resistance.This makes it suitable for use in the following environments:

Engines, manifolds and catalytic converters,

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Engines, manifolds and catalytic converters,Underbodies with very low clearance

Creep resistance:Comparison Steel/Other indicative solution

Mass savings: low gauge dimensions, down to 0.25 mmAlusi® sheet can be provided in low gauge dimensions, resulting in lighter heat shields.ArcelorMittal can produce Alusi® sheet in 0.25 mm thickness, allowing the design of heat shields with a weight reduction of 50% compared to a conventional solution with a thickness of 0.5 mm.

Stiffness and improved drawability: the embossed aluminized steel solutionTo reduce gauge dimensions while maintaining sufficient component stiffness, ArcelorMittal offers embossed Alusi® sheet.Embossing facilitates secondary processing by simplifying the range of equipment and reducing the number of drawing operations required to produce the component.Embossing also improves the vibratory behavior and increases the stiffness of the component.Embossed aluminized steels with a thickness of 0.25 mm are particularly competitive compared to alternative materials.The combination of improved drawability and stiffness makes it possible to design heat shields in Alusi® 0.25 mm, generating significant reductions in material costs compared to other materials. 

Embossed Alusi® heat shield in ArcelorMittal 54+AS 120(thickness: 0.4 mm) 

Embossed Alusi®  heat shield in ArcelorMittal 54+AS 120(thickness: 0.25 mm) 

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Alusi® heat shield in ArcelorMittal 54+AS 120(thickness: 2 x 0.3 mm)  

Alusi® catalytic converter heat shield in ArcelorMittal 55+AS 120(thickness: 0.5 mm) 

Fuel tanks and filtersThe excellent resistance of Alusi® steel to the corrosion caused by gasoline, diesel and biodiesel fuels and its external corrosion resistance and deep-drawability recommend it for use in metal fuel tanks and fuel filters.The ArcelorMittal 56+AS grade-55 g/m² double-sided, for example-is ideal for this type of application. Alusi® steels fully meet fuel permeation standards and recycling and biodiesel compatibility requirements.

Fuel tank shell

Corrosion resistanceThe corrosion resistance of Alusi® coating has been demonstrated in a variety of fuel and atmospheric corrosion tests. The results show that the aluminized steel solution offers a metal fuel tank service life of 15 years.

WeldingMost welding techniques can be used to join shells (seam, Soudronic®) and other parts (MIG, MAG, braze-welding, etc.).

Deep drawing /Fuel filterTo cater to the demand in diesel filters made of Alusi® steel, ArcelorMittal has developed the ArcelorMittal 56+AS grade with low coating weight and a final surface treatment (EasyfilmTM), which preserves coating integrity and adhesion.

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steel, ArcelorMittal has developed the ArcelorMittal 56+AS grade with low coating weight and a final surface treatment (Easyfilm ), which preserves coating integrity and adhesion.This combination is compatible with biodiesel.

Fuel filter

Available grades

ArcelorMittal quality Use YS(MPa)

UTS(MPa)

ef (%)Lo = 80 mm

r(90°)

n(90°)

ArcelorMittal 51+AS Roll forming -Lock seaming   270 -500 ≥ 22    ArcelorMittal 52+AS Average drawing 140 -300 270 -420 ≥ 26    ArcelorMittal 53+AS Difficult drawing 140 -260 270 -380 ≥ 30    ArcelorMittal 54+AS Difficult drawing 120 -220 260 -350 ≥ 34 1.4 0.18

ArcelorMittal 55+AS Very difficult drawing600°< T < 800°C 140 -240 270 -370 ≥ 30    

ArcelorMittal 56+AS Extra-deep drawing 120 -180 260 -350 ≥ 39 1.7 0.20ArcelorMittal 57+AS

Thickness > 0.7 and < 1.5 mm Extra-deep drawing 120 -170 260 -350 ≥ 41 1.9 0.21

Mechanical properties for thickness > 0.7 mm.(Mechanical properties for thickness < 0.7 mm: provided on consultation.) 

Alusi® is also available in several strength grades. Please consult us for further details.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

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We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

iCARe™: ArcelorMittals range of electrical steels for automotive iCARe™

About iCARe™

iCARe™ is ArcelorMittals range of innovative electrical steels for the automotive market. Our iCARe™ steels help automakers create environmentally friendly mobility solutions for a greener world.

These values are at the core of the name iCARe™. Finding innovative (i) and environmentally friendly (e) solutions is essential for the CAR of tomorrow.

Introduction

ArcelorMittals iCARe™ steels are a combination of standard and high performance electrical steel grades which have been specifically designed to meet the particular needs of electric and hybrid vehicle makers. Our iCARe™ steels exhibit high permeability, low loss levels and have excellent yield strength.

The large number of products in the iCARe™ range provides technical solutions for automakers which achieve:Lower CO2 emissions and better fuel consumption for hybrid vehiclesLonger drive range with existing battery technologyLower total cost of electrificationBetter power density of electric machines, to reduce the size and weight of electrical drive trains.

The iCARe™ offer

There are three steel types included in ArcelorMittals iCARe™ offering: Save, Torque and Speed. Each has been specifically designed for a typical electric automotive application. ArcelorMittal also offers advanced technical support to manufacturers, enabling them to realise the full potential of our iCARe™ offer.

SaveA steel with very low losses, Save is ideal for the efficiency of the electrical machine. Its key role is to optimise the use of current coming from the battery. See our iCARe™ Save datasheet to discover more about the range.

TorqueTorque is a range of steels with high permeability which can achieve the highest levels of mechanical power output for a motor or current supply for a generator. Minimum polarisation at 5.000 A/m is above 1.65 T. See our iCARe™ Torque datasheet to find more about the full offering.

SpeedA group of specific high strength electrical steels for high speed rotors which maintain high levels of magnetic performance. These grades allow the machine to be more compact and have a higher power density. The grades come with guaranteed yield strengths, and guaranteed magnetic properties. The iCARe™ Speed datasheet contains full details of the offering.

Coatings for iCARe™Electrical steel varnishes for non-oriented grades are designed to enhance the behaviour of fully processed electrical steels. Their main purpose is to provide inter-laminar insulation and to improve the punchability of these steels. ArcelorMittal offers two coatings for its iCARe™ electrical steels: C3 and C5. The coatings are suitable for fully processed grades for hybrid and electric traction machines and compressors. For alternators, uncoated solutions can be used. More information about the use of these coatings can be found in the Coatings for iCARe™ datasheet.

Advanced technical supportFor automakers who wish to exploit the full potential of ArcelorMittal’s iCARe™ steels, we can offer advanced technical support in many areas including modelling, prototyping and material handling.  

