ARCH NOTES

President's Communique Norma Knowlton 3

MCZCR News Bernice Field and Roshan JussmllTalla 4

A Selkirk Vessel from Thunder Bay David Arthurs 5

Windows Where Walls Once Stood ... (reprint) Peter Storck 12

The Prisoner of Ehwae Charles Garrod 16

Reading Matter

The 1995 (Usually) Annual Bus Trip

Stage 4 ... Recommendations Concerning

Zoo=haeological Remains

Letters

From the OAS Office

OAS Chapters

OAS Provincial Officers

22

Valerie SlZmstenes 24

Janet Cooper et al. 29

36Charles Garrad :18

39

40

newsletter published byThe Ontario Archaeological Society Inc.

126 Willowdale Avenue, North York, Ontario, M2N 4Y2

PRESIDENT'S COMMUNIQUE

Things have been fairly quiet around theOASofficethis summer. I hope everyonehad a pleasant summer and that all theexcavations went well.

Since the last Arch Notes, the Societyeventof note was the bus trip to Sudbury andManitoulin Island. Valerie S12lnstenesreports on that elsewhere in this issue.

The next major event on our agenda is theOAS 1995 Symposium in Thunder Bay,October 13-15. I understand there aresome very cheap airline rates to be had,but itmay take some searching. Informa-tion on the program and other matters ofinterest are printed elsewhere in this issue.

You'llalso find an announcement for the1994 Symposiumproceedings publicationOrigins Of 71,e People Of 71,e Lmg-house. Mystatement that our proposal forfunding thisvolumehad been conditionallydenied was somewhat inaccurate. I havebeen informed that the decision waspostponed pending submission of themanuscript. However, the editors felt weshould publish as soon as possible in orderto take advantage of the beginning of theacademic year. Should our proposal bereceived favourably, we will be able todistribute the volume more widely. In anycase, it is well worth the $10.00 pluspostage.

Inreference toother publishing efforts, weexpect to be distributing two more issuesofONrARIO ARCHAEOLOGY by the endof the year. This will put us back onschedule.

Please note that there are positions openon the Board of Directors, although aperson could also be nominated for aposition that is not open. However, thesituation calls for some serious thoughtand commitment by more members.Please contact Bob Burgar to nominate amember or to volunteer yourself.

We continue with various other projects.John Steckley, our Director of PublicServices, is working on ideas to have theDISCOVERING ONT ARlO ARCHAEOL-OGY kits used more widely.

InOctober there willbe workshops on theproposed Ontario heritage legislation.

Although we of course know that theThunder Bay Chapter has been workinghard on organizing the Symposium, wehave nothad much informationfrom otherchapters. The president of the WindsorChapter informs us that recently she hasbeen working on an excavation wherevolunteers are accepted. She is alsohoping to conduct another excavation(pending funding) in which the chapter,and other volunteers, could becomeinvolved.Ithas been suggested that ifthisproject goes ahead, itmight be registeredwith the PASSPORT TO THE PAST pro-gram whlch has now distributed a total ofnine opportunities this summer.

Finally, Henry van Lieshout has beencanvassing tour companies, with the viewofa possible OASTripto Israel and JordaninJune, 1996; there is more information inthe flyer tucked into this issue.

Name Change

An update to our new name. There werevarious mnemonics floating around for awhile, however, we now have an officialnew acronym with a central Z added. Thisis to distinguish us from another ministry,

Licences

The following list consists of the type oflicence, name of licensee, licence numberand location. For more information,contact the Archaeological licence Office,Cultural Programs Branch, 2nd Floor,phone (416)314-7123, fax (416)314-7175.

July 1995

Underwater

Peter Englebert Marine Heritage Conser-vation Program, Ministry of Citizenship,Culture and Recreation, 95-100, Provinceof Ontario

James Murphy, 95-043(A),Eastern Basin ofLake Erie

W R Thuma, The Aerospace HeritageFoundation ofCanada, c/o GeoTec, 95-094,Lake Ontario near Point Petrie, PrinceEdward County

Helen Devereux, 95-102, Province ofOntario

Neal Ferris, Ministryof Citizenship, Cultureand Recreation, Province of Ontario

Conservation - Surface Collecting Only

Candie Smith, 95-103, Brant, Haldimand-Norfolk,Hamilton-Wentworth, Oxford andWaterloo Counties (under supervision ofSouthwest Regional Archaeologist)

Consulting

Peter Sattelberger, 95-1101, SouthernOntario

Field School

Martha Latta, 95-104, Thomson-WalkerSite, Simcoe County

August 1995

Underwater

Scott Hubbard, 95-108,St Lawrence River,area bounded by Augusta, Prescott andEdwardsburg Townships

Field School

Christopher Ellis,95-109,Brian Site WHh-10),Middlesex County, London

David Smith, University of Toronto in Mis-sissauga (Erindale College) Deparirnentof Anthropology, 95-111, Bull's Point Site(AhGx-9),RM Hamilton-Wentworth

Over the past several years members ofthe sport divlngcommunityhave recoveredseveral pre-contact pottery vessel frag-ments from submerged contexts in thelakes ofnorthern Ontario (figure 1). Theyinclude a Blackduck rim found in LakeSuperior offRossport (Arthurs 1977),largefragments froma Laurel and a Blackduckpot from the waters of South Bay, LakeNipigon (R.Simpson, pers. comm. 1984),and a near-eomplete Iroquoicmvessel fromLake Shebandowan (Dawson 1979:21).These sherds are of particular interest

• M•.son vessel

••• other submerged finds

because they have not been subjected totfamplingor frostshattering, and thereforethey often preserve more information onform and decoration than the highlyfragmented specimens found on terrestrialsites.

This research note reports on a largefragment from a Late Woodland Selkirkpottery vessel recovered from the watersof Lake Superior by sport diver ReidMason, while searching for a piece offishingequipment in the summer of 1983.

The piece layon the clay bottomat a depth

Figure 1. Location of the Mason find and other vessels from submerged contexts in NorthernOntario.

of 12metres, approximately 18metres offthe east shore of Seagull Island, a smallrockyislet near the head of Thunder Bay.Mason kindly donated the vessel to theThunder Bay Historical Society Museum.Prior to its placement in the Museum, thewriterhad the opportunity to examine thepot and to stabilize it with the assistanceof the Canadian Conservation Institute.

The Mason vessel (Figure 2), representsthe first example of a Selkirk pot to berecovered from a submerged context innorthern Ontario. Thislarge vessel sectionprovidesvaluable information on aspectsof Selkirk ceramic technology, and it ispossible to reconstruct the original size,volume, and shape of the vessel from it.Whilethere are a small number of recon-structed Selkirk vessels and vessel sec-tionsfromterrestrial sites in northwestern

Ontario (ef. Rajnovich & Reid 1981),theMason potsherd provides the firstopportu-nityto study a single large vessel fragment.

Conserving the Pot

Because the vessel had been submerged,it was necessary to stabilize it to preventwarping or disintegration as it dried. Wewere fortunate to be able to draw upon theexpertise of the Canadian ConservationInstitute, who had developed techniquesfor the conservation of the Charleston Lakeceramics in eastern Ontario (Segal 1977).It was recommended that the vessel becarefullycleaned, and immersed in a bathof 20% Rhoplex AC-33 acrylic emulsion,and 5% methyl hydrate, for a period ofthree to four weeks. When impregnationwas complete, the vessel was removedfrom the solution, and excess Rhoplex

wiped offwitha lint-freecloth. The Rhoplexsolutionmigrated intothe fabric of the claybody, replacing the water in the inter-cellularspaces (Senior 1983).When itwasslowlydried beneath a sheet ofplastic, theresin hardened and strengthened the bodyof the vessel.

The Mason sherd consists of a portion ofthe rim, neck, shoulder, and body of aSelkirkvessel. Measuring approximately17x 19em in size, it constitutes approxi-matelyone-third ofthe originalpot. The lipofthevessel is slightlysplayed, and the rimslightlyexcurvate.The neck has a moder-ate inflection, and the shoulder is slightlycurved. The body is globular in shape.Althoughthe base of the vessel is absent,itis likelyto have been globular. There isno evidence of a recurve, present on thebases of some Selkirk vessels. Vesselthicknessat the lip is 0.70em. Ata point 1em below the lip, it is 0.65em, and at thepointofmaximumneck inflection,0.73em.The shoulder is 0.47em thick,and the body0.52em thick.

ManySelkirkvessels are believed to havebeen formed by pressing small pieces ofclay into a textile mould. An examinationof the alignment of clay and temperingparticles inthe cross section of the Masonsherd suggests that this vessel wasconstructed of overlapping slabs of clay.The evidence suggesis that the vessel wasbuilt from the base up, by the addition ofwide strips of clay to the outside of thevessel wall overlapping like shingles on aroof. It is therefore unlikely that it wasconstructed in a mould. There is somesuggestion that an additional strip wasadded to the outside of the neck tostrengthen that area of the pot.

Whereas most Selkirk vessels are veryfinely textured, the Mason jar has ex-tremely coarse grit tempering. Thetemper, of crushed granitic material,

averages about 0.13 em in size, ','lith arange of about 0.03to 1.48em. There isalso a great quantityoftempering materialpresent relativeto other Selkirkvessels weexamined, averaging 29.2 fragments oftemper per cm2• The presence ofvisiblet€'1nperon the exterior surface is not theresult of exfoliationof the vessel surface.

