arch: 383 introduction to gis week 1 introduction to geographic information systems can kara faculty...

Arch: 383 Arch: 383 Introduction toIntroduction to GIS GIS WeekWeek 1 1

Introduction to Introduction to GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMSGEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Can KaraCan KaraFaculty of Architecture

Spring 2014

[email protected]

ARC 383ARC 383

Introduction to GIS

Information systems What is GIS? Components of the modern GIS GIS applications Advantages of GIS

Information systems : Information systems : Some definitionsSome definitions

Data : Data : Facts, numbers, words, images, measurements of a set of variables.

Information SystemsInformation Systems : : A system of persons, data records and activities that process the data and information in an organization, and it includes the organization's manual and automated processes

Decision Support SystemDecision Support System (DSS) : (DSS) :A DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from raw data, documents, personal knowledge, and/or business models to identify and solve problems and make decisions.

What is GIS?What is GIS?

G: Geographic: (Spatial data. Can I assign a coordinate x, y?)

I: Information: (Databases, MS Access/SQL, dBase, Oracle, even Excel)

S: Systems: (Computers, networks; bigger/faster the better!)

Geographic information systems Geographic information systems (GIS)(GIS)

In order to start solving problems, we will have to ask questions. A great majority of problems we encounter will have us ask the following question : what is? where?

Where ? Where ? The geographic location on earth;

What ?What ?Characteristics of attributes.A GIS helps us answer the question : “what is where?”


With the use of GIS software, With the use of GIS software,

We create a conceptual and computerized model of the earth. The logical steps are :Collecting data;Organizing data;

Making abstractions (models) of real-life processes that interact with collected data; Analyzing model results; Making conclusions; Making decisions.


Various ways of defining GIS :Various ways of defining GIS :

• A GIS is a computer system, which can collect, store and analyze spatial (geographic) data;

• GIS is a collection of computer hardware, software and users to make up a system, which collects, stores, manipulates and displays spatial information about the earth;

• “ A GIS is a computer based system that provides the following four sets of capabilities to handle geo referenced data: 1. input; 2. datamanagement (data storage and retrieval); 3. manipulation and analysis; 4. output “


An integration of five basic componentsAn integration of five basic components

GIS concepts are not new!GIS concepts are not new!

London cholera epidemic 1854

Cholera deathCholera death

Water pumpWater pump

+

Software TypesSoftware Types

Two main categories for softwares :Two main categories for softwares :

Commercial softwareCommercial software

Open-source softwareOpen-source software

Some examples for commercial GIS softwares:Some examples for commercial GIS softwares:

Arc/Info(ESRI), Microstation(Intergraph), Arc/Info(ESRI), Microstation(Intergraph), MapInfo, Geomedia, CARIS, etc...MapInfo, Geomedia, CARIS, etc...

Some examples for open source GIS softwares:Some examples for open source GIS softwares:

Grass, Quantum GIS, uDig, openJUMP, etc...Grass, Quantum GIS, uDig, openJUMP, etc...

Commercial SoftwareCommercial Software

• Closed source; This is the traditional business model;

• Developed only one company or organization ;• Some many popular (and best?) software are

commercial software;• Professional-grade support is usually available

from the vendor;• The vendor has the last word on the development

strategies;

Commercial GIS softwares:Commercial GIS softwares:

ESRI: Environmental Systems Research ESRI: Environmental Systems Research InstituteInstitute (www.esri.com) (www.esri.com)

Commercial GIS softwares:Commercial GIS softwares:ESRI: Environmental Systems Research ESRI: Environmental Systems Research

InstituteInstitute (www.esri.com) (www.esri.com)

The ArcMap interface

Display

area

Display

area

Table of ContentsDockable

Context menu

Draw toolbarStatus bar

Standard toolbar Menu bar

Title bar

Tools toolbar Tear-off and dockable

Tools toolbar Tear-off and dockable

Open-Source SoftwareOpen-Source Software

• Free; Anyone can use it.• Comes with the source code. Anyone can modify it.• Relatively less complex software;• Support is usually available from the other users;• Users develop it collaboratively over the internet;• The development strategies are decided by the

users;• Integration with other similar software is seamless

thanks to open standards.

Open Source GIS softwaresOpen Source GIS softwares

OpenGIS: Quantum GIS (www.qgis.org)OpenGIS: Quantum GIS (www.qgis.org)

Open-Source SoftwareOpen-Source Software

Free Redistribution : The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software;

Source Code : The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well;

Derived Works : The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software;

No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups; No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor : The

license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor;

License Must Not Restrict Other Software : The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software;

License Must Be Technology-Neutral.