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 ArcelorMittal’s machine modelling servicesAs a steel provider, ArcelorMittal also offers our customers all the help they need to choose the most suitable steels. We can also help to design the electrical machine. This level of assistance is possible thanks to our advanced R&D know-how and the high-tech equipment available in our research centres. For more information see our iCARe™ Advanced technical support datasheet.  Prototyping servicesOur modelling services enable design engineers to make precise machine calculations. This allows them to reduce the number of prototypes needed before pre-series begin. A minimal amount of prototyping is still needed to prove the machine’s performance. ArcelorMittal can offer small quantities of sheets for first stage Epstein and tensile testing, and for the next stage of laser cutting. In the industrial validation phase, ArcelorMittal can provide small slit coils for punching and machine assembly development.   Material handling issuesThe production of prototype or series machines can involve production processes that have the potential to degrade the properties of the fully processed steels we have supplied. Advanced R&D support is available to help customers quantify the impact of material handling processes on the magnetic performance of the machine’s lamination stack. Our iCARe™ Advanced technical support datasheet contains more information.

Selection guide

Field Applications Substrates

Powertrain machines

High efficiency alternators Torque Save      

Belt driven starter-alternators Torque Save      

High efficiency starters Torque Save      

Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) for centralised traction Save Torque Speed D20* D24*

PMSM for wheel hub motors Save D20* D22*    

HPMSM for current generation Save Torque Speed    

Wound rotor synchronous machines (WRSM) for traction Torque Save D22*    

WRSM for current generation Torque Save      

Switched reluctance machines (SRM) for traction Save        

Induction machines (IM) for traction Torque Save      

IM for current generation Torque Save D40*    

High performance auxiliary equipment

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) compressors Save Torque      

Ignition coils Save D70*      

Dashboard metering Save        

Hybrid controllers Save Torque      

For information on coatings, please check the Coatings data sheet.For D20, D22, D24, D40 and D70 substrates, please click on the reference to see the corresponding product sheet in the ArcelorMittal Flat Carbon Europe product catalogue for Industry.See also: www.arcelormittal.com/industry > products > product catalogue for other electrical machine applications.

ArcelorMittals electrical steel offering

In order to stretch the amount of power extracted from the battery, every other element in the electric vehicle must be optimised for low weight and high efficiency. This is particularly important for the electric motor and generator which form the heart of the powertrain.ArcelorMittal’s iCARe™ electrical steel solutions can bring significant performance improvements to the core of the electric machine, and improve battery performance. The combination of efficiency and light weight means electric vehicles can go longer between charges, extending the drive range of the vehicle.ArcelorMittal’s iCARe™ range includes specific electrical steels for applications where high power density or high torque are required. iCARe™ steels enable the electrical systems in the vehicle to operate more efficiently, maximising power and delivering increased cranking torque. When the machine design is optimised using iCARe™ steels, further weight savings can be achieved as fewer magnets and less copper windings are required. This also has the potential to reduce costs.

Importance of polarisationThe level of induction reached in the air gap between the rotor and the stator determines the torque a motor can develop. In the starter motor of a car, this break-away torque is very important. At low car speeds, the quality of the electrical steel used can create large differences in the dynamic behaviour of electric vehicles.

Importance of lossesAn electric machine is no more than a system to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy (or vice-versa). The torque generated in the starter motor, is created by a polarisation level created in the steel, due to a magnetic field. The magnetic field can be provided by injecting current in a copper winding around the steel.The key point is that the magnetic field creates a change in the magnetic structure inside the steel, in equilibrium with the applied field, which leads to a certain level of polarisation.In an alternating current cycle, the magnetic field is reversed in some point later in time, but the internal magnetic structure of the steel cannot adapt immediately. There is a delayed response, known as hysteresis, which is linked to irreversible processes taking place inside the steel.

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In an alternating current cycle, the magnetic field is reversed in some point later in time, but the internal magnetic structure of the steel cannot adapt immediately. There is a delayed response, known as hysteresis, which is linked to irreversible processes taking place inside the steel.Hysteresis is responsible for some energy loss, known as iron loss. As the steel warms up, the motor gets warm as part of the electricity provided to the motor is changed into wasted heat rather than useful mechanical output. With higher cycling speeds, hence higher electric frequencies, these losses become more important. Lowering the iron losses from the machine’s steel laminations increases the amount of battery energy available in an electric or hybrid vehicle.

Thermal conductivityThe heat generated in an electrical machine needs to be extracted to ensure the safe operation of the machine. Failure to adequately remove the heat can lead to lower performance in terms of power or current output.The heat is generated by the iron losses described above, along with losses from permanent magnets or copper windings. In fact, the insulation of copper windings is critical in the thermal equilibrium of a machine.The heat can be evacuated via the:

Rotor laminations towards the rotor shaftAir gapStator lamination towards the housing. In this case it is important to choose steels with good thermal conductivity for the lamination.

Mechanical propertiesThe mechanical properties of steels used in electrical applications must be adapted to allow good punchability. The punch should be able to form a sharp edge shape. If the edge is not sharp, shortcuts in the magnetic field may occur between assembled laminations and the edge of the steel may be deformed, reducing its magnetic properties. However, these factors must be balanced against the desired useful life of the punching tool.ArcelorMittal’s fully processed electrical steels are optimised for punchability. Further reductions in tool wear can be achieved by applying a suitable coating.For hybrid and electric traction machines, the mechanical needs of the steel go beyond punchability. One method used to obtain higher power density machines is to work with higher speed rotors. This requires the rotor laminations to withstand higher centrifugal, electromagnetic and dynamic forces as the rotors speed-up and slow down. The laminations often have very intricate, lace-like designs. It is a real challenge for mechanical machine designers to meet these strength needs in both standard and exceptional situations.

Finding the balanceThe limitations of batteries can be mitigated if the available battery energy is optimally utilised. This requires light and highly efficient electrical steels which have low losses as their key property. Finding the balance between losses, permeability, saturation polarisation, thermal conductivity, tensile strength and yield strength, is vital for automotive electrical steels.ArcelorMittal’s experience as a provider of electrical steels for automotive applications has enabled us to develop steels which meet these challenges. We understand that optimal electrical motor solutions utilise different electrical steels for the stator and the rotor. Electrical steel grades with very low losses and high permeability are required for the stator, while high strength grades are required for the rotor.

Optimising all the electric components of a vehicle

In a process of continuous improvement, different efforts to optimise the electrical applications in vehicles are ongoing. The process started with the re-engineering of auxiliary electrical equipment such as alternators and starter motors. That led to the introduction of electric traction machines, first in hybrid drives and now moving towards vehicles powered fully by electric traction.These changes have led to significant improvements in individual electrical components in vehicles.