The exteriorsurface treatment of the vesselis fabric impressed. Microscopic analysisof plasticine impressions suggested thatat least two weave patterns are present.On the rimand neck, verticalelements areform a double loop around a horizontalelement. The body exhibits a complexpattern of several intertwined elements.Because the textile was impressed rela-tively lightly into the clay, and becausesome smoothing and erosion have takenplace, the fullpattern is not evident. Thesurface of the lip exhibits fabric impres-sions as well.

The interior surface is smooth, with veryfainthorizontalstriationsencircling the rimbelow the lip. There is a slight suggestionthat the fabric impressions continue a shortdistance below the lip on the interior, ashas been recorded on some Selkirkvessels, howeverthese have been obliter-ated by smoothing. Decoration on thevessel is restricted to a series of shallowovalor "D' -shaped impressions on the lip.These measure 0.57x 0.59em in size.

Due to the large size of the fragment, it ispossible to estimate the original vesseldimensions and volume The interiordiameter ofthe vessel at the lipis 13.42em.The interior diameter at the point ofgreatest neck inflection is 12.10 em.Maximum interior shoulder diameter is17.90em. The heightof the vessel, thoughdifficultto reconstruct due to the absenceofthe base, appears tohave been approxi-mately 18em. Using a formula for deter-mining the volume of a ellipsoid (Syms1979), the volume of the vessel is calcu-lated to be approximately 7.7litres.

Typologically, the Mason sherd may beclassifiedas "AlexanderFabric ImpressedType" (MacNeish 1958:166-167).Thoughthe Selkirkceramic complex is believed tohave developed as early as AD 700, thecluster of attributes defining AlexanderFabric Impressed Type appear to be latepre-contact or early historic in age,occurring as late as the seventeenth oreighteenth century (cf.Rajnovich 1983).

Discussion

The discovery of a Selkirk vessel in theLake Superior region, while not entirelyunexpected, is somewhat unusual. Areviewof archaeological literature on theLake Superior drainage area revealsrelatively small amounts of fabric im-pressed ceramics on local sites. TheseSelkirk-like ceramics always appear tooccur in association with representativesof other ceramic complexes.

The centre ofdistributionof Selkirkceram-ics falls in the Ontario-Manitoba borderregion to the west. The Mason vessel,found so far from the centre of Selkirkdistribution, displays certain unusualcharacteristics. The most obvious of theseis the presence of a larger than normalamount oftempering, and the large size ofthe tempering grains. Modern pottersexamining several archaeological speci-mens at the Ontario Potters Associationmeetings in North Bay in 1981expressedthe opinionthat large quantities of coarsetempering or "grog"wouldbe incorporatedintothe claywhen the potterwas unfamiliarwith its characteristics, to increase thepossibilityof a successful firing.

As the form, surface treatment, construc-tion and decoration of the Mason pot areconsistent with "typicar'Selkirkvessels, itmight be postulated that this vessel wasmade by a Selkirkpotter,using clays localto the Thunder Bay area, with which thepotter was not familiar. While this couldperhaps be tested by a comparative

analysis of the composition of the Masonvessel clay with that of a broad range ofceramics from the Selkirk heartland, atpresent it must remain in the realm ofspeculation.

Though the Mason sherd is only a singlespecimen, found in no apparent associa-tionwithother archaeological material, ithas provided a considerable amount ofdata on the construction and form ofSelkirk ceramics.

Acknowledgements The Selkirk vesselfragment was analyzed and conserved bythe author at the Regional ArchaeologicalLaboratoryofthe (then)Ministryof Citizen-ship and Culture,inThunder Bay. Techni-cal advice and conservation materialswere provided by Robert Senior of theCanadian Conservation Institute. ReidMason has generously donated thespecimen to the Thunder Bay HistoricalSocietyMuseum,where itwillbe availablefor further study.

REFERENCES CITED

Arthurs, D.1977 The Whiskey Island Rimsherd,

SeaPen, December: 1-3.

Dawson, K.CA.1979 Algonkian Huron-Petun Ceramics

in Northern Ontario, Man in theNortheast 18:14-31.

Rajnovich, G.1983 The Spruce PointSite:A Compara-

tiveStudyof SelkirkComponents inthe Boreal Forest, NorthwesternRegionConservation ArchaeologyReportNo.1, MinistryofCitizenshipand Culture, Kenora.

Rajnovich, G., and C.S. Reid1981 A Selkirk Vessel from the Berens

River,Arch Notes 81(2):10-13.

MacNeish, R.S.1958 An Introduction to the Archaeology

of Southeastern Manitoba, Bulletin157,National Museum of Canada,Ottawa.

Syms, E.L.1979 The Snyder Dam Site (DhMg-37),

Southwestern Manitoba: Two NewCeramic Components, CanadianJournal of Archaeology 3:41-67.

Senior, R.1983 Correspondence with D. Arthurs,

Canadian Conservation Institute,Ottawa, 15June, 1983.

SegaL M.1977 The Conservation Treatment of the

Charleston Lake Ceramics, OttawaArchaeologist 7(4):8-15.

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WINDOWS WHERE WALLS ONCE STOOD:LOOKING FOR NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE PAST

reprinted from the ROM Archaeological Newsletter, Series II No. 57

Peter Storck

Sometimes my greatest challenge as anarchaeologist is overcoming my ownlimitations. I have come to realize thatclues to discovering the past are hiddennot only in the ground but also in the lessfarniliarplaces inthe mind,justbeyond theedges ofmypreviousexperience, assump-tions,and preconceptions. Thus, likeotherscientists, or people in sports and manyother walksof life,Iam in competition withmyself. Inmywork,thismeans findingnewways of looking at things and new ques-tionstoask, a challenge that often must be

met before a new discovery is possible.The road to that discovery is almost neverstraight or clearly seen, and it may beinadvertently or unconsciously travelled.

This has certainly been true of my recentwork on the Blue Mountain uplands insouthern Ontario. There, among the appleorchards, pastures and woodlots ofmodem-day rural Ontario, I have beenlookingfortraces ofa verydifferent, muchearlier world and its inhabitants. I havebeen investigating the spruce-parkland

and tundra of Ontario during late glacialtimes and the first people to live in theprovinceafter the retreat of the ice sheet-prehistoric hunter-gatherers called EarlyPaleo-Indians.

I was drawn to the Blue Mountain regionover 15years ago on a joint project with ageological colleague at the Royal OntarioMuseum, Peter von Bitter. We went there(and to other places) lookingforthe sourceofthe stone preferred by some EarlyPaleo-Indian groups for toolmaking. Von Bittereventuallyfound the source ina small areaofthe Kolapore Uplands on the southeast-ern rimofthe BeaverValley(see map, Fig.1). His discovery was quite importantbecause itindicated that some EarlyPaleo-Indians in southern Ontario visited theKolaporeUplands,perhaps seasonally, toobtain stone for their toolkits. Hence,contrary to widespread archaeologicalbelief. some Paleo-Indians in NorthAmerica lived and moved within at leastpartiallydefined ranges and were not "free-wandering" .

Thenextquestionwas a short step fromthefirst. Now that we knew where the tool-stone came from,could that knowledge beused forthe purpose offindingEarlyPaleo-Indianarchaeological sites? The answerto that question was (is)both "yes"and "no".The "yes"part is that almost immediatelyIfounda large workshop where toolstonewas tested and shaped intoblanks for toolmanufacture. Byincredibly good luck wealso found a single heavily used anddiscarded spear point. the only culturallydiagnostic tool found at the time, and fora long timethereafter. The point indicatedthatEarlyPaleo-Indiansactuallyvisited theworkshopand were responsible forat leastsome ofthevast amount ofstone "garbage"(thedebris - debitage - from toolmaking)that littered the site in all directions.

The "no"part of the answer was that. withthisessentiallycontiriuous sheet of debris,IcIidn~thinkIwouldbe able todifferentiate

material produced by Paleo-Indians fromthat produced by later peoples. Afterreflection,I thoughtperhaps a way aroundthis problem would be to search forisolated clusters of debris containingPaleo-Indian artifacts or, alternatively, toexcavate "blindly"at some location abovethe bedrock source ofthe toolstone,hopingtocome down on buried evidence ofPaleo-Indian activity.

For the next twoyears (1992and 1993),myexcavation crews and I moved a hugeamount of earth, most of it with heavilyworn trowelsnot much bigger than servingspoons. In the process we collectedhundreds of tool fragments and tens ofthousands of pieces of stone debitage inan effort to find a discrete Early Paleo-Indian workshop and a related campsiteused forfoodpreparation, tool repair, andother domestic activities. In the course ofthat workwe foundseveral workshops andevidence that some prehistoric people, ofas yet unknown age, actually mined thechert. However, we failed to find clearevidence that Early Paleo-Indian peoplesactually used the site for livingpurposes.This negative data suggested that tool-stone was obtained not by the band as awhole,but by special task groups of a fewindividuals who visited the chert sourcearea for only short periods and weresupported from residential base campslocated elsewhere, perhaps outside theregion. Thishypothesis propelled me intoa prominent. on-going debate in NorthAmerican archaeology concerning theways inwhichprehistorichunter-gatherersmoved about. and exploited, the land-scape.

Nowthat Ihad a workinghypothesis abouthow toolstonewas obtained by EarlyPaleo-Indians - by special task groups whoreturned to the source for short periodsfromyear toyear - I needed to test it. Thequestion was, how? Ihad already spent alotoftimedigging and had more debitage

than Iwanted or needed. Anew approachwas required.