Components of a GISComponents of a GIS

GIS Data (Spatial Data)GIS Data (Spatial Data)


PlacenamePlacenameGrid co-ordinateGrid co-ordinate

PostcodePostcode

Distance & bearingDistance & bearingDescriptionDescription

Latitude / LongitudeLatitude / Longitude

What makes data spatial?What makes data spatial?


GIS data have two important elements:

geographic (spatial) elements attribute (non-geographic) elements

GIS DataGIS Data

Components of a GISComponents of a GISGIS dataGIS data

Vector data (features)Vector data (features) Raster data (grids or cells)Raster data (grids or cells) Feature (point, line, polygon)Feature (point, line, polygon) LayerLayer Layer fileLayer file Data Model or Type or Format Data Model or Type or Format

(geodatabase, shapefile, etc.)(geodatabase, shapefile, etc.)

Components of a GISComponents of a GISGIS dataGIS data

Vector Vector


RasterRaster

Example: Vegetation Example: Elevation

GIS dataGIS data

Vector

Raster

Data has

Representing geographic features

X,YX,Y

X,YX,Y X,Y

X,Y

X,Y

Row

Column

Behavior rulesBehavior rules

GeometryGeometry

AttributesAttributes

VectorVector

Common GIS Data Structures (cont.)Common GIS Data Structures (cont.)

Geographic features Geographic features are represented by are represented by points, lines, and points, lines, and polygonspolygons

Points, lines and Points, lines and polygons are defined polygons are defined by a set or sets of x,y by a set or sets of x,y coordinatescoordinates

VectorVector Feature typesFeature types

• PointPoint Single location Single location

having an x,y (and having an x,y (and sometimes z) sometimes z) coordinatecoordinate

Has no length or Has no length or areaarea



• LineLine A series of A series of

connecting verticesconnecting vertices Has length but no Has length but no

areaarea



• PolygonPolygon One or more One or more

connecting lines that connecting lines that form a single spatial form a single spatial featurefeature

Have both perimeter Have both perimeter and areaand area


VectorVector Attribute tableAttribute table

• Contains information about and is linked to Contains information about and is linked to spatial featuresspatial features

• Each feature has one associated record Each feature has one associated record (row) in the attribute table(row) in the attribute table


Raster:Raster: Spatial data are stored Spatial data are stored

in a two dimensional in a two dimensional matrix, much like a matrix, much like a checkerboardcheckerboard

Each grid, or cell, Each grid, or cell, contains a valuecontains a value


Representing Spatial ElementsRepresenting Spatial Elements

• RASTERRASTER

• VECTORVECTOR

• Real WorldReal World

High-Resolution Satellite Data: Raster or Vector?

GIS Applications

GIS can be applied in any area, sinceGIS can be applied in any area, since questions below exist in any subject :questions below exist in any subject :

Location : What is at ….. ? Condition: Where is it ? Trend : What has changed since … ? Routing : What is the best way … ? Pattern : What special patterns exist ... ? Model : What if … ?

GIS Applications

Formal disciplines GIS are based on :Formal disciplines GIS are based on : Remote Sensing Geodesy Photogrammetry Surveying Cartography Computer science Mathematics Statistics

Examples - Site SelectionExamples - Site Selection

Examples - Visibility AnalysisExamples - Visibility Analysis

www.esri.com

Examples – Digital Elevation Examples – Digital Elevation Model DevelopmentModel Development

Examples – Digital Elevation Examples – Digital Elevation Model DevelopmentModel Development

EMU Student ProjectEMU Student Project

Examples – Digital Elevation Examples – Digital Elevation Model + Building HeightModel + Building Height

Barrio Los Claveles, Maiquetia, Venezuela, seen in ArcGIS 3D Analyst.

Examples – Urban SimulationExamples – Urban Simulation

Esri CityEngine

Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment

GIS Applications

• Geodesy and geomatics

• Civil Engineering• Geology• Geophysics• Petroleum• Urban planning• Mining• Criminology

• Oceanography• Agriculture• Biology• Environmental sciences• Ecology• Geography• Sociology• Archaeology• Anthropology

Disciplines making use of GIS:Disciplines making use of GIS:

GIS Applications

Areas of application :Areas of application :• Business : GeoBusiness;• Census, elections;• Surveying and mapping;• Map and database publishing;• Public health and safety (hospital, police,

fire…);• Real estate information management;

GIS ApplicationsGIS Applications

Areas of application :Areas of application :• Municipal Applications (infrastructure,...);• Engineering Applications;• Forest Development and Management/Erosion

and deforestation;• Agriculture and land use, harvest prognoses;

GIS Applications

Areas of application :Areas of application :• Environmental applications

(vegetation, pollution, ...);• Hydrology, water pollution

(drainage patterns, water catchments, …);• Geology

(fault-line detection, mineral detection);• Transportation, vehicle tracking, navigation

systems, ...