Increased demand on alternatorsAlternators have always provided the electricity necessary to power the engine pump, the engine cooling system, seat and window motors, and other essential applications. Since the 1970s, there has been an ever-increasing demand for onboard electricity from vehicle safety and comfort features. Meeting this demand has a corresponding impact on the amount of electricity that must be generated by the vehicle.Thanks to the development of high efficiency alternators, more current can be generated without increasing the amount of mechanical energy drawn from the ICE. Fuel consumption is therefore not affected.

Changes for starter motorsUntil recently, starter motors have only been needed once in every drive cycle to crank the ICE into life. This changed with the introduction of stop-start systems which cut the ICE at a red light and restart it immediately the gas pedal is depressed by the driver. Stop-start systems can lead to a 5% drop in both fuel consumption and CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) emissions.To accommodate this change in function, starter motors have been completely redesigned to enable them to provide both a cold starting function at the beginning of the drive cycle as well as repetitive hot starts. The starter motors in stop-start systems are extremely efficient.

The challenge of creating electrical traction motors for automotiveThe level of electrification of the powertrain has now evolved to the point where the ICE can be replaced with one or more electric machines. These machines provide pure electric traction.Even when a designer elects to create an electrically powered vehicle, there are further considerations to be made. For example, if the vehicle has a higher power electric machine, more energy can be recuperated during braking. However, the battery must be capable of accepting the transfer of such energy.In the gap between pure ICE and pure electric vehicles, there are many intermediate powertrain solutions where both the ICE and electric machines are present. In these hybrid configurations, many lay-outs exist and each represents a different set of compromises between the use of fossil fuels and electric energy. These compromises come about because vehicle designers must make choices between the cost of the ICE versus an electric machine. The battery cost and the environmental objectives of the car are the major decision criteria for this choice.If a hybrid design is selected, the savings in fuel consumption depend on the level of hybridisation. There are generally two options:

A mild hybrid which reduces fuel consumption by around 15% using a moderately powered electric motor and smaller battery.A full hybrid which can reduce fuel consumption by up to 30% using a higher powered electric engine and larger battery capacity.

 Vehicles powered by electric traction machines are gaining increasing prominence. Unlike vehicles which utilise fossil fuels, pure electric cars produce very few harmful emissions during use. This makes them an attractive option for car makers who are seeking new strategies to meet ever-stricter regulations on vehicle emissions.However, there are still significant challenges to overcome before electrical vehicles gain widespread acceptance with the general public. There are concerns about infrastructure, particularly the availability of recharging stations; and about the cost, range and longevity of the vehicles themselves.Many of these concerns can be traced back to the battery in an electric vehicle. Classic batteries utilise a lead-acid technology which is extremely heavy, expensive, slow to recharge and limited in capacity.

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Many of these concerns can be traced back to the battery in an electric vehicle. Classic batteries utilise a lead-acid technology which is extremely heavy, expensive, slow to recharge and limited in capacity.New battery technologies have a higher capacity, but the cost and weight of the battery limits the drive range of pure electric vehicles. This is a key focus of electric vehicle development today.

Further information

For more information about ArcelorMittals iCARe™ range of electrical steels and the support we can provide, please visit: www.arcelormittal.com/automotive/icare

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

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We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

 

 

iCARe™ Save iCARe™

Properties

The iCARe™ Save product family comes with guaranteed losses at 400Hz and indicative maximum values at 700Hz. These values are representative of the steels behaviour at high frequencies.

Advantages

Save grades enable you to reduce the iron losses from the stators of synchronous machines. They are particularly useful for reducing iron losses in high-speed hybrid and electric traction machines, and generators which extend the range of electric vehicles.

Applications

Save grades are most effective at reducing iron losses from machine parts which are subject to high base frequencies and additional harmonics. Save thus helps to improve machine efficiency, which leads to an increase in power density. Power density can be tuned to create a lighter, smaller machine, or a more powerful machine for a given weight. Driving range is extended as Save reduces machine weight and costs and saves battery energy.

Recommendations for use

Save grades can be used immediately after lamination punching. The punching effect can be eliminated by performing a stress relief annealing. This optimises their performance in applications with fine teeth, and enables a substantial part of the lower frequency area to be exploited. A C5-type coating is recommended.Save stacks can be produced using existing assembly techniques such as interlocking or welding.

Magnetic properties

   Conventional density (kg/dm3)    

Max loss (W/kg) Min polarisation (T)          Max anisotropy of loss (± %) at 400 Hz

at 1T    

Min number of bends  

Min stacking factor     At 400 Hz

at 1T At 700 Hz at 1T

At 2.500 A/m

At 5.000 A/m

At 10.000 A/m

    Guaranted Indicative Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted

Save 20-13

7.60 13 29  1.49 1.60  1.70  15 3 0.93

Save 20-15

7.60 15 32 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 3 0.93

Save 25-13

7.60 13 33 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 3 0.94

Save 25-15

7.60 15 36 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 3 0.94

Save 27-15 

7.60 15 37 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 3 0.94

Save 27-17

7.60 17 40 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 3 0.94

Save 30-15

7.60 15 38 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 3 0.95

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Save 30-17

7.60 17 41 1.49 1.60 1.70 15 3 0.95

Mechanical properties

The data in the following table is provided for information purposes only.

  Direction Re (MPa) Rm (MPa) Re/Rm A80 (%) HV

Save 20-13 L 410 -450 520 -560 0.78 -0.83 10 -20 200 -230

T 425 -465 535 -575 0.78 -0.83 10 -20 200 -230

Save 20-15 L 390 -430 510 -550 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225

T 410 -450 540 -580 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225

Save 25-13 L 410 -450 520 -560 0.78 -0.83 12 -25 200 -230

T 425 -465 535 -575 0.78 -0.83 12 -25 200 -230

Save 25-15 L 390 -430 510 - 550 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225

T 410 -450 540 -580 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225

Save 27-15 L 410 -450 520 -560 0.78 -0.83 12 -25 200 -230

T 425 -465 535 -575 0.78 -0.83 12 -25 200 -230

Save 27-17 L 390 -430 510 -550 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225

T 410 -450 540 -580 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225

Save 30-15 L 410 -450 520 -560 0.78 -0.83 12 -25 200 -230

T 425 -465 535 -575 0.78 -0.83 12 -25 200 -230

Save 30 -17 L 390 -430 510 -550 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225

T 410 -450 540 -580 0.76 -0.81 15 -30 195 -225

Further information

For more information about ArcelorMittal’s iCARe™ range of electrical steels and the support we can provide, please visit: www.arcelormittal.com/automotive/icare.For information about the packaging of our materials, please click here.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 08-10-2012

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We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

 

 

iCARe™ Torque iCARe™

Properties

The iCARe™ Torque product family comes with guaranteed losses at 400Hz and indicative maximum values at 700Hz. These values are representative of the steel’s behaviour at high frequencies.