Walking ... and thinking

In the early spring of 1994I went back tothe chert source area, but this time alone.I wanted to do some slow walking andthinking without the distractions of a fieldcrew. Duringone ofthose visitssomethinghappened to me that,although trivialat thetime, would later unexpectedly alter myway of looking at things. I had beenstaying at a friend's house adjacent to amillpondina smallvillage at the top of theNiagara Escarpment. The house wasconvenientbecause itis at the western endof the chert source area and just a shortdrivefromwhere Ihad been doing most ofmy field work. One morning while itwasstill dark Iwas pulled out of sleep by theincongruous sound (for5:00a.m.)ofpeoplein boats. Twoand a half hours later, at amore decent hour for me, and over coffeeat the onlystore in thevillage,I learned thatfishing season had just opened. Havingdiscovered the reason for my interruptedsleep, I finished my coffee, put the matterout ofmymindand focused once again onmy work.

Several weeks later, on a sunny hillside onthe edge of a large hollow, I found myselflooking down at a small knoll adjacent toa cattail marsh. I had just picked upseveral hundred pieces of debitage and adiagnostic EarlyPaleo-Indiantool from thecultivatedpart ofthe knolland was reflect-ing on the fact that I had not previouslyexcavated in such a location. Raising myeyes, Igazed intothe middle distance andthen to the horizon and, because therewere still very few leaves on the trees, Iimagined that I could followthe course ofthe small stream as it zig-zagged throughincreasingly larger valleys to a majortributary of the Beaver River severalkilometres to the northwest. At thatmoment through some unexplainedoperation ofthe mind (oftencalled "lateral"

95-5

thinking),Iremembered the fishermenwhodisturbed my sleep. I looked again at thecattail marsh and then at the newlydiscovered site. This time I saw themconnected, and in a vastly different light.

I sat there somewhat stunned while a rushofquestions tumbled around in my head.'Could Ihave been looking for livingsitesin the wrong places? What if,during lateglacial times, that marsh was actually apond? Would the pond have held fish? Ifso, would there have been enough tosupport people while they were obtainingtheiryearly supply of toolstone?" And, themost surprising and shocking question ofall: "Could Early Paleo-Indians havediscovered the toolstone because of theirinterest in fish, essentially 'backtracking'the fishupstream from the glacial lakes inthe surrounding lowlands to the streamsources in the upland?" Suddenly I sawtremendous significance in the fact thatmany streams in the chert source area,includingthe one flowingout of the cattailmarsh I was looking at, originate fromsprings underlying the bedrock layer thatcontains the toolstone. "Backtracking"fishupstream would lead directly to thetoolstone! Tofind it,Paleo-Indians did notneed to be geologists, like my colleague,or even explorers, as many archaeologistssupposed.

Thinking these thoughts I rememberedsomething else, a seemingly small matterfrom a Paleo-Indian site I had excavated15 to 20 years earlier. fortuitously, I justfinished the final edit of a report on thatworkforpublication ...so the "smallmatter"was still in my mind. It concerned someartifacts that appeared to have been usedforbutchering fish at a site located about25kilometreseast of the chert source areaand on the edge of a former lagoon of aglacial lake. I didn't make too much ofthose artifacts at the time, partly becausethe evidence was fairlycontroversial. Now,as I sat on a hillside, looking down at a

Arch Notes 14 Sep/Oct 1995

small site next to a cattail marsh, thoseenigmatic artifacts suddenly seemed to beaimost prophetic.

Fossil rapids

With these thoughts whirling in my head,I lurched down to the marsh and thenunsteadily along the stream to look at mysuddenly very different world from a largerperspective. About a kilometre west of themarsh the modem stream passed througha cultivated field and then, much to mysurprise, over a small bedrock cliff intoanother cattail marsh. I stood at the cliffthinking, "I'm looking at a 'fossil' rapids!"TIllswas vividevidence that the stream thatflowed from the upper marsh and gentlypast the newly discovered site on the smallknoll, was, at some time in the past, verymuch larger. Thus, the marsh adjacent tothe site may well have contained a lot ofwater. This geological evidence, as yetimprecise, offered tentative support for mynew way of thinkingand the new questionsI was asking.

During the next couple ofmonths I returnedseveral times to the cattail marsh near thenew site and to the "fossil"rapids with many

different people - geologists, wildlifeecologists, and specialists in variouspaleo-ecological disciplines to discussthe research potential of the marsh and theadjacent archaeological site. GraduallyI developed a strategy and objectives forCl two-year fieldproject involving extensivearchaeological excavation, cooperativework withseveral scholars in the geologi-cal and natural sciences, and some state-of-the-art technology. By late summer Ihad the project worked out in detail, andin early September I started preparing agrant request for federal funding tosupplement anticipated ROM funds. Isubmitted thJsrequest in mid-October, fivemonths after I looked through '.!Vhatmay bea new window into the past. Now, as I'vritethis in the grey light of mid-winter, I keenlyanticipate spring. when the blossommgflowers, new leaves (and, I hope, grantmoney) renew life and archaeologicalendeavours once again, and start a newnatural and academic cycle. If I receivethe funds I need, and find what I hope tofind, the story Iwillhave for you in the nextnewsletter will be ...major, major ...

The 62nd Annual Meeting of the Eastern States Archeological Federation will be heldin Wilmington, Delaware from October 26 to 29. Registration after October 14and atthe door $15US. Of particular interest to Iroquoianists is the Friday afternoon symposiumSnow'sIroquoisMigrationHypothesis:Fodderlor Poisoning SacredCml\'s? Participantsinclude Mirna Kapches, Dean Knightand Dean Snow. Send payment to Ronald Thomas,MAARAssociates Inc, PO Box 655, Newark, DE, 19715-0655,USA.

Late in 1639the Jesuitsbegan a mission tothe Petun, among which the "farthest andprincipalvillage",which the Jesuits namedfor SaintPeter & Saint Paul, was Ehwae, atown of "45 or 50 cabins" aR20:45,47JR21:181). To reach Ehwae the JesuitsGarnier and Jogues from Huronia had topass through other, nearer, "little"Petunvillages. The references imply that Ehwaewas a large town located at the extremefurthestend ofa lineof smaller contempo-rary Petun villages.

Archaeologically, Ehwae is identified asthe Hamilton-Lougheed(BbHa-10)sitenearCreemore, Ontario, on the Mad River,anunnavigable tributary of the NottawasagaRiver. This inland location, remote fromany lakes, protected Ehwae from anyattack (otherthan overland fromthe south),and at the same time made Ehwae thenearest Petun town to the Neutrals at thetime.

The Jesuitsreported findingNeutrals in thetown and that more arrived "every day"(JR20:47,49). The route by which theNeutrals reached Ehwae is not known.Probably a convenient river valley wasfollowednorthfrom Lake Ontario over theheight of land until any of the numeroustributariesofthe Nottawasaga Riverwerereached. The Humber valley trail throughthe Beeton pass was perhaps the bestestablished of the routes, and the severalrecentlyabandoned large towns and cornfields along it perhaps were stillcapableof providing shelter and supplies to thepasser-by. The Credit the Grand, andperhaps other rivers, have sources evencloser to the Notlawasaga River,and couldhave been followed to reach Ehwae. Theroute from the south followed by theNeutrals could presumably also befollowedby an enemy from the south.

Charles Garrad'

On first amvmg at Ehwae, the Jesuitfathers were lodged in the house of theChiefCaptain and accorded the hospitalitygiven to all vtsitors, but their persistentlystrange behaviour soon made themunacceptable. They became vilifiedandabominated, subject to possible injury,were driven from the town and refusedentryelsewhere. Returning to Ehwae theycould find no one who would admit them,with one singular exception. They wereapproached by "agood old man .. this oldman ..was a stranger, froma hostilenationwhich they call the Atsistaehronons,"Nation of fire", who, having been takencaptive in his early years, received his life,and came to be at home among them"(JRZ0:61).The Atsistaehronons are betterknown as the Mascoutins (JRZ0:308n7)orMascouten aones 1909:224).

Late in 1640the mission to the Petun wasresumed. Garnier, this timewithPijarl.nowbetter acquainted with Petun protocol,called a Council.gave gifts,and explainedtheir intentions. As a result they foundthemselves less impeded, and the people"gentlerand more docile by half than theywere last year" aR21:177,179,185). Thetownin which the Council was held is notidentifiedbutwas presumably the principaltown, Ehwae. At this time the Jesuitslearned ofevents that had occurred thereearlier in the year during their absence.father Jerome Lalemant aR2I:18l) re-corded that:

, ..itis certain that to the village of Ehwae,surnamed St. Peter and St. Paul, theprincipal village of this Mission, whenceFather Garnier was driven last year, allimaginable misfortunes happened beforetheend of theyear. Thegreater part of thecabins were burned by the enemy aboutthree months afterwards. Many died of

hunger, of cold, or of smallpox; othersperished in the water, and many weretaken by the enemy. In fact, the matterappeared so extraordinary that theCaptain of a neighbouring village mightwell notice it. attributing the desolation ofthis village to no other cause than to therefusal they made to the Preachers of theGospel last year" .

father Lalemant was philosophising aboutthe "scourges and punishments, whichhappen to those who despise the calls andsweet invitationsofHeaven" (JRZJ:l81).Asthe newly appointed Superior at themission base of Ste. Marie, he had nopersonal awareness of these variousincidents he catalogued, but took many ofthem from father Garnier's reports overseveral years, adding them together tosupport the theme of divine vengeanceagainst Ehwae.

Ifthe greater part of 45 or 50 cabin princi-pal townhad been burned by an unnamedenemy, a major attack is surely implied.This, it might be expected, would havecaused the abandonment not only of thetown but of all the adjacent villages.Instead, the town evidently continued toboth exist and to serve as "the principalvillage of this Mission". The casualnessand unconcern exhibited by the Captainofthe neighbouring villagenegates, ratherthan supports, the inference that a substan-tialwar was inprogress or that any degreeof fear existed. The incident. whatever itwas, was never mentioned again althoughEhwae and the adjacent villages wereindeed abandoned during the next fiveyears, probably due to the continuingdestructive diseases.