GIS ApplicationsGIS Applications

Areas of application :Areas of application :• Regional development and planning;• Oil operations;• Military applications;• Archeology;• Education and research;

ArcGIS Software – licenses and ArcGIS Software – licenses and applications applications

Common GIS data structuresCommon GIS data structures

Data types supported by ArcGISData types supported by ArcGIS

ArcCatalog and ArcMap user ArcCatalog and ArcMap user interfacesinterfaces

ArcGIS Desktop Help systemArcGIS Desktop Help system

OverviewOverview

ArcCatalog: organize and manage ArcCatalog: organize and manage GIS dataGIS data

ArcMap: view, edit, and analyze ArcMap: view, edit, and analyze spatial data and create mapsspatial data and create maps

ArcGIS Desktop Software Suite – ArcGIS Desktop Software Suite – ApplicationsApplications

ArcToolboxArcToolbox• geoprocessing geoprocessing • data conversion data conversion • defining map projectionsdefining map projections

ArcGIS Desktop Software Suite – ArcGIS Desktop Software Suite – Applications (cont.)Applications (cont.)

Vector DataVector Data• ArcInfo CoverageArcInfo Coverage

• ArcView ShapefileArcView Shapefile

• ArcGIS GeodatabaseArcGIS Geodatabase

• CAD dataCAD data Microstation design files (.dgn)Microstation design files (.dgn) AutoCAD drawing files (.dwg)AutoCAD drawing files (.dwg) AutoCAD AutoCAD drawing interchange files (.dxf)drawing interchange files (.dxf)

Spatial Data Types Spatial Data Types Supported by ArcGISSupported by ArcGIS

Raster Data Raster Data • Images – e.g., DOQQ’s, DRG’s, Images – e.g., DOQQ’s, DRG’s,

(.tif, .bil, .jpg, .sid, etc.); can now be in (.tif, .bil, .jpg, .sid, etc.); can now be in geodatabasesgeodatabases

• ArcInfo Grid – e.g., DEM’sArcInfo Grid – e.g., DEM’s

Tabular DataTabular Data• Comma or tab delimited text (.txt)Comma or tab delimited text (.txt)• dBase (.dbf) file containing coordinate data dBase (.dbf) file containing coordinate data

(X,Y coordinate)(X,Y coordinate)

Spatial Data TypesSpatial Data TypesSupported by ArcGIS (cont.)Supported by ArcGIS (cont.)

ArcCatalogArcCatalog

The data management application The data management application of ArcGISof ArcGIS

• Import, export, and preview datasetsImport, export, and preview datasets

• Drag and drop data into ArcMapDrag and drop data into ArcMap

• Create new spatial datasetsCreate new spatial datasets

• View, create, and/or edit metadataView, create, and/or edit metadata

ArcCatalog InterfaceArcCatalog Interface

Data Exploring

Viewing Modes

Catalog Tree

Connect toFolder

ArcCatalog (cont.)ArcCatalog (cont.) Establish folder connections to access dataEstablish folder connections to access data

ArcCatalog (cont.)ArcCatalog (cont.) Create new spatial datasets, e.g., shapefilesCreate new spatial datasets, e.g., shapefiles

ArcCatalog (cont.)ArcCatalog (cont.) Preview spatial and tabular dataPreview spatial and tabular data

View, create and/or manage metadataView, create and/or manage metadata

ArcCatalog (cont.)ArcCatalog (cont.)

Metadata ContentMetadata Content• Identification InformationIdentification Information

• Data Quality InformationData Quality Information

• Spatial Data Organization InformationSpatial Data Organization Information

• Spatial Reference InformationSpatial Reference Information

• Entity and Attribute InformationEntity and Attribute Information

• Distribution Information Distribution Information

• Metadata Reference InformationMetadata Reference Information

ArcCatalog (cont.)ArcCatalog (cont.)