Advantages

Torque grades assist flux generation, allowing the motor to develop more mechanical output. If mechanical output is not an issue, permanent magnet or copper winding can be reduced to save on costs.

Applications

Torque grades are suitable for machines which need high torque at low speeds. They provide the fast acceleration required by hybrid and electric vehicles.

Recommandations for use

Torque grades can be used immediately after lamination punching. The effect of punching can be eliminated if a stress relief annealing is applied. This optimises the performance of the Torque grades in applications with fine teeth. It can also provide substantial performance improvements in the lower frequency range. To achieve these effects, a C5 type coating is advised.Torque stacks can be produced using existing assembly techniques such as interlocking or welding.

Magnetic properties

  Conventional density (kg/dm3)    

Max loss (W/kg) Min polarisation (T)          Max anisotropy of loss (± %) at 400 Hz

at 1T    

Min number

of bends  

Min stacking factor     At 400 Hz

at 1T At 700 Hz at 1T

At 2.500 A/m

At 5.000 A/m

At 10.000 A/m

    Guaranted Indicative Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted

Torque 20-15

7.65 15 34 1.55 1.65 1.76 15 3 0.93

Torque 25-16

7.65 16 37 1.55 1.65 1.76 15 3 0.94

Torque 27-17

7.65 17 39 1.55 1.65 1.76 15 3 0.94

Torque 30-18

7.65 18 41 1.55 1.65 1.76 15 3 0.95

Mechanical properties

The data in the following table is provided for information purposes only.

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The data in the following table is provided for information purposes only.

  Direction Re (MPa) Rm (MPa) Re/Rm A80 (%) HV

Torque 20-15 L 340 -380 470 -510 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200

T 360 -400 490 -530 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200

Torque 25-16 L 340 -380 470 -510 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200

T 360 -400 490 -530 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200

Torque 27-17 L 340 -380 470 -510 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200

T 360 -400 490 -530 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200

Torque 30-18 L 340 -380 470 - 510 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200

T 360 -400 490 -530 0.71 -0.76 13 -28 170 -200

For more information about ArcelorMittal’s iCARe™ range of electrical steels and the support we can provide, please visit: www.arcelormittal.com/automotive/icare.For information about the packaging of our materials, please click here.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 28-09-2012

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iCARe™ Speed iCARe™

Properties

The iCARe™ Speed product family comes with guaranted losses at 400Hz and indicative maximum values at 700Hz. These values are representative of the steel’s behaviour at high frequencies.

Advantages

The Speed grades provide an excellent compromise between mechanical properties and losses.

Applications

Speed has been developed for very high speed rotors. This enables manufacturers to make more compact machines for a given mechanical output.

Recommendations for use

Speed grades can be used immediately after lamination punching. The effect of punching can be eliminated if a stress relief annealing is applied. This optimises the performance of the Speed grades in applications with fine teeth. It can also provide substantial performance improvements in the lower frequency range. To achieve these effects, a C5 type coating is advised.Speed stacks can be produced using any existing assembly technique such as interlocking or welding.

Magnetic properties

  Conventional density (kg/dm3)    

Max loss (W/kg) Min polarisation (T)          Max anisotropy of loss (± %) at 400 Hz

at 1T    

Min number

of bends  

Min stacking factor     At 400 Hz

at 1T At 700 Hz at 1T

At 2.500 A/m

At 5.000 A/m

At 10.000 A/m

    Guaranted Indicative Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted

Speed 35-440

7.60 23 60  1.51 1.62  1.72  15 3 0.95

Speed 35-510

7.60 28 65 1.51 1.62 1.72 15 3 0.95

Mechanical properties

The values for Re and Rm data are guaranteed in the rolling direction. The other values in the following table are provided for information purposes only.

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data are guaranteed in the rolling direction. The other values in the following table are provided for information purposes only.

  Direction Re (MPa) Rm (MPa) Re/Rm A80 (%) HV

Speed 35-440 L 440 -490 570 -620 0.76 -0.88 20 -30 210 -240

T 465 -515 590 -640 0.76 -0.88 20 -30 210 -240

Speed 35-510 L 510 -560 605 -655 0.80 -0.92 20 -30 210 -240

T 540 -590 625 -675 0.80 -0.92 20 -30 210 -240

Further information

For more information about ArcelorMittal’s iCARe™ range of electrical steels and the support we can provide, please visit: www.arcelormittal.com/automotive/icare.For information about the packaging of our materials, click here. 

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

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We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

 

 

Coatings for iCARe™ iCARe™

Properties

Electrical steel varnishes for non-oriented grades are designed to enhance the behaviour of fully processed electrical steels. Their main purpose is to provide inter-laminar insulation and to improve the punchability of these steels. Each type has its own specific properties, such as insulation level, punchability effect, corrosion protection, temperature resistance and weldability; hence it is material use that determines the optimum choice of varnish. All varnishes have been selected and developed to be environmentally friendly: they are hydro-soluble, chromium-free and butyl glycol-free.

Advantages

The C3-type varnish is based on synthetic resins, resulting in a product with excellent lubricating properties for the punching process: the coated sheet can be punched without the need for additional lubricant. The resin’s chemical composition yields special advantages such as high elasticity and very strong adhesion. It is particularly recommended for automatic stacking processes. Typical gauges for automotive applications range from 1 to 2 µm per side. A coating thickness of less than 1 µm offers the additional advantage of excellent weldability.The C5-type varnish is a pigmented varnish, made with thermo-stable resins, mineral products and pigments. The type of mineral products and the amount used have been selected to obtain a coating with excellent temperature resistance during prolonged thermal treatments. This is of particular interest where stress-relief annealing is required after punching. Additionally, the mineral part of the coating provides high thermal conductivity. The combination of resins and mineral products achieves a good compromise between punchability and weldability. The standard gauge range is from 0.5 to 1.5 µm per side.

Applications

These coatings are used for fully processed grades for hybrid and electric traction machines and compressors. For alternators, uncoated solutions can be used.

Recommendations for use

The raw materials used in these coatings have a chemical composition – both in the liquid and cured varnish state – which does not require specific protective measures during the processing of the coated steels or during use in a given application.