So littleis recorded that no conclusion canbe reached as to the nature and extent ofthe destruction, nor of the identity of theperpetrators. These mighteven have beendisaffected Petuns or Hurons, perhapseven a rejected suitor, blaming a conve-nient enemy, a frequent practice (JRZO:75).

If there was an actual attack, a possibleinterpretation of events is that a smallnomadic band had acted out some ritualtraditional bravado initiation processwithoutsignificant damage to either side.Since the attackers must have come fromthe south, they may have been Iroquois(Garrad 1973:110).Although not named ineither instance, the Iroquois were clearlyintended by Lalemant when he recordedthat the Petun and Hurons were alliedagainst "theircommon enemies" (JRZO:43).

ln 1908father Jones proposed the attack-ers were Mascouten, as part of an exten-sivewar between the Mascouten and thePetunverifiedby the reported presence ofMascouten prisoners (plural) among thePetun (Jones 1909:224). Father Jones'pluralisation of one prisoner into an armyis entirely unjustified.

In 1976Bruce Trigger examined the issueand, while not rejecting the possibility ofIroquoiscandidacy, pointed out that therewas a case for the Mascouten to haveattacked Ehwae in 1640because theywereat war with the Ottawa and Neutral towhom the Petun were allied (1976:658-659).Itmight be added that many of the Petun,particularly among the population ofEhwae, were themselves displacedNeutrals who in the past may well haveparticipated in the continuing war with theMascouten firstreported by Champlain in1616 (3:99,4:282-3)and still continuing(JR21:195). The Algonquin Ottawa werealso present ifnot actually at Ehwae thencertainly in the area (JR21:185).

Whatever the identityof any attackers, theMascouten prisoner at Ehwae in 1640wasnot the result of the current warfare. Thereference twice describes him as an oldman, who had been taken captive in hisearly years. Nor, itmightbe observed, washe any longer truly a prisoner. He had"receivedhis life,and came to be at homeamong them"to the extent that he was now

master of his own house, and could extendhospitality to whoever he pleased even indefiance ofEhwae's Chief Captain. He hadbecome, in short, a respected Elder.

The war against the Mascouten by theNeutral-Odawa alli=e extended far backin time. The capture of the old man whilein his early years must have predated evenChamplain's arrival during the proto-historic times when numbers of disparategroups, among them Neutrals, weremoving north to become the Petun. Themost plausible explanation surely is thathe was taken prisoner during an earlierNeutral-Mascouten war and later accom-panied his Neutral masters on theirmigration to Petunia, there to finally earnrespect and independence as he becamean Elder.

Contrary to Father Jones' argument, thepresence of this Mascouten prisoner atEhwae was not evidence of a current warwith the Petun, but probably of a past warwith the Neutral.

REFERENCES CITED

Biggar, H. P. (editor)1922-1936The Works of Samuel de Cham-plain, 6vols. Champlain Society, Toronto.

Garrad, C.1973 The Attack on Ehwae in 1640,Ontario History LXV(2):107-111.

Thwaites, R. G. (editor)1896-190I The Jesuit Relations and AlliedDocuments (JRin text), 73 vols. BurrowsBrothers, Cleveland.

Jones, S,J.,Father Arthur Edward1909 Old Huronia, Fifth Report of theBureau of Archives, Toronto.

Trigger, B.G.1976 The Children of Aataentsic, 2 vols.McGill-Queen's University Press, Kingstonand Montreal.

I 103Anndale Drive, North York, OntarioM2N2X3

From October 25 to 27 the Blue Mountain Resort in Collingwood hosts the Leading Edge'95 conference exploring the connections and interrelationships between theenvironment use and culture within the Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve, andexamining these from the perspectives of archaeology, history, social dynamics andspirit. Leading Edge '95 is sponsored by the Ministry of the Environment and Energy,Niagara Escarpment Commission, Ontario Heritage Foundation and Parks Canada.For information, call Maria Alles-DeVos ofMEE'sEnvironmental Planning and AnalysisBranch at (416)440-3705 orfax her at (416)440-7039.

22nd Annual OAS SymposiumOctoher Jl3".1l5in Thunder JBay

Hosted by the Thunder Bay Chapter of the OAS at the Prince Arthur Hotel,17 North Cumberland Street, Thunder Bay, Ontario

Friday eveningRegistration 7:00 pm - Social Gathering with wine and cheese, cash bar anddisplays.Presidents' Meeting 7:00 pm.

Saturday morning and afternoonRegistration 8:15 am - papers, displays and sales to follow (at this point we haveindications from 27 speakers and are awaiting abstacts); there will be concurrentsessions with major sessions of Laurel, Late Palaeoindian in the Great Lakes.Historic Archaeology and a general session on other papers.

Saturday eveningBanquet with guest speaker, Dr. David Overstreet of the Great LakesArchaeological Research Centre, who will be speaking on Mammoth Killsexcavated in Wisconsin during the past two years.

Sunday morningTour of Old Fort William (the reconstruction of the inland headquarters of theNorth West Company) and/or additional papers if necessary.

"' The Prince Arihur Hotel lies on the shore of Lake .",·uperior.overlooking the SleepingGiant. Be sure to askfora lakeside room. To book in advance. telephone 1-800-267-2675. We are looking forward to seeing as many friends as possible and are alsoexpecting a large contingency of colleagues from Manitoba, Minnesota, Wisconsin andMichigan. Forfuriher information call Bill Ross, Programme Chairman, at (807) 475-1551 during business hours or (807) 345-2733 at home.

------------Recent Publications

of theOAS

154 pages, numerousillustrations

each $10.00+ $2.50 p&p

144 pages, numerousillustrations

Order from the 0 A Soffice at 126 WillowdaleAve., North YorkOntario, M2N 4Y2

Origins of T1ze Peop/~ of T1ze Longhouse

edited by Andre Bekerman and Gary Warrickconcluding remarks by William A. Fox

Contents:

Introduction (Gary Warrick); Population Movements dming the Woodland Period, theIntrusion of Iroquoian Peoples (Dean Snow); The Hibou Site: Investigating OntarioIroquoian Origins (Robert MacDonald and Ron Williamson); The Transition from Middleto Late Woodland Periods: ARe-Evaluation (1. A. Bmsey); The Princess Point Cl)mplexand the Origins ofIroquoian Societies (David Smith and Gary Crawford); New Approachesfor IdentifYingPrehistoric Iroquoian Migrations (Richard Sutton); Chaos Th(,'OryImdSocialMovements: Formation of the Northern Iroquoian Longhouse cultmal Pattem (MirnaKapches); Warfare as the Evolutionary Mechanism for Iroquoian Tribalization (CraigKeener); Jacques Cartier's Stadaconans and Hochelagans: The Huron Iroquois Option(James F. Pendergast); The Date of Time Immemorial: Politics and lroquoian Origins(Alexander von Gemet); David Boyle and the Mound Builder Myth (Vito Vaccarelli);Targetting the Marsh: Subsistence Pattems and Local Environments of the Schultz Site(Beverley Smith et al); Fish Subsistence Strategies at the Barrie and Dunsmore Sites(Suzanne Needs-Howarth and Stephen Cox Thomas).

154 pages, hound.

, See enclosed flyer for order form

95-5

Silver in the Fur Trade (1680-1820)

This book by Martha W Hamilton docu-ments over 250 trade silver maker's marksand their biographies; summarizes thehistoric trading routes of the NativeAmerican, British, Dutch, French andAmerican; explains the traditional con-struction, the prescribed shapes, and theirIndian names and uses; describes therelationship and significance of Nativebeliefs - the importance of 'luminosity' ofthe silver and the naming of the shapesthat persisted for two hundred years. 238pages, 220 illustrations (20 in colour), 8.5by 10 inches, soft cover; price $S8CDNincluding shipping and handling. Orderfrom the author, 15Bartlett Street, Chelms-ford, MA 01824,USA;telephone (508)256-6017.

From Prehis1Dryto the Present: Studiesin Northeastern Archaeology in Honorof Bert Salwen

This volume, edited by Nan A Rothschildand Diana diZerega Wall, was publishedas a special issue of Northeast HistoricalArchaeology (Volumes 21-22). BertSalwen's eclectic interests in archaeologyencompassed the diversityof the field andmany of the critical changes that occurredwithin it throughout his long professionalcareer. This volume is in his memory, witharticles written by students and colleagues,reflects the diversity of his interests. Itincludes 15 articles that, together, coverthe Prehistoric, Contact and Historicperiods in the Northeast, as well as suchtopics as cultural resource managementand the role of archaeologists today inreconstructing the past. Order from MaryC Beaudry, Editor, Department of Anthro-pology, Boston University, 675 Common-

wealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215. Price$25CDN (includes postage and handling).

ContinUing Poundmaker and Riel'sQuest

This book was ompiled by Richard Gosse,James Youngblood Henderson and RogerCarter from presentations made at a 1993conference on Aboriginal Peoples andJustice. Topics include: Aboriginal view-points of justice, what the inherent right toself-government means, how treaties giveFirst Nations their own justice systems, howself-government can be financed and co-exist with existing governments, newsentencing approaches, problems withcircuit courts, why cultural awarenessprograms have failed, what police forcesare doing to serve Aboriginal Peoples, andmore. Over half the fiftycontributors wereAboriginal political leaders, judges andlawyers. Itpays particular attention to thecriminal justice system and outlines whyself-government is the only way AboriginalPeoples willachieve justice. Co-publishedin 1994 by Purich Publishing and theUniversity of Saskatchewan College ofLaw. 464pages, index, paper, 6 x 9 inches,price $39CDN. Order from Purich Publish-ing, Box 23032, Market Mall Post Office,Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7J 5H3,telephone (306) 373-5311, fax (306) 373-5315.