ArcCatalog (cont.)ArcCatalog (cont.) Launch ArcMap and open the ArcToolbox Launch ArcMap and open the ArcToolbox

windowwindow

ArcMapArcMap ArcGIS application used to ArcGIS application used to display, query, edit, display, query, edit,

create, and analyze geographic datacreate, and analyze geographic data

ArcMap InterfaceArcMap InterfaceStandard Toolbar

Status Bar

Table of Contents – Lists layers (stacking order; like a legend)

Data Frame (a groupof layers)

TOC Tabs – differentdisplay modes

Data Frame display modes –“Data” or “Layout”

ArcCatalogMap displayWindow(Data Frame)

Fundamental component of ArcMapFundamental component of ArcMap Collection of data layers (in data Collection of data layers (in data

frames) and a cartographic layoutframes) and a cartographic layout Stores references to the locations of Stores references to the locations of

the data sources (e.g., shapefiles, the data sources (e.g., shapefiles, coverages, image files, etc.) NOT the coverages, image files, etc.) NOT the data themselvesdata themselves

Has .mxd file extensionHas .mxd file extension

Map DocumentMap Document

Map Document (cont.)Map Document (cont.)

Map Document PropertiesMap Document Properties• Data Source OptionsData Source Options

Map Document (cont.)Map Document (cont.)

ArcMap ToolbarsArcMap Toolbars

ArcMap provides a ArcMap provides a number of other number of other toolbars:toolbars:• Draw Draw

• EditorEditor

• LayoutLayout

• Effects, etc. Effects, etc.

ToolsTools toolbar is always active and can be toolbar is always active and can be used in either the data or layout view used in either the data or layout view

StandardStandard toolbar contains buttons and tools toolbar contains buttons and tools that provide fast and easy access to many that provide fast and easy access to many operations, e.g., Save, Add Data, etc.operations, e.g., Save, Add Data, etc.

ArcMap Toolbars (cont.)ArcMap Toolbars (cont.)

Source tabSource tabDisplay tabDisplay tab

Data Data FrameFrame

Selection tab

ArcMap Table of ContentsArcMap Table of Contents

ArcMap Data ViewArcMap Data View

Browse, edit, and analyze the Browse, edit, and analyze the spatial data on a map spatial data on a map

Prepare finished maps for reports Prepare finished maps for reports and publicationsand publications

ArcMap Layout ViewArcMap Layout View

ArcMap Interface - CustomizedArcMap Interface - Customized

Coordinate Systems Coordinate Systems (Projections)(Projections)

Geographic Geographic – “lat long”, unprojected – “lat long”, unprojected

Coordinate SystemsCoordinate Systems Projected Projected – UTM, Lambert, Albers… – UTM, Lambert, Albers…

Data Frame Properties Data Frame Properties – Right Click!– Right Click!

Map units: Map units: horizontal measures horizontal measures in which distances are in which distances are calculated in a data calculated in a data frameframe• Feet, meters, etc.Feet, meters, etc.

Display units: Display units: horizontal measures horizontal measures in which distances are in which distances are actually displayed on actually displayed on the screenthe screen• Feet, meters, etc.Feet, meters, etc.

Data Frame Properties (cont.)Data Frame Properties (cont.) Map units are set when a coordinate system is Map units are set when a coordinate system is

specified for a data framespecified for a data frame

On-the-fly projection requires coordinate On-the-fly projection requires coordinate system definition (often stored in .prj file) system definition (often stored in .prj file)

Data Frame Properties (cont.)Data Frame Properties (cont.)

Map units can be set by user when coordinate Map units can be set by user when coordinate system is not specifiedsystem is not specified

Data Frame Properties (cont.)Data Frame Properties (cont.)

Includes tools for Includes tools for manipulating spatial manipulating spatial datadata

System Tool

Model

Toolset

Script

ArcToolboxArcToolbox

Context Sensitive Help Context Sensitive Help can be accessed with the can be accessed with the “What’s This?” Button“What’s This?” Button

Access ArcGIS Desktop Access ArcGIS Desktop Help system under the Help system under the Help menuHelp menu

Online HelpOnline Help

Online Help (cont.)Online Help (cont.) ArcGIS Desktop Help is organized by ArcGIS Desktop Help is organized by

topic and often by applicationtopic and often by application

Press the Press the F1F1 key to access key to access help about help about dialog box dialog box elementselements

Online Help (cont.)Online Help (cont.)

ESRI user forumsESRI user forums• http://support.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=forums.gatewayhttp://support.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=forums.gateway

Online Help (cont.)Online Help (cont.)

arch: 383 introduction to gis week 1 introduction to geographic information systems can kara faculty...

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