Brand correspondence

  EN 10342:2005 ASTM A976:2003 IEC/CEI 60404-1-1:2004 ArcelorMittal code

C3 EC-3 C-3 EC-3 SC5 EC-5-N C-5 EC-5-N G

Coating properties

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Coating properties

Designation C3 C5

Chemical composition Organic (synthetic resin) Inorganic (minerals, pigments)Organic (synthetic resin)

Colour Gold GreyArcelorMittal code S11 G11Gauge (µm/side) 0.5 to 1.5 0.5 to 1.5

Typical insulation resistance („.cm2/side) 2 2Temperature resistance (°C)

Continuous/Intermittent 180/600 250/850

Main properties Punchability Heat resistance

Insulation resistance measurement: Franklin test according to the standard EN 10282:2001.Continuous temperature resistance according to the standard IEC/CEI 60404-12:1992.

© ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

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Advanced technical support for iCARe™ iCARe™

For automakers who wish to exploit the full potential of ArcelorMittal’s iCARe™ steels, we can offer advanced technical support in many areas including modelling, prototyping and material handling.This support can also be provided without the need for the customer to share their machine design with us. Any information that is shared is treated as highly confidential.

ArcelorMittals machine modelling services

As a steel provider, ArcelorMittal also offers our customers all the help they need to choose the most suitable steels. We can also help to design the machine. This level of assistance is possible thanks to our advanced R&D know-how and the high-tech equipment available in our research centres.For mechanical design engineers, we can provide high temperature mechanical material characterisation at temperatures up to 250°C. This enables the engineer to determine the weakness of the material at exploitation temperatures, rather than using accepted rules of thumb. Along with static testing, ArcelorMittal can provide dynamic evaluations such as low and high cycle fatigue testing on different sample geometries. This enables engineers to predict, in detail, the transient regime behaviour of the machine.For the magnetic design engineer, ArcelorMittal can provide full magnetic characterisation of our steels, up to 10k Hz in sine conditions. We can also provide any non-sine data, which is interesting for pulse-width modulation (PWM) fed machines or harmonic calculations. As well as magnetisation curves up to saturation for field calculations, ArcelorMittal has developed a specific loss model which allows better accuracy in post-processing loss calculations. This model can be run independently from the field calculations, so the customer does not need to share their machine design with us.For the thermal engineer, we provide thermal conductivity data at machine exploitation temperatures. Data is available for both our steel grades and our coating solutions.

Prototyping services

Our technical support for magnetic, mechanical and thermal machine modelling enables design engineers to make precise machine calculations. This enables them to reduce the number of prototypes needed before pre-series and series production can begin.A minimal amount of prototyping is still needed to prove that the development has led to the expected machine performance. For prototyping purposes, ArcelorMittal can offer small quantities of sheets for first stage Epstein and tensile testing, and for the next stage of laser cutting. In the industrial validation phase, ArcelorMittal can provide small slit coils for punching and machine assembly development.

Material handling issues

Even when ArcelorMittal has provided the best possible steel solution for a given electrical application, our job is not over. The production of prototype or series machines can involve production processes that have the potential to degrade the properties of the fully processed steels we have supplied.Advanced R&D support is available to help customers quantify the impact of material handling processes (such as laser cutting or punching, stress relief annealing, stack assembly, welding, shaft shrink fitting, and housing fitting) on the magnetic performance of the machine’s lamination stack.

Further information

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For more information about ArcelorMittal’s iCARe™ range of electrical steels and the support we can provide, please visit: www.arcelormittal.com/automotive/icare

Typical layout of an automotive motor. Electric motors consist of a stator and a rotor. The rotor magnets are shown in red and green.

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We are also reachable by the e- mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

 

 

A range of technical services to support product selection

In the automotive industry, product selection is a complex optimization process involving:overall vehicle specifications (dimensions and performance);function of the part or sub- assembly;shape complexity;forming or joining processes;cost imperatives.

The selection process is often the culmination of many years of experience both in the drawing office and on the shop floor, backed by a common approach across the entire industrial chain from design to production.

To support this process, ArcelorMittal has developed a set of competencies designed to:gain time during the design and engineering phases;1. ensure selection of the best product for each vehicle system;2. ensure efficient secondary processing throughout the industrial chain.3.

Specifically, ArcelorMittal has:designed a set of generic (off- the- shelf) solutions illustrating, for each vehicle system:

the behavior and performance of its products;the mass savings potential compared to reference solutions, based on design and secondary processing optimization;economic positioning.

acquired state- of- the- art digital simulation tools to calculate the performance (crash, stiffness, etc.) of its solutions integrated in the complete vehicle. The software can also be used to validate the forming of specific parts;developed a database comprising the full range of mechanical properties of its products. This static and dynamic data can be used in the calculation models. Our technical support team can provide access to the database;made its experimental resources available to provide case- by- case answers to questions relating to feasibility and specific characterization;set up dedicated secondary processing (forming, joining, etc.) teams. These teams of experts also use specific IT tools to optimize industrialization (for example, to take account of springback during part design);acquired the capacity to rapidly provide, in small or large quantities, samples of its products (even those under development) for prototyping.

To deploy this range of competencies and resources, the dedicated ArcelorMittal automotive organization assigns Resident Engineers to work within or close to automaker and equipment manufacturer design centers. Resident Engineers liaise between automotive design engineers and ArcelorMittal's steel products and solutions experts to ensure that customers' technical requirements are met.

This customized technical support, tailored to each stage of the design process involving steel, is a unique asset enabling automotive manufacturers to rapidly introduce high- performance innovative steel solutions. The approach, based on partnership and widely deployed by ArcelorMittal, has proved highly effective in enhancing the value creation of the ArcelorMittal product range and thus enabling automakers to reduce their TCO*.

* Total Cost of Ownership

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We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

Finishing: Auto Processing

Auto Processing, ArcelorMittal's one-of-a-kind network of local service centers, is entirely dedicated to the automotive industry.The entity processes 1.5 million metric tons of steel per year (including over 300.000 tons of blanked products (in sheets, rectangular and trapezoidal blanks as well as shaped blanks) for automotive manufacturers, sub-contractors and equipment suppliers. 700 employees working in nine industrial centers operate 16 slitting lines, ten cut to length lines and nine blanking presses.The various Auto Processing sites are located close to customer facilities in the traditional automobile manufacturing areas in Germany, Belgium, France, the United Kingdom and Slovakia. The network is connected by a single information system that supports real-time management and automatic processing of customer requirements.

Product range:

A targeted capital investment policy:supports promotion of new steel grades;ensures processing of new steels, especially high strength and very high strength steels;meets the most demanding appearance requirements.