Report On Worldwide Art Theft

A new report from the Getty Art HistoryInformation Program (AHIP)examines theserious threat to the world's culturalheritage posed by art theft and supportsthe use of standard descriptions as crucialto the rapid identification and recovery ofstolen works. Protecting Cultural ObjectsThrough International Documentation

Standards, written by AHIP consultantRobin Thomes, presents the findings of aninternational survey of major museums,documentation centres and law enforce-ment agencies. Supported by the Councilof Europe, the International Council ofMuseums, the United Nations Educational.Scientific, and Cultural Organization(UNESCO), and the U.S. InformationAgency, the survey has revealed that

standard descriptions of stolen art objectsare instrumental in the rapid exchange ofinformation between agencies involved intheir recovery.

For a copy of the report, write to The GettyArt History Information Program, 40 IWilshire Boulevard, Suite 1100, SantaMonica, CA, 90401-1455. Orders may alsobe e-mailed to ahip@getty.edu.

The Toronto Society of the Archaeological Institute of America will hold the followingillustrated talks in the lecture room of the Royal Ontario Museum's McLaughlinPlanetarium, starting at 5:15pm. Admission is free and non-members are most welcome.Further information, telephone (416) 978-3290 or 247-0886.

October 25 The Cult Centre at Mycenae, Elizabeth French, BritishSchool of Archaeology,Athens

November 15 Nuptial Nuances: Images of Weddings on Greek Vases, John H Oakley,College of William and Mary

January 24 Ancient Eurasian Textiles:New Evidence from the Tarim fusin, E J W furber,Occidental College

February 28 Ancient Egyptian Jewe11ery:Sacred and Profane, Roberta L ShOV\T,RoyalOntario Museum

March 27 The Rise and Fall of the Inca Empire, Geoffrey W Comad, Indiana University.Please note that this lecture will be held in Room 140, University College, Universityof Toronto, starting at 4:15 pm.

The Niagara Peninsula Society of the AlA also holds lectures, at Brock University. Forinformation contact membership secretary Meg Morden at 938-1935.

Sent to us by AIA

THE 1995 (USUALLY) ANNUAL OAS BUS TRIP

The rain beat down mercilessly Saturdaymorning as thirty-eightpeople gathered atvarious pick-up spots to embark on the(usually)Annual OAS Bus Trip. However,once past the city limits, the weathercleared up in time for our first doughnutstop (orBig Classic and fries, as the casemaybe).

The purpose of this year's trip was to attendthe Wikwemikong Nation's 35thAnnual PowWow on Manitoulin Island.

Arriving at Sudbury in the afternoon, wefirst stopped in at Science North,where wespent several hours playing with theexhibits. Unfortunately, there were somany kids around we had to wait our turns,but the Centre was thoroughly enjoyed.One of the special attractions was atheatre which demonstrated the newtechnology PSE (Personal Sound Environ-ment), which consisted of a headset-likedevice that created wrap-around sound.Apparently, there are only three theatresin North America that have this technology.

Most of us also took in one or two of theshows at the Centre's !MAXTheatre (justimagine, 90 minutes of The Rolling Stonesfilmed in IMAX, with closeups of MickJagger dancing around the stage).

Sunday morning we awoke to a sumptuousbreakfast provided by Laurentian Univer-sity,at whose residences we were staying,then we headed out. The sky was blue andthe sun shone brightly - a perfect day forthe powwow.

En route to Wikwemikong we stopped atSheguiandah. a quarry site that goes backto at least Palaeo-indian times. Althoughthe area was thick with trees and under-

brush, one could still see considerabledebitage laying about.

The Wikwemikong pow wow is the largestpow wow in Ontario, where we weretreated to both traditional and competitiondances. The costumes were wonderful,but I'm sure those wearing them weresuffering in the heat. A number of Nativesinging groups had been brought in fromaround Ontario to accompany the dancersand drummers. Visitors could sampletraditional Native foods, served in the formofvenison burgers, buffalo burgers, cornsoup and bannock. Other less traditionalfavourites included "Indian tacos", frenchfries and freshly squeezed lemonade.There were also numerous booths sellingtraditional and non-traditional Nativecrafts. One of the highlights of the powwow was a demonstration of traditionalAztec d=e by natives who had come allthe way from Mexico City to participate.

Monday morning, after another hugebreakfast we paid a visit to the Big Nickel,which commemorates 200 years of nickelmining in Canada (1751-1951).Since manypeople seemed unaware of this, I shouldpoint out that this coin is a replica of theactual 1951 Canadian nickel. when thebeaver was replaced with a nickel smelter.Itwas also possible to visit the mine itself,which some people had done the daybefore, but today our time was limited.

Our next stop was BigNickel ConservationAuthority-we spent some time looking forpictographs painted fifteen years beforeby students ofHelen Devereux. A numberof them were found, and could in fact beseen from across the lake.

As anyone who has been on an OAS tripbefore or who has seen Charlie's slidesduringMembers'Nightcan attest ifone isfoolishenough tofallasleep in public, oneleaves oneself open to pranks. OurTreasurer, Henry van Lieshout was noexception - one shoe went missing. Theculpritnever owned up, but the shoe wasfound hanging up at the back of the bus.(Yes, Iknow it was only about four feetaway from me, but Iwas sleeping on theback seat ~ as usual - and never saw athingll

Our driver, Vern Spencer (of PMCL,ofcourse - Max couldn't make it this year),was an enthusiastic participant as well,taking us to a couple of "his"spots. Thisincluded a stop at Big Chute - it VlClsn'tworking which, Iunderstand, is not anunusual occurrence. Abouta dozen boatshad been trapped in mid-air for the betterpart of the day.

Anaddiction to doughnuts appears to beendemic to the Society - it seemed everytime Iwoke up, we had arrived at a TimHorton's.

Our last (but not least) stop was theThompson-Walker site near the village ofColdwater. This is the second seasonMarti Latta has held the University ofTorontosummer fieldschool there, and willprobably be the last. The site is a 17thcenturyHuronvillage,the locationofwhichwas first published by Andrew Hunter in1901. Unfortunately, since that timeconsiderable pot hunting has occurred,and much ofthe site was destroyed whena concession road was built through the

middle. The property is now under thecare of the Ontario Heritage Foundation.

The site consists of a palisaded village,and extensive palisading has beenexposed. Because of the destructioncaused by the concession road, the sizeand number of occupants will never beknown, but it is estimated that the villageonce housed approximately 500 people.Many middens have also been revealed.Our group was shown an area in which alonghouse had been uncovered, togetherwith some of the corresponding hearthsand part of the palisade. Despite pothunting,an unusuallylarge number of owleffigies have been found. There wasn'tenough time tovisitthe fieldlab,whichwasa considerable distance away, but we didget to see the pit ofwhat was formerly anossuary, although it is not known if theossuary was connected to this particularvillage.

On behalf of the OAS,current PresidentNormaKnowltonand past Presidents MartiLattaand CharlieGonad made a presen-tationtoGeoff and Mary Sutherland, whoare moving to Calgary. Geoff served asTreasurer of the Society and later asauditor for ten years, in addition to beinginvolvedin other OASactivities. They willbe missed.

After stopping at the "Last DoughnutsBeforeToronto"saloon we arrived in townto fine weather and made our separateways home.

You see, everyone -- IdIdn't spend thewhole weekend sleeping ...

by Joanna Frape

A Huron site that could date back to the year 1400has beenfoill1d on the corner of BassLake Road and Highway 12.

"Sitesof this age are rare," said Ministry of Transportation (MTO)archaeologist PaulLennox. ''Thisis long before Europeans were in this area. I think [native] people camehere and lived."

MTOarchaeologists foill1dthe site last year and finished excavating it this week. Duringthe fiveweeks it took to dig and siftthrough the site, archaeologists foill1dpices of pottery,arrowheads, hammers, animal bone and beads. The most significant finding wasmarkings from where a sweat lodge existed 595 years ago.

"There are pieces of this puzzle all over Ontario and this is one of the pieces," saidLennox.

The MTOdecided to check out the site last year when a decision was made to widenHighway 12 and realign Bass Lake Road. The site overlooking Bass Lake has highpotential for native settlement because of its closeness to the water. Records of the areamade in the early 1900s by archaeologist and former editor of the Barrie ExaminerAndrew Hill1ternote many native settlements in the area. This particular site is not onany of Hill1ter's maps but is close.

Ayear ago, archaeologists came to the area and spent a day digging aroill1d. TheyfOill1denough evidence to convince themselves there was an important site on the landthat needed to be excavated before itwas destroyed by roadwork.

"We'regoing to remove this site from being ruined by the alignment. We willput it onpaper so we won't lose it when the highway is done. It's not lost. It's just changed itsform," said Lennox.

To excavate the site the top soil was removed from the property. Straws were stuckin the groill1d where poles were thought to have been, and square pits were dug soarchaeologists could examine the different colours and lines in the soil.

Lennox originally thought the site was a large village and the straws would map out ahouse. But after finding the sweat lodge were natives would have sat and meditatedalmost six centuries ago, archaeologists have more questions than answers.

"WehavenHoill1d any houses. Maybe we're on the edge of a village. We're not reallysure," said Lennox.

Abit of the land SUITOill1dingthe site is being tested by the archaeologists to see if theycan findhouses or signs of a village. Lennox used the markings on pottery to estimatethe site's age. Carbonized corn was also fOill1dand archaeologists expected othervegetables to surface.

Now that the site has been excavated, the archaeologists will test some of their findingsto get more detailed information.

by Paul Bamsley

HAMILTON- Consultants doing an archaeological assessment of one of Hamilton'sleast developed forest areas are planning to meet with Six Nations elders as they tryto complete the history of Aboriginal and Euro-Canadian occupation in the Red HillValley. '

Red HillCreek, the largest and last remaining of the 14creeks that flowed from the highground of the Niagara Escarpment to the low ground of Lake Ontario, is the site of thestudy sponsored by the Hamilton Region Conservation Authority. Staff employed bythe London-based Mayer Heritage Consultants will spend the next 2 months diggingalong the length of Red Hill Creek in Hamilton's east end, searching for artifacts leftbehind by former inhabitants.

Bob Mayer sends his crews out early each morning. They dig small holes about a footdeep and sift the soil searching for indications of past human occupation. They willdig every 15feet along both sides of the creek from the source to the mouth. When adiscovery is made, more extensive digging will occur at that location. Mayer says hecan eliminate certain areas and concentrate on areas likely to have been the sites offormer habitation or travel.

"People wouldn~have lived on areas where the slope is over 20%,"he explained. "Wecan eliminate other areas by soil type. Youwouldn~camp on soil that retains moisture,for example."

Mayer says his research shows that most settlement before European contact was nearLake Ontario. The interior of the Red HillValley was a hunting ground.

'There've been no burial sites reported yet," said Mayer. "Ifwe discover one we'll markit, rebury it and make an X on the map saying' Don't dig here'."

Mayer is aware of the sometimes-strained relationship between archaeologists andFirst Nations. He believes his profession is changing and becoming more respectfulof Native cultural needs.

"FirstNations communities viewed archaeology as irreverent or irrelevant at one extremein the debate. Atthe other extreme itwas seen as grave robbing," he said. "And graveswere considered gold mines by those who believed in archaeology for archaeology'ssake or research for research's sake. There was no consideration for cultural needs.But we are now much more sensitive."

The 3-month. $50,000archaeological survey is part of the 5-year, $21.3 million Red HillValley Restoration Project. Don McLean shares office space with Mayer. He headsthe Biological InventoryProject that is currently operating as another component of theRestoration Project.

McLean says the findings of the $70,000 study indicate that species that have not beenseen in the valley in a long time are returning.

"Thesalmon disappeared from BigCreek, as itwas called before the name was changedto Red Hill Creek, in the 1890s. We have recorded 14 species of fish 111 the valleyincluding Chinook Salmon and Rainbow Trout," he said.

McLean says the improvement of the ecology in the valley is partly the result of thepolitical deadlock over a planned expressway through the valley.

"It'sgetting better because we left it alone for the last 30 years," he said.

Hamilton city council and the province have been battling over the plans for the RedHillExpressway. DeJ:xrtestilldrags on regarding the size and location of the proposedroad that will cut across the city to link the Q.EW. with Highway 403 near Ancaster.McLean feels it's important to complete his wildlife inventory before the constructionon the valley expressway begins so that important animal habitats can be identifiedand protected.

Mayer says that a separate archaeological study will be done by the Ministry ofTransportation and Communications when the construction is approved.

From Tekawennake, fune 21, 1995

by Robin Harvey

Though there are a few good archaeology programs aimed at children in the Metroarea, the head of the Ontario Archaeological Society would like to see more.

Charlie Garrod, executive director of the society, says the cancellation of progrm:nsat the Archaeological Resource Centre last year by the Toronto Board of Education hasleft a real gap in the field for children.

The program run by the centre helped forge badly needed links between differentmulticultural groups in Toronto schools as well as offering excellent programs, includingreal archaeology digs outside Metro, he says.

Karolyn Smardz, administrator of the centre, says she hopes the digs and "hands-on"programs previously held will be up and running by the spring of 1996, throughcommunity-based private financial support. For now, she is still running a resourcecentre and library on archaeology.

For information on the Peel Heritage Complex fall programs, call (905)451-9051. TheRoyal Ontario Museum's fall archaeology programs started September 30th. Theyinclude a Saturday Morning Club for children ages 6 to 14 that studies world culturesand involvesartefacts and archaeology specimens. There is also a course called TheBuilders that studies the pyramids and other secrets of world structures, and TheArchitects, a course covering great builders throughout history and in nature. Also partof the morning club, but for kids aged 11 to 14,is a course called The Dinos from Clayto Computers, all about dinosaur modelling. Another called Cuneiform to Computerscovers language from ancient writings right up to the modem Internet. To register orfor more information, call (416) 586-5797.

STAGE 4 DRAFT GUIDELINES:RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNINGZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS

Janet Cooper1, Peter Hamalainen2~ Heather Henderson3, James MacLean4,

.Suzanne Needs-HowartJr,6, Anne Meachem Rlck7, Stephen Cox Thomas1,6

Background

In the MaylJune 1992issue ofArch Notesthe Task Force on Self Regulation ITFSR)published draft guidelines forarchaeologi-cal assessment cmdmitigativeexcavation,cmdinvitedcomment fromthe archaeologi-cal community. A revised version of theirguidelines for Stage 1-3was printed in theNov IDee 1993issue of Arch Notes, andwas subsequently adopted by the thenMinistry of Culture, Tourism and Recre-ation. Proposed TFSRguidelines forStage4,mitigativeexcavation cmdcmalysis,weredeferred for additional study and arecurrently under development by theMinistry of Citizenship, Culture andRecreation.

The Association of Professional Zoo-archaeologists of Ontario (APZO) hasrecently conducted a six month review ofthe proposed Stage 4 guidelines as theypertain to faunal materials. The authors,a group ofzooarchaeologists with experi-ence in a variety of academic, privatesector, governmental. educational, cmdmuseum/curatorial contexts, are membersof this group. Our joint findings andrecommendations are reported below.

Preamble

We recognize that the existingTFSRStage4 guidelines were developed after exten-siveconsultationwiththe Ontario archaeo-logical community ITFSR: 1992: 5-6).However, our common concern that the

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••••.••tiP\\' d@thes.t~~~~Drttft~uiCle'iile~ Qrigi~t~? The pr~t1t draft~f. the Stage4·••••. !;IJidelinesbegilnWith HilCQnf~teh¢eo$ltiIZEltI by 9l'rtarip members of the Canadian

,A$sociatioI1QfPfofe$$iQr\ql Heri~e CQn~ltaiit$:ln 1969.M effort ~tnade'to ihqUc!e....~~fui In.th~.prqvii'l<:eWt11:l ~s~etiY:e irl archaeol99Y; iJii~sltY; museum, av~tiorii!1· •.aiid~~$~f()gj~; T1'le~br:\f~rence, heJqa,tt~bntal'1o Heritage F.oul!ldatlon

in T~rciiltCl~Wj~\IElrY\'/E!"~ttende(t:l~ c/isclISsicill$,¢Overiiig$tagil$ 1-4,were l'lClt.~ ~ thE! :Conferllr¥:e erKied: .COiisequ~tly;the jDiI'1t QOn'lmitlee an Archaeology.··....•(*'" renamed thE!1'askFCl~ OI'i~IfRegUlatron) was forriledto complete the draft (TFSR

.•.• 1002). To make thiS processasbi'OildYbaSed aa.possible, ~ W6tking gtoups were forn'ted. -: eentredlnTtluhdet Ba)'; LOl'l(lOn, Waterloo,. HiuhlltOti;TotohtQ,ahdeaiitem Ontario - to •.1

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guidelines are not yet sufficientlydetailedwithrespect to zooarchaeological remainsprompted us to attempt a redefinition. Thisis offered in the form of friendly amend-ments to the tabled TFSR Stage 4 draftguidelines, which address problems ofrecovery, processing, reporting andcuration in the contextofour subdisciplineand represent a consensus within theMYlO membership. Although we may doso indirectly, we do not assume to beaddressing the concerns ofother subdisci-plines.

In order to ensure that our approach toamending the Stage 4 guidelines is clearlyunderstood, a number of fundamentalconcepts and concerns are brieflyreiterated here.

o It should be remembered that we aredealing withguidelines, and that theseare inherentlydifferentthan regulations.Tothe best ofour knowledge, nothing inour amended Stage 4 guidelines selVesin any way to restrict the scientificexplorationof thisresource. Rather, theamended guidelines selVetoexpand thepotential offaunal resources by offeringgreater protection from destruction orloss of information during excavationand processing, and by stronglydiscouraging systematic discriminationagainst thisportionofthe archaeologicalassemblage.

• The authors are acutely aware of theexpenses currently associated withexcavation. processing, and analysis.We have, therefore, devoted consider-able time to exploring the potential costImpact ofour amendments. Itis clear tous that the time has passed when thearchaeological community can acceptlarge expenditures to produce data setswhich may be of limited comparativevalue. Shouldour Stage 4 amendmentsbe adopted., we believe that zoo-archaeologists will be positioned todeliver more useful data for today's

95-5

dollar, in many instances at a reduced.cost.

o Itshould be understood that the majorityof the projects falling under the Stage 4guidelines are notacadem:k::ocresearchexcavations, but salvage excavations,conducted primarilyin southern Ontarioby archaeological consultants. Wehave, therefore, attempted to addressthe types of sites, assemblages, andproblems normally encountered in thisjurisdiction.