Main features of the product range

Slit products  

  Benelux France Germany Slovakia United Kingdom

Thickness 3 mm 7 mm 6 mm 3 mm 2 mmUTS 600 MPa 1200 MPa 1400 MPa 600  MPa 600  MPa

Appearance X X + XX X + XX X X

XX: products for visible parts

Rectangular, trapezoidal and shaped blanks that are feasible on our various presses  

  Benelux France Germany Slovakia United Kingdom

Thickness 0.2 mm -10 mm 0.8 mm -3 mm 0.5 mm -2 mm 0.5 mm -2 mm 0.38 mm -3.2 mmUTS 600 MPa 600 MPa 600 MPa 400 MPa 600 MPa

Appearance XX XX X X XX

XX: products for visible parts

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XX: products for visible parts

Production range

Blanking presses available to produce rectangular, trapezoidal and shaped blanks: 

  Benelux France Germany Slovakia United Kingdom

Number 1 press 4 presses 2 presses 1 press 1 pressMaximum capacity 1250 metric tons 800 metric tons 800 metric tons 500 metric tons 500 metric tonsTools dimensions 4600 mm x 2800 mm 2200 mm x 3000 mm 4600 mm x 2800 mm 2440 mm x 1325 mm 4000 mm x 2500 mm

Appearance XX X X X XXUTC 1000 MPa 1400 MPa 1000 MPa 800 MPa 600 MPa

XX: products for visible parts

Finishing capacity in Europe

Service offer

Auto Processing offers a network of experts who are available to provide case-by-case support for logistics and product development projects as well as make-or-buy studies during the capital investment phase.

Supply chain

Auto Processing works directly with customers to design and provide supply chain models based on just-in-time delivery, EDI (Electronic Data Exchange) and logistics hubs.

Auto Processing has a department dedicated to performing metal searches across the ArcelorMittal production plants to support the prototyping and pre-series production phases. It can rapidly supply appropriate quantities of products for testing and tool adjustment.

Development support

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Development support

Auto Processing has a dedicated blank development unit, Auto Processing Blanking. Starting with the design stage of the project, this team develops the shaped blank and provides a nesting proposal to optimize metal costs and secondary processing, factoring in raw materials supply chain constraints.

Optimization of the product range

Subsequently Auto Processing Blanking provides tooling support or management during the blanking tool definition, adjustment and improvement phases.

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We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.  

Multi-thickness laser welded blanks: Tailored Blanks

Introduction

Tailored Blanks, a business unit of ArcelorMittal with design and production facilities in most parts of the world, is a leading producer of laser welded blanks (LWB). These products, widely used in automotive chassis and body-in-white (BIW) components, are made by welding together flat steel sheets of different thicknesses, grades and coatings. They decrease the weight of the vehicle and improve safety by enhancing crash performance. At the same time, laser welded blanks have been shown to reduce the total cost of the vehicle structure. In today's vehicles, the body in white typically includes some 20 tailored blank applications.

Laser welded blank technology

Laser welded blanks have the advantage of providing the "best material in the right place in the right thickness". This concept makes it possible to vary steel thickness and quality without post-joining operations or sheet overlap and thus to avoid the additional weight that would otherwise arise.

Tailored Blanks offers three different types of laser welded blanks:Blanks of relatively simple geometry with linear weld seams, for high productivity or laser welded blanks of complex shape with non-linear weld seams, for weight optimization;Spot-welded or remote laser welded patchwork blanks, suitable for components requiring local reinforcement;It is of course possible to combine patchwork blanks with the two laser welding techniques.

Three types of welded blank technology

Applications

Laser welded blanks are now widely used by all vehicle and equipment manufacturers and both the number of applications and the total number of welded blanks employed in the vehicle are steadily increasing.

Most widespread applications and steel grades offered, based on the most recent production technologies

Customer support

Teams of engineers specializing in the development of laser welded blanks are available to work with customers from the initial vehicle design stage onwards. To ensure maximum responsiveness, the same engineer provides support throughout the process up to and including industrialization.

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ArcelorMittal's R&D teams and development engineers can provide full support for tailor-welded blank design, choice of steel grades, forming strategy and feasibility studies. This support significantly reduces prototyping costs and times.

Steel grades

Laser welded blanks can now be made from an extensive range of steels, including, advanced high strength steel grades such as Dual Phase and TRIP, with all types of coatings.

The advantages of laser welded blanks made of ordinary high strength steels also apply to welded blanks made of very high strength steels and of Usibor® 1500P for hot stamping.

These steels are used to further reduce the weight and increase the strength of the welded blank.

The advantages of high strength steels are further enhanced when they are combined with milder steel grades in welded blanks to adjust local formability in deep-drawn parts.

Potential optimization of components using the tailored blanks concept

The most recent trend in body in white design is the use of welded blanks made of advanced high strength steel: The cost advantages of using welded blanks are further enhanced by the use of very high strength steel. With increasing steel prices it becomes even more crucial to combine materials, and the use of advanced high strength steel supports greater part integration;The ArcelorMittal offering includes a broad range of very high strength steels.

Thanks to its fully operational dedicated welding process, Tailored Blanks can offer its customers laser welded blanks made from ArcelorMittal's entire range of high strength steels.

This table shows all the possible combinations

Unique analysis tools

To support its customers in developing new laser welded blank solutions, Noble International has devised the tools and expertise required for each stage of the evaluation process.

At the preliminary stage and design stage, it is essential that the feasibility of the planned solution be assessed in terms of formability; this requires the use of digital simulation tools based on finite element analysis.

To provide fast and accurate predictions of the fracture risk margins described above, ArcelorMittal has developed two dedicated models that are unique in the tailored blanks market:

Forming Limit Curve specific to laser welded blanks: fracture prediction for the weakest metal parallel to the weld line;Failure model for butt-welded joints: prediction of weld seam fracture in the perpendicular direction.

These tools have been adapted to the full range of laser welded blank solutions, including those using very high strength steel grades.

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These tools have been adapted to the full range of laser welded blank solutions, including those using very high strength steel grades.

Forming Limit Curves for welded blanks

It has been demonstrated on many occasions that the Forming Limit Curve (FLC) of the weakest metal does not by itself accurately predict the appearance of necking phenomena close to butt welded joints, even though fracture occurs in the weakest metal.

To overcome this difficulty, ArcelorMittal has developed a dedicated digital analysis tool for these configurations to support accurate prediction of fracture risk when drawing a component from a laser welded blank.

Example of the use of the laser welded blank forming limit curve, the only way to predict fracture observed in practice during drawing:

Fracture on real part

Simulation without welded blank FLC for material A1 and B1

The welded blank FLC predicts fracture during drawing simulation

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Simulation with welded blank FLC for material A1 and B1

Laser welded blank FLCs are an essential tool for accurately predicting necking.

A new model for predicting elongation parallel to the weld seam

To assess the risk of fracture parallel to the weld seam, ArcelorMittal R&D has developed a new model.