While much of what we suggest may betaken for granted by the majority ofarchaeological professionals, our inclusionof numerous mundane details is directlylinked to the resolution of ongoing prob-lems. It is our position that in order forguidelines to be effective, they must beboth clear and comprehensive.

Significantly, the previously tabled TF~RStage 4draft guidelines encourage multi-disciplinary collaboration and problem-oriented research. and require that allrecovered data be analysed. interpreted,and reported (TFSR: 1992: ll). Faunalanalysis is cited as a component of thisprocess (TFSR:1992:16)and it is specifiedthat a description of subsistence remainsand a catalogue ofthe faunal assemblagemust be included. in mitigation reports(TFSR:1992:14). While pleased. with thisacknowledgement of zooarehaeology, wewould like to emphasize the distinctionbetween zoological identification of taxapresent and zooarehaeological analysis,and encourage the latter.

An earlier draft of the recommendationspresented below was reviewed by anumber of prominent zooarchaeologists.Their comments enabled us to make thisa better document. By publishing ourrecommendations in Arch Notes, weencourage Ontario's greater archaeologi-cal communityto reflect and comment onbur proposals. We are particularly

interested in receiving comments frompeople interested in zooarchaeologicalanalysis or other aspects ofenvi:ronmentalarchaeology, and fromthe individualsandorganizationswho,over the past ten yearsor more, have participated in the de-velopment of the previously tabledguidelines.

Organisation

Tomake incorporationofour amendmentsas easy as possibl~, we discuss them inrelation to the existing structure andheading numbers of fue guidelines. Forclarity, our changes to the original textappear in italics.

2.4 Systematic Data Recovery

Just as it is necessary for the person whointerprets the settlement data to beinvolvedin the excavation of the site andsample selection,itis essential for the zoo-archaeologist and other specialists to beinvolved from the start. We thereforerecommend that the third paragraph,second column on page 11be amendedto read: All recovered data must beanalysed, interpretedand reported; artifactcuration and specialist analyses must bearranged beforehand.

4.2 Field Methodology

Materials from middens. can be used tointerpret the nature and season of refusedisposal and a number of other tapho-nomicissues. Thisinterpretationis greatlyenhanced ifmaterials hum differentlayersor lenses (ifdetectable) are kept separate.For the benefit of zooarchaeologicalanalysis,we thereforerecommend that thefirstparagraph on page 13be changed toread for all excavations in undisturbeddeposits, both the horizontal and verticalprovenience should be recorded (e.g., bygrid coordinates and layer).

To obtain adequate samples of faunalremains through flotation, it may benecessary to take larger soilsamples than

ifpalaeoootanical recovery were the soleobjective. We therefore recommend thatthe second paragraph be changed toread:The volume, number and provenience offlotation samples should be consistent withthe research design.

4..3 Mitigation Reports

Toassess taphonomy, the zoo archaeolo-gist needs to know flotation samplevolumes. We recommend that theparagraph on methods be changed toread: The following procedures should bediscussed with reference tohypotheses, testimplications, and data requirements of theresearch design: -Sampling procedures:...including unit and level sizes, screensizes, flotation sample volumes. Ideally,we should have approximate soilvolumeestimates for screened and trowelledcontexts as well. It should be noted herethatFaunal reporting iscovereci in section4.5.3.4.

4.5.3 Faunal Remains

Westronglyendorse the introductionto thissection: "Faunal remains recovered froman archaeological site are considered tobe an integralcomponent of the archaeo-logical assemblage which must berecovered, analysed and reported."

4..5.3.1 Field recovery

Like palaeobotanical remains, faunalremains require special treatment in thefieldand laI::xJrotory.Because, regrettably,zooarchaeologists are not always inti-mately involved with the pre-analysisphases of a project, the nature of thisspecial treallment needs to be madeexplicit. Due care should be taken tominimizeabmage to faunal remains in thefield and during lab processing, packingand storage. In the field, faunal remainsshould be packed separate from otherartefac! categories in paper bags ofuniform size,and kept fromdirect sunlight.Particularly fragile materials should be

packaged separately. Articulated orassociat~ materials (especially animalburials) should 1:e Hock-excavated wherepossiHe and at least b:::Iggedtogether anddescribed in the field. All other zoo-archaeological material snould berecovered through /rowelling and screen-ing (6mm or less). In addition, flotation orfine screening (1mm) should be employedin areas of secure, undisturbed context. Forrecovery of calcined bone from pre-Woodland sites we recommend completeflotation processing of feature fill (minusa reserved sample for chemical and/orinvertebrate analysis). flotation samplesshould be processed promptly and specialcore should 1:e taken to recover fish scales,invertebrate remains, and other smallfaunal materials from the heavy fraction.

4.5.3.2 Laboratory Processing

Bone should normally be cleaned beforeshipping; the actual method should bedecided in consultation with the zooarchaeologist. Particular care should betaken with fish bone, fragile bone andarticular facets. In the lab, bones shouldbe gently air dried, and then packed inpaper bags. When the bones are thor-oughly dry, some or all of the bones may1:e put into plastic *zipper" bags or boxesthat are easy to reseal. Containers usedto curate the collection should be ofuniform size wherever practical. Fragilespecimens should 1:estored in crush-proofcontainers. Containers should be clearlylabelled either directly on the outside, or ona paper label on the inside, as long as thelabel is still clearly visible when the bagor box is filled, using an indelible marker.The following information should beincluded: site name, Borden number, fullprovenience information (includingsquare, feature, house or midden designa-tion,layer and lot, etc. where appropriate),whether from heavy fraction, the archaeol-ogist's specimen count (if applicable), and

number ofb:::Igs,ifrelevant (e.g., "bag 1 of2*).

Labelling of the bones is often moreeffectively done by the zooarchaeo1ogist.Care should be taken not to obscureanalytical features. Acceptable labellingmedia are black or white waterproof ink.On very shiny surfaces such as teeth. thelabel may be covered with clear nailvarnish. Nail varnish should be avoidedin cases where itmay be confused with usewear polish. Correction fluid should not beused.

Whatever catalogue system is employed,it should ensure that future researchers canreadily retrieve individual specimens. Forthisreason also, b:::Igswith bones must besorted in a way that is appropriate to thetype of site and the project goals (e.g., byoperation, grid square, or, for Iroquoiansites, by house).

Tominimize damage and facilitate long-term curation, b:::Igsof bones should beshipped in sturdy containers no larger thana file box. Shipping boxes should beclearly labelled with: name, address,phone and fax numbers of the licenceholder or curator, date of shipping, nameand Borden number of the site, and numberof containers shipped in the consignment(e.g., "box 2 of 3").

All worked bone in the selected samplemust be included in the shipment to thezooarchaeologist.

4.5.3.3 Analysis

Faunal analyses must be conducted and/orclosely supervised by an experiencedzooarchaeologist. Zooarchaeologicalanalysis must minimally meet the follow-ing criteria:

1.Whatever methods of quantification areused, they should minimally includenumber of identified specimens (NISP)andnumber of unidentified specimens (NUSP)or unidentified bone weight by context.

Body portion and/or butchering unitinformation should be recorded. Themethod used to arrive at all other mea-suresofquantification (e.g., bone weight.MNI, MAU) must be made explicit. Thelevel of identification considered analyti-cally useful must be defined for compara-tive purposes.2. Specimens should be identified to thelowest taxonomic level possible. Identifi-cation criteria (e.g., for differentiating dogand wolf) and confidence limits (e.g., Stizo-stedion cf.vitreum) must be included whereappropriate.3. Specimens identified below class shouldalso be identified to skeletal element,portion and side.4. Gender and developmental traits suchas epiphyseal fusion, tooth eruption status,root closure, and presence of juvenilecortex must be recorded where possible.5. All significant natural and/or culturalmodifications must be recorded for eachspecimen.6. Provenience, including whether bonecame from heavy fraction, must beincluded in the database.7. Modified bone artefacts in the sampleselected should be analysed by the zoo-archaeologist, although they may also bediscussed within the artefact assemblageanalysis.

The archaeologist should provide thezoo archaeologist with information onwhich areas of the site or contexts wereremoved mechanically, trowelled,shovelled, screened or floated. Copies ofthe area context map and site mapshowing individual contexts shoul>ialso beprovided, and, where possible, a faunalinventory. Detailed feature information(including stratigraphy), or lot-lists, forcontexts analysed should be provided onrequest.

Sampling procedures are not adequatelydealt with in the existing guidelines. We

are particularly concerned about theambiguity of the term "...exceptionallylarge faunal samples ..." in the last para-graph of section 4.5.3. We recommend itbe reworded to read: If circumstances donot permit analysis of the entire faunal'assemblage, sample selection should bedone in consultation with the zoo-archaeologist. The entire faunal assem-blage must be submitted to the zoo-archaeologist and examined. Wheresampling is necessary, priority should begiven to material from areas with securecontext.

4.5.3.4 Reporting

The faunal report must be included with,or be part of, the licence report. Theauthor(s)of the interpretation of the faunalmaterial must include a zooarchaeologist.Copies of the report must be submitted toMCZCR and the client. To facilitate accessby other researchers, an additional copyshould be kept on file at one or more of themajor Ontario zooarchaeologicallabs.

The faunal report or section should beprefaced by a brief summary in plainlanguage. It is likelythat the faunal sectionof the licence report will be sometimesread or photo-copied separate from themain licence report. The faunal section ofthe licence report should, therefore,summarize pertinent information pre-sented elsewhere in the licence report.The summary page should also includename and address of analyst, titleand dateof report, name and Borden number of site,and the licence holder.