The model is based on the interaction of several physical phenomena:Mechanical (mechanical characterization, etc.);Metallurgical (chemical composition, etc.);Thermal (power, speed, etc.).

Comparison of experimental elongation results and results of the new ArcelorMittal prediction model: excellent correlation across the board

The comparison between experimental results and model predictions shows an excellent correlation for all very high strength steels tested.

These two specific tools used to analyze welded blank solutions enable Tailored Blanks to provide improved customer support as part of co-engineering studies covering the full range of welded blank solutions, including those using very high strength steels.

Hot stamped welded blank solutions

The increasing demand for weight reduction in order to cut CO2 emissions is driving the development of ever more innovative solutions aimed at achieving weight savings while maintaining or improving performance at no additional cost.

It has already been demonstrated that solutions combining the use of very high strength steels and welded blanks offer the advantages of both technologies.

Hot stamped laser welded blank solutions have been developed for this purpose.

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These solutions optimize thickness and material utilization through the use of laser welded blank technology while maximizing mechanical performance through the use of hot stamped Usibor® 1500P.

A dedicated welding process

To cope with the specific properties of Usibor® 1500P and in particular its aluminum coating, ArcelorMittal has developed a dedicated welding process that ensures optimum performance of the welded joint and functional performance of the final part.

Comparison of the behavior of two Usibor® 1500P laser butt-welded joints, one using a conventional process and the other the dedicated Tailored Blanks process: in the latter case, the weak point is the weaker material and not the welded zone.

ArcelorMittal has carried out technology and product development work in order to provide robust hot stamped laser welded blank solutions that guarantee all the expected functions.

By way of illustration, it was essential, at the design stage, to be able to guarantee that the weld would under no circumstances constitute a weak point in the structure concerned.

Given that guarantee, engineers designing body in white structures are able to consider these solutions using conventional methods, without having to introduce sophisticated weld fracture models when calculating crash performance.

Ductibor® 500P: extensive hot stamped welded blank applications

As indicated in the chapter on products for hot stamping, Ductibor® 500P was developed for a single purpose: to offer hot stamped welded blank solutions comprising zones of high crash deformability ensuring a high level of energy absorption.

The successful development of Ductibor® 500P supports all applications relating to car body crash behavior, even the most demanding in terms of energy absorption, such as front and rear beams.

The illustration to the left shows typical deformation of a B-pillar made of a Usibor® 1500P /Ductibor® 500P hot stamped welded blank solution during a lateral collision. The lower part using Ductibor® 500P ensures control of the crash deformation and the energy absorption needed to achieve good overall crash behavior of the structure.

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Potential hot stamped laser welded blank applications using Usibor® 1500P and Ductibor® 500P. Up to 60 kg hot-stamped steel components per vehicle → 20% of BIW mass

Crash characterization of Usibor® 1500 P /Ductibor® 500 P welded blank solutions

Usibor® 1500P /Usibor® 1500P and Usibor® 1500P /Ductibor® 500P butt welded solutions have been characterized in great detail in order to validate their functional behavior and to provide customers with the data they require in order to consider implementing such a solution in the vehicle preliminary design or design stage.

Crash behavior characterization of Usibor® 1500P /Ductibor® 500P welded blank solutions: bending (left) -Courtesy of Adam Opel GmbH - and compression (right)

The crash tests presented above demonstrated the following points:No fracture in the weld zone;Perfect stability of the structure;The Ductibor® 500P zone deforms, ensuring its energy absorption function;The Usibor® 1500P zone does not deform, ensuring its anti-intrusion function.

Ductibor® 500P has also undergone full mechanical characterization (high speed tensile test, Hopkinson bar tests, etc.); full material data sheets can be provided.

The robustness and functional performance of Usibor® 1500P /Usibor® 1500P and Usibor® 1500P /Ductibor® 500P hot stamped tailor welded blank solutions have thus been well documented and validated.

These solutions constitute a new, highly effective tool available to automobile body engineers that enables them to achieve weight, performance and cost optimization.

Lighter and safer vehicles for today and tomorrow: Usibor® 1500P /Ductibor® 500P solutions

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Automakers have opted for Usibor® 1500P /Ductibor® 500P laser welded blanks generic steel solutions in new platforms

B-Pillar Application: Usibor® /Ductibor® tailored blanks proposal vs. monolithic

Monolithic reference

or

Tailored Blanks concept

Low material utilization (up to 67%)Large scrap rateHigh material cost

No cost penalty for laser welded blanks due to higher material utilization (>85%)Any thickness optimization will induce weight and cost savings in favor of LWBUsibor® 1.75 mm /Ductibor® 1.5 mm LWB will be 8.5% lower in weight and 6.5% lower in cost compared to 1.75 mm monolithic /partial hardening

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Specifications

Energy absorption Stiffnessé Static

strength

Resistance to exceptional loads

Fatigue srength

Dent / blistering resistance

Sound and vibration dampening

Corrosion resistance

Temperature resistance Reflectivityé

Resistance to maximum pressure

Body in white

Underbody

Front beam x x x x x x xFront underfloor beam x x x x x xRear underfloor beam x x x x x xRear beam x x x x x x xFront and rear floors x x x x x x xSpare wheel well x x x x x x xLower partition cross member x x x x x x x

Front and rear wheel arches x x x x x x x

Front and rear suspension supports x x x x x x

Wing lining x x x x x x xFront and rear cross members x x x x x x

Shock absorbers x x x x x xLongitudinal underfloor beams x x x x x x x

Footboards and floors x x x x x xReinforcements x x x x x x

Superstructure

Body sides x x x xRoof x x x xFront wing x x x xRoof cross members x x x x x x xDashboard cross members x x x x x x

Partition uprights/ roof arches x x x x x x

A pillar x x x x x x xB pillar x x x x x x xC pillar x x x x x xRear shelf, seat support x x x x x x xVarious utility panels x x x x x x xReinforcements x x x x x x

Closures

Lateral closures

Skin x x x xLining x x x x x x xFrieze reinforcements x x x x x x xLock and catch reinforcements x x x x x x

Hatch/ trunk

Skin x x x xLining x x x x x x xVarious reinforcements x x x x x x xLock and catch reinforcements x x x x x x

Hood

Skin x x x x xLining x x x x x x xVarious reinforcements x x x x x xLock and catch reinforcements x x x x x x x

Energy absorption Stiffnessé Static

strength

Resistance to exceptional loads

Fatigue srength

Dent / blistering resistance

Sound and vibration dampening

Corrosion resistance

Temperature resistance Reflectivityé

Resistance to maximum pressure

Suspension system

Front

Engine cradle x x x x x x xCradle reinforcements x x x x x x xSuspension triangle x x x x x xSuspension arms x x x x x x