To facilitate evaluation by other research-ers the report must summarize the date andlocation of excavation and methods ofrecovery as they affect faunal remains. Itshould also discuss sample representative-ness; taphonomy; any element categoryexcluded from identifications; sources fortaxonomic and anatomical nomenclature;reference collection used; location of

analysed and unanalysed material; andlocation and type of computerizeddatabase, if any.

The percentage of the entire excavatedassemblage thathas been analysed mustbe quantified. The condition of theassemblage (state of preservation,fragmentation) must be described,preferably in relation to either a set ofabsolute criteria or another site. Limita-tions on confidence in the analysisresultingfrom the conditionof the archaeo-logical assemblage or the referencecollection must be made explicit.

"... Reports must present the raw data onwhich the analyses are based, in additionto all relevant information necessary tofollow each step of the analyses" (TFSR1992:15). Therefore, the faunal report mustinclude summary tables of materialsexamined (by NISP,NUSP or weight, and,optionally,by otherquantification methodsappropriate to the project goals). Wheremetrics are employed, the measurementcriteria and landmarks used should bedesoibed in the report. If age categoriesare used, these must be defined. Aspecimen catalogue and a key should beincluded with the report.

5.1 Cataloguing

To avoid duplication, the last paragraph.second column on page 17 should read:Inbelling of faunal remains is covered insection 4.5.3.2.

5.2 Curation

We support intent of the existing section oncuration. but we strongly recommend thatit be amended to include clear guidelinesfor long-term curation. Proper curationensures that the archaeological materialis available and accessible to futureresearchers.

Continued constructive discussion withinOntario's archaeological community willhelp ensure that we arrive at the bestpossible guidelines for our archaeologicalresources. The current Stage 4 draftguidelines recognize the importance ofzooarchaeological remains and analysis.Appropriate recovery, analysis, reportingand curation will ensure that zoo-archaeological remains and data can beused by current and future researchers tosubstantially add to our knowledge ofOntario's past.

To conclude, we present you with some ofthe comments we received from our(informal) reviewers:

"...1 recommend that you stress theabsolute importance of curation - [and]that faunal remains be treated just likeother artifacts in terms of their analyticaland curatorial importance ..."Virginia Butler,Portland State University,Oregon.

"Although I generally support the intent ofthe recommendations concerning zoo-archaeological remains, I disagree withthe blanket imposition of such detailedrequirements, and strongly disagree withthe assumption that zooarchaeologistsautomatically are entitled to a role in theinterpretation of faunal data."Aubrey Cannon, McMaster University.

"Ihad not been considering such stringentguidelines for use in Maine, relying uponprior approval of research proposals.However, there have been severaldisappointing faunal analyses in recentyears, so we may wish to copy yourapproach at some point in the future."ArthurSpiess,Maine HistoricPreservationCommission.

"It is becoming increasingly clear thatfaunal remains are best interpreted bycomparing data from numerous sites in alocality or region. In order to make validcomparisons between sites it is essentialto know how faunal remains were collectedand identified, and to have access to rawdata, not summary information. Theguidelines proposed by Cooper et a1.would significantly increase the long-termvalue of zooarchaeological analyses bymaking useful data available for futureresearchers."Jonathan Driver, Simon Fraser University.

Acknowledgements We thank the OntarioMinistry of Citizenship, Culture andRecreation for logistical support, and ChrisJ.-Andersen of that ministry for his input,advice and guidance. We are grateful forthe constructive reviews we received fromseveral of our peers: Virginia Butler,Aubrey Cannon, Anneke Clason, JonathanDriver, Donald Grayson, Lee Lyman,

Arthur Spiess and Frances Stewart. Thesereviewers raised a number of points whichserved to enhance and clarify our work,though we alone remain responsible forthis document. We should point out thatnot everyone we approached has re-'sponded, and that not all of the respon-dents offered us a quotable comment.

Task Force on Self Regulation1992 Guidelines for Archaeological

Assessment and Mitigative Excava-tion. Arch Notes 92(3): 5-19.

1993 Archaeological Technical Guide-lines. Arch Notes 93(6): 12-22.

lUniversity of Torontd, ArchaeologicalResource Centre, 3Historic Horizon,4ScientificExcavation, "Biological-Archaeo-logical Institute, University of Groningen,the Netherlands, 6BioarchaeologicalResearch, 7Canadian Museum of Nature

Dear Editor,

I am writing to express my appreciation forthe recent opportunity to participate in thePassport-To-The-Past program. In July, Iattended the week-long "PetunArchaeolog-ical Experience" held near Collingwood,Ontario, and I thoroughly enjoyed it. Inaddition to learning about the Petunpeople, we were able to spend a consider-able amount of time excavating at the

McConnell site as well as visiting othersites in the area. I thought the week'sevents were well organized, informative,and certainly enjoyable. I want to thankCharles Garrod, Ella Kruse, Janet Turnerand the rest of the crew for making theweek such a memorable one.

Sincerely,

Melanie Priestman

NOTICE FROM NOMINATING COMMITI'EE AND REQUEST FORNOMINATIONS

Robert Burgar has been appointed chair of the 1996Nominating Committee.The task of the Committee is to prepare a slate of seven or more candidatesfor office as Directors of The Ontario Society during the business year 1996.Bob Burgar now solicits nominations of consenting candidates for office in1996. He also seeks two other members to serve on his Committee. Writtennominations may be forwarded to the Nominating Committee in confidencecare of the OAS Office, the envelope being marked "Attention - NominatingCommittee". Bob can be reached at home at 905-856-0270. The NominatingCommittee will present its slate and report to the Board of Directors andgeneral membership at the Annual Business Meeting in October, at whichtime nominations may be made from the floor before closure. If an electionis necessary, itwill be held by mailed ballot accompanying the November-December 1995issue of Arch Notes.

Janet Cooper is currently researching the temporal and spatial distribution of benenetting needles recovered from Ontario sites. She would be grateful to receive site-specific recovery data, as well as information on references to netting needles in boththe published and the unpublished literature. Contact her on (416) 485-5277 (home),(416) 978-5260 (faunal lab), fax (416) 978-3217 (c/o Dr H G Savage) or e-mailj.cooper@utoronto.ca

WANT TO CLIMB YOUR FRENCH-CANADIANFAMILY TREE?

The Societe franco-ontarienne d'histoire et de genealogie has just opened its' 10thregional library. Our societe has libraries across Ontario; this newest library wasestablished to serve the needs of genealogist in the Toronto and surrounding areas.

Registers of birth, marriage and death records for most churches in Quebec, as wellas French areas of Ontario, the Maritimes, Western Canada and the United States areincluded in this collection.

If you are interested in more information regarding finding your French-Canadianancestors including lectures, workshops and special projects or would like to knowthe location of the closest regional library to you, please contact:

Louise St Denis, Societe franco-ontarienne d'histoire et de genealogie30 Wellington Street East, Suite 2002

Toronto, Ontario M5E IS3Telephone or FAX: (416) 861-0165

Returned Mail

We have a returned Arch Notes for CherylRoss of Orillia. Can someone put Cherylin contact with the OAS office, please.

Overseas Interest In our Publications

We have received orders for OAS publica-tions from a number of countries but a newfirst was made in September when anorder for our Zooarchaeological Analysison Ontario Sites was received fromNankang, Taiwan.

Best Wishes to Geoff & Mary Sutherland

The following,more or less, is what I said,or meant to say, to Geoff and MarySutherland while we were on the busreturning from Sudbury on the most recentOAS bus trip.

"Geoffand Mary Sutherland willmove nextweek to Calgary, Alberta. We will missthem both and wish them well. Itmust havebeen a wrench to contemplate leaving theirlovely home and property at West Hill,where they lived for decades. It is awrench for us too to think that you areleaving. I always looked on a trip out to theSutherlands' house as a bonus.

I think I first heard about Geoffrey as amature student taking Dr. Marti Latta'scourse at Scarborough College sometimein the 1970s. I remember that in responseto Dr. Emerson's death in 1978 the OAScreated the Emerson Medal and theUniversity of Toronto created its owncommemorative award. ofwhich Geoffwasthe first (and only ?) recipient. I rememberGeoff sitting on the beach at Cancunduring our firstOAS overseas trip in 1979,

and that we all celebrated Geoff andMary's 40th wedding anniversary at theArachova hotel near Delphi on our first tripto Greece in 1985. And who was first upthe mountain to reach the monastery atPetra in 1991? Why, Geoffrey.

I sat next to Geoff at many a B:xxrdMeetingwhile he served as OAS Treasurer (1980-1985). Afterwards when he was OASAuditor (to 1994) we did not see him somuch, but any financial problems thatarose were often thrashed out over theSutherland's dining room table. For hisoutstanding volunteer contribution to theSociety the OAS made Geoffan HonouraryLife Member in 1992. Now the 1995 BusTrip is the latest and possibly the last timewe shall all be together with Geoff andMary because they are both packed andready to move. I call upon Dr. MarthaLatta, past-President and long-term friend,to add her own words at this time".

After Marti's reminiscences, NormaKnowlton made a presentation on behalfof the OAS. Everyone on the bus signed afarewell card. The OAS funded the cost ofthe trip as a farewell gift. Mary andGeoffrey have sent their thanks fromAlberta and confirm their safe arrival.

Welcome Gernet Clarence

Born July 20, 1995, Gernet Clarence, ahealthy son to Past President ChristineCaroppo and Brian Clarence. It ispopularly rumoured that Gernet willbecome the OAS' youngest member assoon as he can sign the cheque. Bestwishes to the three of you.

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