RearCradle x x x x x xSuspension arms x x x x x xRear cross member x x x x x x

WheelsDisks x x x x xRims x x x x x

SeatsShells x x x xStructure x x x x x xSlide rail x x x x x x

Power trainOil sumps x x x x x xDistributor housing x x x x x x xCylinder head covers x x x x x x x

Fuel tankPetrol/ diesel x x xLPG x x x x x

Exhaust system

Engine heat sreens x x xExhaust heat screens x x xDown pipe x x x x x x xMiddle pipe x x x x x x xSilencer, catalytic convertor x x x x x x x

Worldwide product availability

    Coating

  Grade Uncoated Extragal® Galvannealed

High formability steels for drawing

ArcelorMittal 11 EUR NAM SAM   EUR NAM     NAM  

ArcelorMittal 12 EUR NAM SAM RSA   NAM     NAM  

ArcelorMittal 13 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR NAM     NAM  

ArcelorMittal 14 EUR   SAM RSA            

ArcelorMittal 15 EUR   SAM              

ArcelorMittal 16 EUR   SAM              

High strength low allow (HSLA) steels for cold

forming

HSLA 320 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR NAM     NAM  

HSLA 360 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR NAM     NAM  

HSLA 420 EUR NAM SAM RSA   NAM     NAM  

HSLA 460 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR          

HSLA 500 EUR NAM SAM RSA            

HSLA 550 EUR NAM                

Available in non- visible part quality Undergoing customer testing Under development Available in visible and non- visible part quality (Z)EUR : Europe Region - NAM : North America Region - SAM : South America Region - RSA : South Africa Region

Hot rolled substrate Cold rolled substrate

    Coating

  Grade Uncoated Electrozingué Extragal® Galvannealed

High strength IF steels

IF 180 EUR NAM     EUR NAM     EUR NAM   EUR NAM SAM

IF 220 EUR       EUR       EUR   SAM EUR   SAM

IF 260 EUR       EUR       EUR   SAM EUR NAM SAM

IF 300 EUR       EUR       EUR     EUR    

High strength low allow (HSLA) steels for cold

forming

HSLA 260 EUR NAM SAM   EUR       EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM

HSLA 300 EUR NAM SAM   EUR       EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM  

HSLA 340 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR       EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM

HSLA 380 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR NAM   RSA EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM  

HSLA 420 EUR NAM SAM   EUR       EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM  

C- Mn steels 440 EUR NAM   RSA       RSA   NAM   EUR NAM  

Available in non- visible part quality Undergoing customer testing Under development Available in visible and non- visible part quality (Z)EUR : Europe Region - NAM : North America Region - SAM : South America Region - RSA : South Africa Region

Hot rolled substrate Cold rolled substrate

    Coating

  Grade Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal® Galvannealed

High formability steels for drawing

ArcelorMittal 01 EUR       EUR                  

ArcelorMittal 02 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR NAM RSA              

ArcelorMittal 03 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR NAM RSA              

ArcelorMittal 04 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR NAM RSA              

ArcelorMittal 05 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR NAM RSA              

ArcelorMittal 06 EUR NAM SAM RSA EUR NAM RSA              

ArcelorMittal 07 EUR     RSA     RSA              

ArcelorMittal 51                 EUR     EUR    

ArcelorMittal 52                 EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM

ArcelorMittal 53                 EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM

ArcelorMittal 54                 EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM

ArcelorMittal 56                 EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM

ArcelorMittal 57                 EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM

Bake Hardening steels

180 BH EUR NAM SAM   EUR NAM     EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM

220 BH EUR NAM SAM   EUR NAM     EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM

260 BH EUR NAM     EUR NAM     EUR NAM     NAM SAM

300 BH EUR NAM     EUR NAM     EUR NAM     NAM  

Isotropic steelsE 220 i EUR NAM     EUR NAM                

E 260 i EUR       EUR                  

Solid solution steels

H 220 EUR NAM   RSA EUR NAM RSA   NAM   EUR NAM    

H 260 EUR NAM   RSA EUR NAM RSA   NAM   EUR NAM    

H 300 EUR NAM     EUR NAM     NAM          

Available in non- visible part quality Undergoing customer testing Under development Available in visible and non- visible part quality (Z)EUR : Europe Region - NAM : North America Region - SAM : South America Region - RSA : South Africa Region

Hot rolled substrate Cold rolled substrate

    Coating

  Grade Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal® Galvannealed Alusi®

Martensitic steels

M 900   NAM     NAM                  

M 110   NAM     NAM                  

M 1300   NAM     NAM                  

M 1500   NAM                        

Usibor® Usibor® 1500 P                         EUR NAM

Ferrite- bainite hot rolled steels

FB 450 EUR   SAM       EUR              

FB 540 EUR NAM SAM       EUR              

FB 560             EUR              

FB 590 EUR NAM SAM                      

FB 590 HHE EUR NAM                        

Mutiphase steels

MP 800 EUR NAM         EUR              

MP 800 HY EUR           EUR              

MP 1000 EUR           EUR              

MS 1200 EUR                          

Usibor® Usibor® 1500 P                         EUR NAM

Available in non- visible part quality Undergoing customer testing Under development Available in visible and non- visible part quality (Z)EUR : Europe Region - NAM : North America Region - SAM : South America Region - RSA : South Africa Region

Hot rolled substrate Cold rolled substrate

    Coating

  Grade Uncoated Electrogalvanized Extragal® Galvannealed

Dual Phase steels

Dual Phase 450 EUR     EUR     EUR     EUR    

Dual Phase 500 EUR NAM   EUR NAM   EUR NAM     NAM  

Dual Phase 600 EUR NAM SAM EUR                

Dual Phase 600 EUR NAM   EUR NAM   EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM

Dual Phase 600 HHE EUR NAM   EUR                

Dual Phase 780   NAM     NAM   EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM

Dual Phase 780 HHE EUR     EUR                

Dual Phase 780 LCE EUR     EUR             NAM  

Dual Phase 980 HY EUR NAM   EUR                

Dual Phase 980 HHE EUR NAM   EUR                

Dual Phase 980 LCE EUR NAM   EUR NAM   EUR     EUR NAM  

Dual Phase 1180 HY EUR     EUR                

TRIP steels

TRIP 590   NAM           NAM   EUR NAM  

TRIP 690 EUR NAM   EUR     EUR       NAM  

TRIP 780 EUR                      

TRIP 780 EUR NAM   EUR     EUR     EUR NAM  

Available in non- visible part quality Undergoing customer testing Under development Available in visible and non- visible part quality (Z)EUR : Europe Region - NAM : North America Region - SAM : South America Region - RSA : South Africa Region

Hot rolled substrate Cold rolled substrate